Boullart / Krijgsman / Vingerhoeds Application of Artificial Intelligence in Process Control

Lecture Notes Erasmus Intensive Course
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-0-08-091263-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 544 Seiten, Web PDF

This book is the result of a united effort of six European universities to create an overall course on the appplication of artificial intelligence (AI) in process control. The book includes an introduction to key areas including; knowledge representation, expert, logic, fuzzy logic, neural network, and object oriented-based approaches in AI. Part two covers the application to control engineering, part three: Real-Time Issues, part four: CAD Systems and Expert Systems, part five: Intelligent Control and part six: Supervisory Control, Monitoring and Optimization.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Boullart, L.

Krijgsman, A.

Vingerhoeds, R. A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Application of Artificial Intelligence in Process Control;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Contributing authors;12
7;PART I: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE;14
7.1;Road Map;16
7.2;Chapter 1. A Gentle Introduction to Artificial Intelligence;18
7.2.1;1 Introduction;18
7.2.2;2 Definition of Artificial Intelligence;19
7.2.3;3 Application areas of A.I.;20
7.2.4;4 What is special on A.I. techniques?;23
7.2.5;5 Special Languages for A.I.;23
7.2.6;6 Expert Systems;36
7.2.7;7 Knowledge Representation and Extraction;39
7.2.8;8 Bibliography;44
7.2.9;Appendix A Rule based system called "CLIPS";45
7.3;Chapter 2. Knowledge Representation by Logic;54
7.3.1;1 Introduction;54
7.3.2;2 Propositional Logic;56
7.3.3;3 The resolution of Propositional Logic Connectives;57
7.3.4;4 Predicate Logic;61
7.3.5;5 Unification in Predicate Logic;66
7.3.6;6 Conclusion;73
7.3.7;7 Bibliography;73
7.4;Chapter 3. Object Orientation and Object Oriented Programming;74
7.4.1;1 Introduction;74
7.4.2;2 Basic Principles of Object Orientation and Object Oriented Programming;75
7.4.3;3 Programming Example in Object Orientation;77
7.4.4;4 'Abstract Datatype';83
7.4.5;5 Properties of Object Oriented Systems;84
7.4.6;6 Overloading of (internal) Primitive Methods;90
7.4.7;7 Conclusion;94
7.4.8;8 Bibliography;95
7.5;Chapter 4. Expert System Case Study: The Chocolate Biscuit Factory;97
7.5.1;1 Introduction;97
7.5.2;2 Knowledge representation;97
7.5.3;3 Knowledge elicitation;99
7.5.4;4 Forward Chaining;103
7.5.5;5 Backward Chaining;105
7.5.6;6 Control Strategy;106
7.5.7;7 Other Enhancements;106
7.5.8;8 Conclusions;108
7.6;Chapter 5. Using A.I.-Formalisms in Programmable Logic Controllers;109
7.6.1;1 Summary;109
7.6.2;2 Programmable Logic Controllers: state-of-the-art;109
7.6.3;3 Appreciation of the state-of-the-art PLC's;111
7.6.4;4 Using the PROLOG formalism in PLC's;111
7.6.5;5 Using Production Rules in PLC's.;122
7.6.6;6 Using Object-Oriented Programming in PLC's;126
7.6.7;7 Conclusion;126
7.7;Chapter 6. AN INTRODUCTION TO EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT;127
7.7.1;1 The waterfall model;128
7.7.2;2 Rapid prototyping;129
7.7.3;3 The incremental development model;129
7.7.4;4 Kinds of knowledge;130
7.7.5;5 Knowledge acquisition techniques;131
7.7.6;6 Interacting with human experts;132
7.7.7;7 Record keeping;133
7.7.8;8 Introduction;134
7.7.9;9 Assessment and scoping;136
7.7.10;10 System specification;143
7.7.11;11 Incremental development;149
7.7.12;12 Final system integration and testing;152
7.7.13;13 System transference;152
7.7.14;14 Maintenance, enhancement and support;153
7.7.15;15 On the man-machine interface;154
7.7.16;16 From Expert Systems to Knowledge-based Modules;155
7.7.17;References;157
7.8;Chapter 7. INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC AND FUZZY SETS;159
7.8.1;1. Introduction;159
7.8.2;2. Uncertain versus Unknown Knowledge;160
7.8.3;3. Boolean Logic and its quantification;161
7.8.4;4. Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Sets;162
7.8.5;5. Basic Fuzzy Set Theory;166
7.8.6;6. REFERENCES;176
7.9;Chapter 8. AN INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL NETWORKS;177
7.9.1;1 Overview;177
7.9.2;2 Neurophysiological Basis: Modelling Biological Hardware;178
7.9.3;3 Motivation;179
7.9.4;4 Contributions from Other Fields;180
7.9.5;5 Advantages;181
7.9.6;6 Biological Neural Networks;183
7.9.7;7 Artificial Neural Networks;189
7.9.8;8 Multilayer Feedforward Networks;196
7.9.9;9 Recurrent Networks;209
7.9.10;10 Concluding Remarks;212
7.9.11;Acknowledgements;212
7.9.12;References;213
8;PART II: CONTROL ENGINEERING;214
8.1;Road Map;216
8.2;Chapter 9. COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION;218
