Broadbent / Brockman East Asian Social Movements

Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-387-09626-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 516 Seiten

In the study of civil society and social movements, most cases are based in Western Europe and North America. These two areas of the world have similar histories and political ideals and structures in common which in turn, affect the structure of its civil society. In studying civil society in Asia, a different understanding of history, politics, and society is needed. The region's long traditions of centralized, authoritarian states buttressed by Confucian and in some cases Communist ideologies may render this concept irrelevant. The chapters in this international volume cover most of the areas and countries traditionally defined as belonging to East Asia: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and China. The case studies included in this volume confront the utility of using the Western concept of civil society, represented in its most active form - social movements - to think about East Asia popular politics. Along with providing an array of important case studies of social movements in East Asia, the introduction, chapters and conclusion in the book take up three major theoretical questions: the effect of the East Asian cultural, social and institutional context upon the mobilization, activities and outcomes of social movements in that region, the role of social movements in larger transformative processes, utility of Western social movement concepts in explaining social movements in East Asia. This book will be of interest to two major groups of readers, those who study East Asia and those who pursue social movements and civil society, as well as politics more generally.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Broadbent, Jeffrey

Brockman, Vicky

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;11
4;Introduction: East Asian Social Movements;13
4.1;Explaining East Asian Protest Movements;23
4.2;Social Movements and East Asian Culture;29
4.3;Conclusion;34
4.4;References;38
5;Part I: Introduction to Japanese Society, Culture, and Politics;42
5.1;References;45
5.2;The Duality of Social Systems and the Environmental Movement in Japan;47
5.2.1;Introduction;47
5.2.2;Management and Domination: The Dual Character of Social Systems;47
5.2.2.1;The Management System and Management Problems;49
5.2.2.2;The Domination System and the Problems of Inequality and Victimization;50
5.2.2.3;Interrelation of the Two Systems;52
5.2.3;Three Cases of Environmental Problem-Solving Processes;54
5.2.3.1;The Numazu Waste Separation Case;54
5.2.3.1.1;Implications of This Case;56
5.2.3.1.2;Conditions That Enable Change;57
5.2.3.2;Problem Solving in the Domination System: The Case of the Niigata ``Minamata'' Disease;57
5.2.3.2.1;The Original ``Minamata'' Disease;57
5.2.3.2.2;Niigata Area Minamata Disease;58
5.2.3.2.3;Implication of This Case;60
5.2.3.2.4;Concealment and Discrimination;61
5.2.3.2.5;Inequality of Power;61
5.2.3.2.6;Conditions Facilitating Change;62
5.2.3.3;Cooperative Problem Solving by Opposing Actors: The Case of the ``Garbage War'' in Tokyo;63
5.2.3.3.1;Process of Cooperative Problem Solving By Opposing Actors;65
5.2.3.3.2;Implication of This Type of Problem Solving;66
5.2.3.4;Comparison of the Three Problem-Solving Process;66
5.2.4;Setting the Three Cases Within the Longer Historical Transformation;67
