Bradshaw Root and Tuber Crops

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-387-92765-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 298 Seiten

It is important to include Tuber and Root Crops in the Handbook of Plant Breeding. They include starchy staple crops that are of increasing importance for global food security and relief of poverty, important millennium goals for the United Nations. Indeed, 2008 was the UN International Year of the Potato in recognition of this role of the potato as the world’s third most important food crop after wheat and rice. The other major staples are cassava, sweetpotato and yam. Together they occupy about 50 million hectares, with production at 640 million metric tons, of which 70% is in developing countries. In total there are more than 30 species of Root and Tuber Crops grown in the world today. Given the content of other volumes in the series, it makes sense to include sugar and fodder beets; swedes and turnips; and minor root and tuber crops so that the book series is as complete as possible. Like the other volumes in the series, this one will present information on the latest in applied plant breeding using the current advances in the field, from an efficient use of genetic resources to the impact of biotechnology in plant breeding. Seven crop specific chapters are proposed, together with an introduction to this diverse set of plant species. Outstanding scientists for each crop species are proposed as senior authors, who may invite co-authors to contribute part of a chapter. In order to increase the overall acceptance of the volume, balance will be sought with authors from different research groups/countries who will be asked to contribute and collaborate where appropriate. The book should be of interest to researchers in both academic and industrial settings, and in both developed and developing countries, as well as students and teachers of plant breeding. It is currently extremely important to educate and train a new generation of plant breeders given the challenges faced by humankind in producing more food for an expanding global population during a period of environmental (including climate) change.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bradshaw, J.E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;11
3;Contributors;12
4;1 Potatoes;14
4.1;1 Introduction;14
4.1.1;1.1 Nutritional Value;15
4.1.2;1.2 Processed Products;17
4.1.3;1.3 Production;17
4.2;2 Origins and Domestication;18
4.2.1;2.1 Species Involved;18
4.2.2;2.2 Reproductive Biology;20
4.2.3;2.3 History of Crop;21
4.2.3.1;2.3.1 Introduction to Europe;21
4.2.3.2;2.3.2 Transition to Major Worldwide Food Crop;22
4.3;3 Varietal Groups;23
4.4;4 Genetic Resources;23
4.4.1;4.1 World Catalogue of Potato Varieties;23
4.4.2;4.2 Cultivated Potatoes in Latin America;23
4.4.3;4.3 Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum Species;24
4.4.4;4.4 Taxonomy of Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum Species;26
4.4.5;4.5 Crossability of Species;28
4.5;5 Major Breeding Achievements;30
4.5.1;5.1 In South America Following Domestication;30
4.5.2;5.2 Modern Potato Breeding;30