8.2.1;1. ORIGINS OF FEEDBACK CONTROL;218
8.2.2;2. TRENDS IN CONTROL;220
8.2.3;3. TOWARD DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS;223
8.2.4;4. DESIGN ISSUES OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS;228
8.2.5;5. NEW DIRECTIONS AND EMERGING TRENDS IN IMPLEMENTATION;233
8.2.6;REFERENCES;235
8.3;Chapter 10. Towards Intelligent control: Integration of AI in Control;236
8.3.1;1 Introduction to Intelligent control;236
8.3.2;2 The need for Intelligent Control;241
8.3.3;3 Intelligent Control Components;243
8.3.4;4 Control Engineering Applications of AI Techniques;249
8.3.5;5 Real-time issues;256
8.3.6;6 Comparison;259
8.3.7;7 Concluding remarks;260
8.3.8;References;260
9;PART III: REAL-TIME ISSUES;264
9.1;Road Map;266
9.2;Chapter 11. REAL-TIME AND COMMUNICATION ISSUES;268
9.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;268
9.2.2;2. REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME AUTOMATION;269
9.2.3;3. REAL-TIME COMMUNICATIONS;270
9.2.4;4. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL;275
9.2.5;5. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES;278
9.2.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;285
9.2.7;REFERENCES;286
9.3;Chapter 12. REAL TIME EXPERT SYSTEMS;287
9.3.1;1 REAL TIME SYSTEMS;287
9.3.2;2 EXPERT SYSTEMS;289
9.3.3;3 RTES Architectures;291
9.3.4;4 Temporal Representation and Reasoning;296
9.3.5;5 Guaranteed Response Time;302
9.3.6;6 Examples;303
9.3.7;References;309
10;PART IV: CAD Systems using Expert Systems;312
10.1;Road Map;314
10.2;Chapter 13. USER INTERFACE ISSUES AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE in COMPUTER-AIDED CONTROL ENGINEERING;316
10.2.1;ABSTRACT;316
10.2.2;KEYWORDS;316
10.2.3;INTRODUCTION;316
10.2.4;A MODEL OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN;317
10.2.5;THE DEVELOPMENT OF CACSD;320
10.2.6;THE STATE OF THE ART IN COMPUTER-AIDED CONTROL ENGINEERING;328
10.2.7;APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CACE;332
10.2.8;THE FOURTH GENERATION OF CACE;343
10.2.9;CONCLUSIONS;347
10.2.10;REFERENCES;347
11;PART V: INTELLIGENT CONTROL;352
11.1;Road Map;354
11.2;Chapter 14. FUZZY CONTROLLERS;356
11.2.1;1 Intelligent control;356
11.2.2;2 Fuzzy Controller Structure;363
11.2.3;3 FC Analysis and Design;373
11.2.4;4 FC Supervision;378
11.2.5;5 REFERENCES;379
11.3;Chapter 15. Adaptive Fuzzy Control;381
11.3.1;Abstract;381
11.3.2;Keywords;381
11.3.3;1 Introduction;381
11.3.4;2 Fuzzy control;382
11.3.5;3 Self-organizing fuzzy control;385
11.3.6;4 Extension of fuzzy rules;389
11.3.7;5 Real-time fuzzy expert control environment;390
11.3.8;6 An adaptive fuzzy expert controller;393
11.3.9;7 Experiments and results;395
11.3.10;8 Discussion and conslusions;398
11.3.11;References;399
11.4;Chapter 16. NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL;401
11.4.1;1 Introduction;401
11.4.2;2 Representation of Dynamic Systems;402
11.4.3;3 System Identification;404
11.4.4;4 Neural Controllers;406
11.4.5;5 Adaptive Control using NN;409
11.4.6;6 Some Relevant Applications;412
11.4.7;Acknowledgements;413
11.4.8;7 References;413
11.5;Chapter 17. Associative Memories: The CMAC approach;416
11.5.1;Abstract;416
11.5.2;Keywords;416
11.5.3;1 Introduction;416
11.5.4;2 CMAC;417
11.5.5;3 Comparison with classic neural networks;426
11.5.6;4 Modelling and control using CMAC;427
11.5.7;5 Summary and concluding remarks;433
11.5.8;References;433
12;PART VI: SUPERVISORY CONTROL/MONITORING/OPTIMIZATION;436
12.1;Road Map;438
12.2;Chapter 18. SUPERVISED ADAPTIVE CONTROL;440
12.2.1;1 Introduction;440
12.2.2;2 Adaptive Control;442
12.2.3;3 Adaptive Control and Supervision;446
12.2.4;4 Indicators: a Tool for Supervision;451
12.2.5;5 Implementation of Supervision Functions;457
12.2.6;References;468
12.3;Chapter 19. MONITORING AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN CONTROL ENGINEERING;469
12.3.1;1 Introduction;469
12.3.2;2. Architecture of knowledge bases required for implementing Expert control systems;480
12.3.3;3 Requirements for a Real-Time Expert Monitoring System;487
12.3.4;4. Fault Diagnosis: A Generic Example of an Expert System;494
12.3.5;5. Applications to Control Systems;500
12.3.6;6. References;508
12.4;Chapter 20. Expert Governed Numerical Optimization;510
12.4.1;Abstract;510
12.4.2;Keywords;510
12.4.3;Introduction;510
12.4.4;Optimization;511
12.4.5;Constrained / Unconstrained Optimization;515
12.4.6;Function Minimisation Techniques;517
12.4.7;Problems with existing programs;519
12.4.8;Expert Governed Numerical Optimization;520
12.4.9;Implementation aspects;523
12.4.10;Example;526
12.4.11;Conclusions;529
12.4.12;References;530
13;Author Index;532
14;Subject Index;540