5.2.5;Conclusions;70
5.2.6;References;70
5.3;A Comparative Study of Social Movements for a Post-nuclear Energy Era in Japan and the USA;72
5.3.1;Pro-nuclear and Skepticism: East Asia and Western Countries;73
5.3.2;Theoretical Scheme and Data of the Comparative Study;73
5.3.3;Movements Against Nuclear Energy in the USA;75
5.3.4;Nuclear Reactors and Movements Against Nuclear Energy in Japan;77
5.3.5;History and Stages of Anti-nuclear Movements in Japan;78
5.3.6;Anti-Nuclear Arms Movement: The Early Stage (up to 1973);78
5.3.7;Blocking Construction of Nuclear Power Plants: The Pre-Chernobyl Stage (1973 through 1986);79
5.3.8;Grassroots Activities in Metropolitan Areas: The Post-Chernobyl Stage (1986 through 1992);80
5.3.9;Deadlock of Nuclear Policy, and Anti-plutonium Activities: The Anti-plutonium Stage (1992 to the present);81
5.3.10;Backgrounds Factors: Japan and the USA;83
5.3.11;How About in These Three Factors in the USA?;85
5.3.12;Conclusion;86
5.3.13;References;87
5.4;Collective Recognition and Shared Identity: Factors Behind the Emergence and Mobilization Process in a Referendum Movement1;89
5.4.1;Introduction;89
5.4.2;Pre-referendum: Why the Maki Nuclear Plant Had Not Been Built;90
5.4.3;The Emergence, Rise, and Success of the Maki Referendum Association;94
5.4.3.1;Collective Recognition and Seizure of Political Opportunity;95
5.4.3.2;Choice of Strategies;98
5.4.3.3;Affinity-Based Mobilization;99
5.4.3.4;Framing: A Mobilizing Process;101
5.4.4;Summary and Discussion;102
5.4.5;References;104
5.5;The Long-Term Effects of Political Socialization During Late-1960s Student Protest;106
5.5.1;Confrontational Politics of Late-1960s Japan;106
5.5.2;Research on Generational Political Socialization;107
5.5.3;Methodology;109
5.5.4;A Sociometrical Model of Generational Political Socialization;111
5.5.5;Operational Definition of Variables;112
5.5.5.1;1968-69 Generation (x1);112
5.5.5.2;Contemporary Political Events (x2);113
5.5.5.3;Social Movement Participation (x3);113
5.5.5.4;Later Protest Engagement (x4);113
5.5.6;Verification of Hypotheses;114
5.5.6.1;Bivariate Analysis;114
5.5.6.2;Path Analysis;115
5.5.7;Conclusion;116
5.5.8;References;118
5.6;Young Koreans Against Ethnic Discrimination in Japan: A Case Study of a Grassroots and Networking-Style Movement (Mintôren);120
5.6.1;Introduction;120
5.6.2;Past and Present;123
5.6.2.1;Patterns of Discrimination;125
5.6.3;Life Histories of the Mintôren Movement Members;126
5.6.3.1;Case 1: Lee Kyung-Jae (Founder of the Mukuge Society);126
5.6.3.2;Case 2: Son Soo-Gil (Active Member of Tokebi Children's Club);129
5.6.3.3;Case 3: Kim Soo-Il (Core Member of Blue Hill Association);131
5.6.4;General Schema;133
5.6.5;Identity Types of Young Ethnic Koreans and the Mintôren Movement Members;134
5.6.5.1;Pluralist Type;135
5.6.5.2;Nationalist Type;136
5.6.5.3;Individualist Type;137
5.6.5.4;Assimilationist Type;138
5.6.6;Conclusion;141
5.6.7;References;142
6;Part II: Introduction to Korean Society, Culture, and Politics;144
6.1;References;146
6.2;Democratization and Social Movements in South Korea: A Civil Society Perspective*;148
6.2.1;Democratic Consolidation in South Korea;148
6.2.2;Civil Society: A Conceptual Overview;149
6.2.3;Civil Society in South Korea After the Democratic Transition;151
6.2.4;Analyzing Changes in South Korean Civil Society;159
6.2.5;Conclusion: Civil Society and the Future of South Korean Democracy;161