4.5.3;5.3 Introgression of Genes from Wild and Cultivated Species;31
4.5.4;5.4 Introgression and Base Broadening;32
4.5.5;5.5 Base Broadening;33
4.5.6;5.6 TPS;35
4.5.7;5.7 Somaclonal Variation and Mutation Breeding;35
4.5.8;5.8 Genetic Transformation;36
4.6;6 Current Goals of Breeding;37
4.6.1;6.1 Asia, Africa, and Latin America;37
4.6.2;6.2 Europe, North America, and Oceania;38
4.6.3;6.3 Climate Change;39
4.6.4;6.4 TPS;39
4.6.5;6.5 Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria;40
4.6.5.1;6.5.1 Yield, Dry Matter Content, Maturity, and Dormancy;40
4.6.5.2;6.5.2 Tuber Shape and Defects;40
4.6.5.3;6.5.3 Nutritional and Health Value, Pigmentation, and Glycoalkaloids;40
4.6.5.4;6.5.4 Cooking and Processing Quality;41
4.6.5.5;6.5.5 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses;41
4.6.5.6;6.5.6 Resistance to Major Pests;41
4.6.5.7;6.5.7 Resistance to Major Diseases;41
4.7;7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;43
4.7.1;7.1 Breeding Cultivars at the Tetraploid Level for Clonal Propagation;43
4.7.1.1;7.1.1 Parents and Crossing;43
4.7.1.2;7.1.2 Clonal Generations;44
4.7.2;7.2 Introgression;46
4.7.3;7.3 Base Broadening and Population Improvement;47
4.7.4;7.4 Breeding Cultivars for True Potato Seed;48
4.7.5;7.5 Genetically Modified Potatoes;49
4.7.5.1;7.5.1 Genes from Cultivated Potatoes and Their Cross-Compatible Wild Relatives;50
4.7.5.2;7.5.2 Gene Silencing;50
4.7.5.3;7.5.3 Novel Traits;51
4.8;8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;52
4.8.1;8.1 Gene Discovery (Linkage Maps, Sequencing, and Microarrays);52
4.8.2;8.2 Marker-Assisted Selection;53
4.9;9 Seed Tuber Production;54
4.10;References;56
5;2 Cassava;66
5.1;1 Introduction;66
5.2;2 Origins and Domestication;68
5.2.1;2.1 Species Involved;68
5.2.2;2.2 Reproductive Biology;68
5.2.3;2.3 History of Crop;71
5.3;3 Genetic Resources;71
5.3.1;3.1 Germplasm;71
5.3.2;3.2 Pre-breeding;72
5.3.2.1;3.2.1 Inter-specific Crosses;72
5.3.2.2;3.2.2 Inbreeding to Unmask Useful Recessive Traits;73
5.3.2.3;3.2.3 Developing Partially Inbred Genetic Stocks;75
5.4;4 Major Breeding Achievements;75
5.5;5 Current Goals of Breeding;77
5.5.1;5.1 Cassava Utilization;78
5.5.1.1;5.1.1 Starch;79
5.5.1.2;5.1.2 Animal Feeding;79
5.5.1.3;5.1.3 Bio-ethanol;79
5.5.1.4;5.1.4 Cassava for Processed Food;79
5.5.2;5.2 Breeding Objectives;80
5.5.2.1;5.2.1 Abiotic Stresses;80
5.5.2.2;5.2.2 Herbicide Tolerance;81
5.5.2.3;5.2.3 Disease and Pest Resistance;82
5.6;6 Breeding Methods and Techniques;83
5.6.1;6.1 Evaluation and Selection Scheme Used in Cassava Breeding;83
5.6.2;6.2 Strategies for Improving the Efficiency of Cassava Breeding;86
5.6.2.1;6.2.1 Rapid Cycling Recurrent Selection for High Heritability Traits;86
5.6.2.2;6.2.2 Correcting Data for Missing Plants;87
5.6.2.3;6.2.3 Inbreeding to Exploit Heterosis;87
5.6.2.4;6.2.4 Inbreeding to Reduce Genetic Load;88
5.6.2.5;6.2.5 Inbreeding to Identify Useful Recessive Traits;88
5.6.2.6;6.2.6 Inbreeding to Allow for the Backcross Scheme;88
5.6.2.7;6.2.7 Improving Testing Methodologies;89
5.6.2.8;6.2.8 Stratification of Large Trials;89
5.6.2.9;6.2.9 Estimation of General Combining Ability of Progenitors;90
