Broda The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-3613-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 242 Seiten, Web PDF

The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes deals with the evolution of the bioenergetic processes, from fermentation to photosynthesis and respiration, and their interrelationships in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Topics covered range from the origin of life to the evolution of eobionts, organisms, and energy-rich compounds. Fermentation, photoorganotrophy, and photosynthesis in bacteria and plants are also discussed. Comprised of 25 chapters, this book begins with an overview of energy and entropy in the biosphere, followed by a detailed treatment of the evolution of bioenergetics based on the pattern of the bioenergetic processes in extant organisms. The reader is then introduced to the events involved in the origin of life; the evolution of eobionts and organisms; and the origin of energy-rich compounds, particularly nucleotides of the adenylic acid system. Subsequent chapters focus on fermentation and photosynthesis; assimilation of carbon dioxide; photoorganotrophy, chemolithotrophy, and photolithotrophy; and aerobic and anaerobic respiration of prokaryotes. The book also considers the energy supply of protozoa and fungi before concluding with an analysis of the history of atmospheric oxygen. This monograph will be of interest to evolutionary biologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Broda, E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;FOREWORD;10
6;FOREWORD TO THE REVISED REPRINT;11
7;CHAPTER 1. ENERGY IN THE BIOSPHERE;12
7.1;(a) Life and Work;12
7.2;(b) Energy and Entropy in the Biosphere;13
7.3;(c) Heat as a Source of Work?;14
7.4;(d) Organisms as Chemodynamical Machines;15
7.5;(e) Dynamic States of Organisms;17
7.6;(f) Active Transport;18
8;CHAPTER 2. BIOENERGETICS AND EVOLUTION;21
8.1;(a) Classes of Bioenergetic Processes;21
8.2;(b) Genotype and Phenotype;22
8.3;(c) Gene Transfer and Evolution;23
8.4;(d) Processes and Substances;24
8.5;(e) Bioenergetics and Classification;26
9;CHAPTER 3. EARLY CONDITIONS ON THE EARTH;29
9.1;(a) Formation of the Planets;29
9.2;(b) Age Determinations;29
9.3;(c) The Secondary Terrestrial Atmosphere;31
9.4;(d) Conditions on Earth-like Planets;32
10;CHAPTER 4. ORIGIN OF LIFE;34
10.1;(a) The Concepts of Oparin and Haldane;34
10.2;(b) Organic Matter in Space and in Meteorites;35
10.3;(c) Abiosynthesis on the Early Earth;36
10.4;(d) The Primeval Soup;38
10.5;(e) Formation of Macromolecules;39
11;CHAPTER 5. EOBIONTS AND ORGANISMS;41
11.1;(a) From Eobionts to Cells;41
11.2;(b) Coacervates and Microspheres;42
11.3;(c) The Origin of the Genetic Code;43
11.4;(d) Considerations about Self-organization;44
11.5;(e) Acquisition of Enzymes;45
11.6;(f) Loss of Functions;46
11.7;(g) The Origin of Optical Activity;47
12;CHAPTER 6. ENERGY-RICH COMPOUNDS;49
12.1;(a) The Adenylic Acid System;49
12.2;(b) Energetic Coupling;52
12.3;(c) The Origin of Energy-rich Compounds;52
13;CHAPTER 7. FERMENTATION;54
13.1;(a) The Simplest Extant Organisms;54
13.2;(b) Clostridia;56
13.3;(c) Glycolysis;56
13.4;(d) Hydrogen Fermentations;58
13.5;(e) Methane Formers;59
13.6;(f) The Pentose Phosphate Pathway;60
13.7;(g) Storage Materials;62
14;CHAPTER 8. BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GENERAL;64
14.1;(a) A Critical Stage for Life;64
14.2;(b) The Overall Role of Phototrophy;65
14.3;(c) The Role of Chlorophyll;66
14.4;(d) The Photosynthetic Unit;68
14.5;(e) Cyclic Photophosphorylation. Electron Flow;69
14.6;(f) Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation;70
14.7;(g) Origin of Photosynthesis;73
14.8;(h) Early Mechanisms;74
15;CHAPTER 9. PHOTOORGANOTROPHY;77
15.1;(a) Non-sulphur Purple Bacteria;77
15.2;(b) Reducing Power and ATP;78
16;CHAPTER 10. ASSIMILATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE;79
16.1;(a) Availability of CO2;79
16.2;(b) Absorption of CO2 by Fermenters;79