6.2.6;References;162
6.3;Mesomobilization and the June Uprising: Strategic and Cultural Integration in Pro-democracy Movements in South Korea;164
6.3.1;Introduction and Theoretical Perspectives;164
6.3.2;An Overview of the Mesomobilization Actors in the Democracy Movements;166
6.3.3;Structural Integration;173
6.3.4;Cultural Integration;175
6.3.4.1;Emergence of a Common Political Symbol;175
6.3.4.2;Constitutional Revision and Cultural Integration;176
6.3.4.2.1;The Aftermath;181
6.3.5;Conclusion;184
6.3.6;References;184
6.3.7;Works in English;184
6.3.8;Works in Korean;186
6.4;Mapping South Korean Women's Movements During and After Democratization: Shifting Identities;188
6.4.1;Introduction;188
6.4.2;Historical Context of the Korean Women's Movements;189
6.4.3;The Women's Movements and Democratization (The Late 1980s-1990s);192
6.4.3.1;The Birth of Minjung Women's Movements and KWAU (Korean Women's Association United);192
6.4.3.2;The Emergence of the Civic Movement and Changes of KWAU;194
6.4.4;The New Feminist Groups and Challenges of Korean Women's Movements in 2000s;197
6.4.4.1;The Emergence of New Feminist Groups;197
6.4.4.2;Challenging Issues and Shifting Identities of Korean Women's Movements in 2000s;199
6.4.5;Is New Social Movement Theory (NSM Theory) a Useful Model of Analysis?;202
6.4.5.1;Debates in Western NSM Theories;202
6.4.5.2;Limits of NSM Theories from the Korean Feminist Perspective;203
6.4.6;Conclusion;205
6.4.7;Reference;206
6.4.8;English;207
6.4.9;Korean;208
6.5;The Korean Environmental Movement: Green Politics Through Social Movement;211
6.5.1;Research Questions;212
6.5.2;Historical Currents in the Korean Environmental Movement;214
6.5.2.1;The 1960s-1970s;214
6.5.2.2;The 1980s;214
6.5.2.3;The 1990s to the Present;215
6.5.3;Case Studies;217
6.5.3.1;The Onsan Disease Outbreak (1983-1986);217
6.5.3.2;The Nakdonggang River Phenol Contamination Incident (1991);219
6.5.3.3;The Anti-Donggang Dam Campaign (1991-2000);220
6.5.3.4;The Anti-Saemangeum Reclamation Project Campaign (1998-2006);222
6.5.3.5;Case Comparison;225
6.5.4;Discussion;228
6.5.4.1;The Korean Environmental Movement: The Reflection Hypothesis vs. Social Constructionism;228
6.5.4.2;The Political Opportunity Structure and Empowerment;229
6.5.5;Conclusion;233
6.5.6;References;234
7;Part III: Introduction to Taiwanese Society, Culture, and Politics;236
7.1;References;239
7.2;Social Movements in Taiwan: A Typological Analysis;241
7.2.1;Introduction;241
7.2.2;Public Opinion and Social Movements;244
7.2.3;The Public's Unfamiliarity, Awareness, and Support of Social Movements: 1991-1992;245
7.2.3.1;The Public's Knowledge of Social Movements;245
7.2.3.2;Changes in the Public Awareness of Social Movements;247
7.2.3.3;Changes in Public Support for Social Movements;248
7.2.3.4;Social Attributes and Public Attitudes;249
7.2.4;Constructing a Typology of Social Movement based on Public Awareness and Support;252
7.2.5;Conclusion: A Comparison of the Two Typologies and Their Implications;255
7.2.6;Epilogue;257
7.2.7;References;258
7.3;``Rosy Periwinkle'': The Politics of the Licensed Prostitutes Movement in Taiwan;259
7.3.1;Prelude to the Protests;261
7.3.2;Proposing an Embeddedness Approach;262
7.3.3;Some Protest Scenes in Late 1997;263
7.3.4;Movement Scenes in November 2006;265
7.3.5;Comparing Scenes from These Two Periods;269
7.3.6;Bring in Social and Political Contingencies: Prostitutes, Sex Work, and Politics in Taipei;270