5.7;7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;91
5.7.1;7.1 Use of Molecular Markers;91
5.7.1.1;7.1.1 Genetic Diversity;92
5.7.1.2;7.1.2 Marker-Assisted Selection;93
5.7.1.3;7.1.3 Introgression of Useful Traits from Wild Relatives;94
5.7.2;7.2 Genome Sequencing of Cassava;94
5.7.3;7.3 Mutation Breeding, TILLING, and ECOTILLING;95
5.7.3.1;7.3.1 Small Granule -- High Amylose Starch Mutation;96
5.7.3.2;7.3.2 Tolerance to PPD;97
5.7.4;7.4 Genetic Transformation;98
5.8;8 Commercial Propagation and Production of Planting Material;98
5.8.1;8.1 Field Management Requirements;99
5.8.2;8.2 Monitoring Nurseries;100
5.8.3;8.3 Harvest and Storage of Planting Material;101
5.9;References;102
6;3 Sweet Potato;110
6.1;1 Introduction;110
6.2;2 Origin and Domestication;111
6.2.1;2.1 Species Involved and Place;111
6.2.2;2.2 History of Crop;113
6.3;3 Varietal Groups;114
6.4;4 Genetic Resources;115
6.5;5 Major Breeding Achievements;118
6.5.1;5.1 Cultivars from Around the World;118
6.5.2;5.2 Industry and Fresh Market;119
6.6;6 Current Goals of Breeding;120
6.6.1;6.1 Yield;120
6.6.2;6.2 Quality;120
6.6.3;6.3 Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress;122
6.6.4;6.4 G E;123
6.6.5;6.5 Participatory Plant Breeding;124
6.6.6;6.6 Interspecific Hybridization;125
6.6.7;6.7 Feeding Pigs;125
6.7;7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;125
6.7.1;7.1 Breeding Methods;125
6.7.2;7.2 Hybridization Techniques;125
6.7.3;7.3 Seed Scarification;129
6.7.4;7.4 Clonal Generations;129
6.8;8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;129
6.8.1;8.1 Molecular Markers;129
6.8.2;8.2 Genetic Transformation;131
6.8.3;8.3 Somatic Hybridization;133
6.9;9 Commercial Production;133
6.10;References;134
7;4 Yams;139
7.1;1 Introduction;139
7.2;2 Origin and Domestication;143
7.3;3 Varietal Groups;145
7.4;4 Genetic Resources;146
7.5;5 Breeding Achievements and Goals;148
7.6;6 Breeding Methods and Techniques;149
7.7;7 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs;151
7.7.1;7.1 Molecular Markers;151
7.7.2;7.2 In Vitro Culture ;153
7.7.3;7.3 Somatic Hybridization and Transgenesis;153
7.8;8 Seed Production;153
7.8.1;8.1 True Seed in Breeding;153
7.8.2;8.2 Seed Tubers for Commercial Propagation;153
7.9;References;154
8;5 Taro and Cocoyam;161
8.1;1 Introduction;161
8.2;2 Origin and Domestication;163
8.2.1;2.1 Taro;163
8.2.2;2.2 Cocoyam;164
8.3;3 Varietal Groups;165
8.3.1;3.1 Taro;165
8.3.2;3.2 Cocoyam;167
8.4;4 Genetic Resources;168
8.4.1;4.1 Taro;168
8.4.2;4.2 Cocoyam;170
8.5;5 Major Breeding Achievements;171
8.5.1;5.1 Taro;171
8.5.2;5.2 Cocoyam;173
8.6;6 Current Goals of Breeding;173
8.6.1;6.1 Taro;173
8.6.2;6.2 Cocoyam;175
8.7;7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;175
8.8;8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;178
8.9;9 Seed Production;179
8.10;References;179
9;6 Sugar Beet;185
9.1;1 Introduction;185
9.2;2 Origin and Domestication;185
9.3;3 Genetic Resources;188
9.4;4 Major Breeding Achievements;191
9.4.1;4.1 Polyploidy;191
9.4.2;4.2 Monogerm Seed;192
9.4.3;4.3 Male Sterility;193
9.4.4;4.4 Growth Habit;195
9.4.5;4.5 Bolting Resistance;195
9.4.6;4.6 Self-Sterility and Self-Fertility;196
9.5;5 Current Goals of Breeding;197