16.3;(c) Anaerobic CO2 Assimilation in the Dark;80
16.4;(d) Reductive Carboxylic Acid Cycle;81
16.5;(e) Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle;83
17;CHAPTER 11. PHOTOLITHOTROPHY;85
17.1;(a) Reducing Power from Inorganic Substances;85
17.2;(b) Purple and Green Sulphur Bacteria;86
18;CHAPTER 12. PLANT PHOTOSYNTHESIS;89
18.1;(a) Water as a Source of Electrons;89
18.2;(b) The Z Scheme;90
18.3;(c) The Origin of the Serial Process;92
18.4;(d) Non-cyclic and Cyclic Photophosphorylation;93
18.5;(e) Absolute Quantum Yields;94
18.6;(f) Blue–Green and Other Algae;95
18.7;(g) Return to Older Processes;97
19;CHAPTER 13. RESPIRATION IN GENERAL;99
19.1;(a) Use of Oxygen;99
19.2;(b) The Concept of Respiration;99
19.3;(c) The Citric Acid Cycle;100
19.4;(d) The Respiratory Chain;102
20;CHAPTER 14. AEROBIC RESPIRATION OF PROKARYOTES;104
20.1;(a) Respiration of Blue–green Algae;104
20.2;(b) Protection against Oxygen;105
20.3;(c) Oxygen in Bacterial Energy Metabolism;105
20.4;(d) The Origin of Bacterial Respiration;107
20.5;(e) The Conversion Hypothesis;108
20.6;(f) The Origin of the Aerobes;109
20.7;(g) The Gliding "Bacteria";110
21;CHAPTER 15. CHEMOLITHOTROPHY;112
21.1;(a) General Features;112
21.2;(b) Colourless Sulphur Bacteria;113
21.3;(c) Nitrificants;114
21.4;(d) Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria and Algae;114
21.5;(e) Oxidizers of C1 Compounds;115
21.6;(f) The Origin of the Chemolithotrophs;116
22;CHAPTER 16. BACTERIAL ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION;118
22.1;(a) Nitrate and Sulphate Respirers;118
22.2;(b) Sulphureta;120
22.3;(c) The Origin of the Nitrate Respirers;120
22.4;(d) The Origin of the Sulphate Respirers;122
22.5;(e) Carbonate Respirers?;123
23;CHAPTER 17. A SCHEME FOR PROKARYOTIC EVOLUTION;124
23.1;(a) General Features;124
23.2;(b) Special Features;126
24;CHAPTER 18. EUKARYOTES AND THEIR ORGANELLES;127
24.1;(a) Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes;127
24.2;(b) Intracellular Organelles;129
24.3;(c) Mitochondria;129
24.4;(d) Aerobic and Anaerobic Yeast;131
24.5;(e) Nuclei;131
24.6;(f) Peroxisomes;132
24.7;(g) Chloroplasts;132
25;CHAPTER 19. ORIGIN OF MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS;134
25.1;(a) Mitochondria as Semi-autonomous Genetic Systems;134
25.2;(b) Mitochondria as Endosymbionts;135
25.3;(c) Chloroplasts as Semi-autonomous Genetic Systems;136
25.4;(d) Chloroplasts as Endosymbionts;137
25.5;(e) Events Leading to Symbiosis;138
25.6;(f) The Role of the Peroxisome;140
25.7;(g) Chloroplasts in Evolution;141
25.8;(h) Some Objections Against the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis;143
26;CHAPTER 20. ENERGY SUPPLY OF PROTOZOA AND FUNGI;145
26.1;(a) Protozoa;145
26.2;(b) Fungi;146
27;CHAPTER 21. RELATIONSHIP OF THE BIOENERGETIC PROCESSES IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND FUNGI;148
27.1;(a) Plants and Animals;148
27.2;(b) Position of the Fungi;149
28;CHAPTER 22. BIOENERGETICS OF TISSUES;151
28.1;(a) Differentiation and Energetics;151
28.2;(b) Transition to Life on Land;153
28.3;(c) Energetics of Plant Tissue;154
28.4;(d) Photorespiration;156
28.5;(e) Energetics of Animal Tissues;159
28.6;(f) Effects of Anaerobiosis;161
29;CHAPTER 23. PALAEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE;162
29.1;(a) Microfossils and Stromatolites;162
29.2;(b) Macrofossils;166
30;CHAPTER 24. GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE;169
30.1;(a) Inorganic Palaeochemistry;169
30.2;(b) Organic Palaeochemistry;170
31;CHAPTER 25. HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN;172
31.1;(a) Oxygen in the Secondary Atmosphere;172
31.2;(b) The Rise of Photosynthesis and of Respiration;173
31.3;(c) The Stationary Concentration of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide;174
31.4;(d) Carbon and Oxygen Inventory in the Biosphere;175
31.5;(e) Influence of Man;177
32;APPENDIX;180
33;REFERENCES;195
34;ADDITIONAL REFERENCES;229
35;SUBJECT INDEX;234
36;LATIN NAMES OF ORGANISMS;242