7.3.6.1;``Legal'' versus ``Illegal'' Prostitutes: Dilemmas for Governance;270
7.3.6.2;Nationalistic-Partisan Conflict Between the City Government and the City Council, with Gong Cang Caught in the Cross-Fire;272
7.3.7;The Early Women's Movement and its Opposition to Prostitution;275
7.3.8;The CALL and the ``New Opposition'': Subverting Taiwanese Nationalism with Libertarian Feminism and Under-Class Grievances in Taiwan;278
7.3.9;The Encounter: When Feminist Labor Activists Met Desperate Prostitutes;281
7.3.10;Conclusions;282
7.3.11;References;284
7.4;Environmental Movement in Democratizing Taiwan (1980-2004): A Political Opportunity Structure Perspective;286
7.4.1;Environmentalism in Taiwan;286
7.4.2;Democratic Transition as Shifting Political Opportunity Structure;288
7.4.3;Periodization of Democratic Transition and Environmental Protests;289
7.4.4;Fermentation Under Soft Authoritarianism (1980-1986);293
7.4.4.1;Policy Channel: Exclusion by Official Environmentalism;293
7.4.4.2;Political Ally: The Political Opposition as a Bystander;294
7.4.4.3;The Emergence of Environmental Movement;295
7.4.5;Radicalization in Liberalization (1987-1992);297
7.4.5.1;Policy Channel: Exclusion by Preemptive Response;297
7.4.5.2;Policing of Protests: From Tolerant to Repressive;298
7.4.5.3;Political Ally: Alliance with the DPP;299
7.4.5.4;Radicalization;300
7.4.6;Institutionalization in Democratization (1993-1999);302
7.4.6.1;Partially Open Policy Channel;302
7.4.6.2;Policing of Protests: Routinization and Localization;304
7.4.6.3;Political Ally: Estranged Alliance with the DPP;305
7.4.6.4;Institutionalization;307
7.4.7;Incorporation Under the DPP Government (2000-2004);309
7.4.7.1;State Autonomy: Weakened State;309
7.4.7.2;Policy Channel: Gained Procedural Participation;310
7.4.7.3;Political Ally: The Collapse of Political Alliance with the DPP;311
7.4.7.4;Incorporation;312
7.4.8;Conclusion;313
7.4.9;References;315
8;Part IV: Introduction to Hong Kong History and Society;318
8.1;References;320
8.2;The Reign of Market: Institutional Setting, Business Cycle, and Strikes in Hong Kong;321
8.2.1;Introduction;321
8.2.2;Theoretical Perspectives on the Market and Industrial Conflicts;322
8.2.3;Hong Kong: A Case of Unfettered Market Society;325
8.2.3.1;Strikes in a Market-Dominated Society: 1968-1989;328
8.2.3.2;Business Cycle and Strikes;330
8.2.3.3;The Long-Term Decline in Strike Activities;335
8.2.4;Discussion;341
8.2.5;References;345
8.3;Social Movement as Cognitive Praxis: The Case of the Student Movement and the Labor Movement in Hong Kong;348
8.3.1;Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives;348
8.3.2;The Study;350
8.3.3;The Student Movement as Cognitive Praxis;352
8.3.3.1;The Awakening;352
8.3.4;The High Tide;353
8.3.5;The Eclipse;355
8.3.6;The Labor Movement as Cognitive Praxis;357
8.3.6.1;A Historical Profile;357
8.3.7;1946-1950: Union Growth and High Industrial Conflict;358
8.3.8;1951-1966: Union Stagnation and Industrial Peace;359
8.3.9;1967: The Colony in Conflict;360
8.3.10;1968-1990: Industrial Peace;361
8.3.11;Conclusion;362
8.3.12;References;364
8.4;The Development of Post-Modernist Social Movements in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;365
8.4.1;July 1, 2003 Protest Against National Security Bill (Article 23);370
8.4.1.1;Goal;371
8.4.1.2;Participant;371
8.4.1.3;Organization;371
8.4.1.4;Strategy;372
8.4.1.5;Pattern of Mobilization: Planned or Spontaneous?;372