9.5.1;5.1 Yield and Quality Traits;197
9.5.2;5.2 Resistance to Diseases;199
9.5.2.1;5.2.1 Curly Top;199
9.5.2.2;5.2.2 Rhizomania;200
9.5.2.3;5.2.3 Cercospora Leaf Spot;202
9.5.2.4;5.2.4 Beet Cyst Nematode;202
9.5.3;5.3 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses;203
9.6;6 Breeding Methods and Techniques;204
9.6.1;6.1 Mass Selection;204
9.6.2;6.2 Family Selection and Line Breeding;205
9.6.2.1;6.2.1 Half-Sib Selection;205
9.6.2.2;6.2.2 Full-Sib Selection;205
9.6.3;6.3 Recurrent Selection for Combining Ability;207
9.6.4;6.4 Hybrid Varieties;207
9.7;7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;208
9.7.1;7.1 Genetic Maps;208
9.7.2;7.2 Sugar Beet Genome;211
9.7.3;7.3 Applications in Breeding;212
9.7.4;7.4 Micropropagation and Haploidy;213
9.8;8 Seed Production;214
9.8.1;8.1 Methods of Seed Production;214
9.8.2;8.2 Pollen Isolation;217
9.9;References;218
10;7 Fodder Beet;232
10.1;1 Introduction;232
10.1.1;1.1 Biology of Species;233
10.2;2 Origin and Domestication;234
10.2.1;2.1 Origin;234
10.2.2;2.2 History;236
10.3;3 Varietal Groups;236
10.3.1;3.1 Root Morphology;237
10.3.2;3.2 Root Color;238
10.4;4 Genetic Resources;240
10.5;5 Major Breeding Achievements;241
10.5.1;5.1 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility;242
10.5.2;5.2 Self-Fertility;242
10.6;6 Current Goals of Breeding;242
10.6.1;6.1 Production of Biomass;243
10.6.1.1;6.1.1 The Root Yield per Hectare;243
10.6.1.2;6.1.2 Soluble Dry Matter Content;243
10.6.1.3;6.1.3 The Soluble Dry Matter Yield per Hectare;243
10.6.1.4;6.1.4 Regularity of Yield;243
10.6.2;6.2 Bolting Resistance;243
10.6.3;6.3 Resistance to Diseases;244
10.6.3.1;6.3.1 Rhizomania;244
10.6.3.2;6.3.2 Rhizoctonia Crown Root Rot;244
10.6.3.3;6.3.3 Foliar Diseases;244
10.6.4;6.4 Monogermity, Seed Germination, and Emergence;244
10.7;7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;245
10.7.1;7.1 Mass Selection;245
10.7.2;7.2 Progeny Testing and Breeding Lines;247
10.7.3;7.3 Hybrid Breeding Methods and Development of Hybrid Varieties;249
10.8;8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;250
10.8.1;8.1 Micropropagation;250
10.8.2;8.2 Haploid Production;250
10.8.3;8.3 Gene Mapping;251
10.8.4;8.4 Genetic Transformation;251
10.9;9 Seed Production;252
10.10;References;253
11;8 Swedes and Turnips;255
11.1;1 Introduction;255
11.1.1;1.1 Botanical Classification and Reproductive Biology;255
11.1.2;1.2 Developmental Plant Anatomy;256
11.1.3;1.3 Chemical Composition;258
11.1.4;1.4 Areas Grown;260
11.2;2 Origin and Domestication;261
11.3;3 Varietal Groups;263
11.4;4 Genetic Resources;265
11.5;5 Major Breeding Achievements;267
11.5.1;5.1 Standard Breeding;267
11.5.2;5.2 F1 Hybrid Breeding;270
11.6;6 Current Goals of Breeding;273
11.7;7 Breeding Methods and Techniques;275
11.7.1;7.1 General Methodology;275
11.7.2;7.2 Yield Trials;278
11.7.3;7.3 Other Techniques;279
11.7.4;7.4 Disease Resistance Breeding;280
11.7.4.1;7.4.1 Clubroot;280
11.7.4.2;7.4.2 Dry Rot;282
11.7.4.3;7.4.3 Mildew;283
11.7.4.4;7.4.4 Turnip Mosaic Virus;284
11.7.5;7.5 Insect Pests;285
11.8;8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs;286
11.9;9 Seed Production;287
11.10;References;291
12;Index;300