8.4.1.6;Pattern of Mobilization: Information Technology;372
8.4.1.7;Pattern of Mobilization: Mass Media;372
8.4.2;Social Movements after July 1, 2003;374
8.4.3;The Movement to Share the Fruits of Prosperity;374
8.4.3.1;The Movement to Preserve Cultural Heritage;374
8.4.3.2;The Movements Concerning Mainland and Global Affairs;375
8.4.4;Toward a Post-modernist Mode of Social Movements?;375
8.4.5;Conclusion;377
8.4.6;References;378
9;Part V: Introduction to Chinese Society, Culture, and Politics;379
9.1;References;382
9.2;State Legitimacy and Dynamics of the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement in Beijing;384
9.2.1;Game Theory and Factionalism Model on the 1989 Movement;385
9.2.2;State Legitimacy as the Basis of Student-Government Interactions;387
9.2.3;Methodology;390
9.2.4;Legitimacy and State Control;390
9.2.4.1;Top State Elites;391
9.2.4.2;Intellectual Elites and Radical Students;393
9.2.4.3;University Students;393
9.2.4.4;Beijing Residents;394
9.2.5;State Legitimacy, State Behavior, and Dynamics of the 1989 Movement;395
9.2.5.1;The State Hesitation and Movement Development;395
9.2.5.2;The April 26 People's Daily Editorial;396
9.2.5.3;The Government Concession;397
9.2.5.4;The Rise of the Hunger Strike;398
9.2.5.5;Intensification of Power Struggle Among Top State Elites;401
9.2.5.6;Martial Law and Military Crackdown;403
9.2.6;Summary;406
9.2.7;References;407
9.3;Institutionalized Official Hostility and Protest Leader Logic: A Long-Term Chinese Peasants Collective Protest at Dahe Dam in the 1980s;411
9.3.1;The Politics of Grassroots Protest in Post-Mao China;412
9.3.1.1;The Institutionalized Approach in Lodging Complaints;412
9.3.1.2;Local Officials' Institutionalized Response;414
9.3.2;Collective Protest at Dahe Dam;417
9.3.2.1;The Emergence of Collective Protest;418
9.3.2.2;Protest Repertoires;420
9.3.3;The Organization of the Protest Delegate Meeting;421
9.3.3.1;Protest Leaders;421
9.3.3.2;Two Types of Participations;422
9.3.3.3;``Accusing an Official Means Fighting a Tiger'';423
9.3.3.4;Centralization of Collective Protest;427
9.3.3.5;Semi-formalized Protest Delegate Meeting;428
9.3.3.6;Ending of Protest in Shanyang;430
9.3.4;Conclusion;431
9.3.5;References;432
9.4;The Routinization of Liminality: The Persistence of Activism Among China's Red Guard Generation;434
9.4.1;Routinization of Liminality and the Persistence of Activism;435
9.4.2;Economic Activism;437
9.4.3;Cultural Activism;439
9.4.4;Political Activism;441
9.4.5;Social Activism;443
9.4.6;Theoretical Discussion;445
9.4.7;Conclusion;448
9.4.8;References;449
10;Part VI: Introduction to Singapore Society, Culture, and Politics;453
10.1;References;455
10.2;Solidarity from Above: State Ideology, Religion, and the Absence of Social Movements in Contemporary Singapore;456
10.2.1;Introduction;456
10.2.2;Singapore Society and Political Culture;458
10.2.3;The Fate of a Social Movement;462
10.2.3.1;Power and Elitism;463
10.2.3.2;Managing Everyday Life in Singapore;466
10.2.4;The Meaning of the Singapore Case;469
10.2.5;References;471
11;Part VII: Conclusion;474
11.1;Conclusion: Learning About Social Movements from East Asia;475
11.1.1;Theory and Reality;475
11.1.2;The Evolution of Social Movement Theory in the West;476
11.1.3;The Challenge of Culture and Relations;479
11.1.3.1;Development of the Cultural Ontology View;481
11.1.4;Conclusion;484
11.1.5;References;485
12;Author Biographies;488
13;Subject Index;494