Brooks / Grant / Muir Sporopollenin

Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Geology Department, Imperial College, London, 23-25 September, 1970
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-1662-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 728 Seiten, Web PDF

Sporopollenin presents the proceedings of a Symposium held at the Geology Department, Imperial College, London, on September 23-25, 1970. The book discusses the functional roles of spore and pollen grain walls, the sporopollenin concept, as well as spore wall patterning. The text also describes the role played by sporopollenin in the development of pollen in Pinus banksiana; the morphological and fluorescence microscopical investigation on sporopollenin formation at Pinus sylyestris and Gasteria verrucosa; and primuline-induced fluorescence of the first exine elements and ubisch bodies in Ipomoea and Lilium. The ultrastructural and chemical studies of pollen wall development in the Epacridaceae; the implications on the nature of sporopollenin based upon pollen development; and the production of sporopollenin by the Tapetom are also considered. The book further tackles the resistance and stratification of the exine; the preservation of sporopollenin membranes under natural conditions; and a paleobiological definition of sporopollenin. The text also encompasses the aspects of sporin on the aromatization of sporin and the hydrogen density of the sporin of carboniferous lycopsids; the chemistry of sporopollenin; and some chemical and geochemical studies on sporopollenin. The petrology and geochemistry of sporinite; the application of diagenesis of sporopollenin and other comparable organic substances to hydrocarbon research; and the thermal degradation of sporopollenin and the genesis of hydrocarbons are also looked into. Botanists and microbiologists will find the book invaluable.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Brooks, J.

Grant, P. R.

Muir, Marjorie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Sporopollenin;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;12
5;CHAPTER 1. SPOROPOLLENIN IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT;14
5.1;Introduction;14
5.2;The Sporopollenin Concept;15
5.3;Sporopollenin Sculpturing: Adaptive Roles;21
5.4;Spore Wall Patterning: Morphogenesis;31
5.5;Conclusion;40
5.6;References;41
6;CHAPTER 2. THE ROLE PLAYED BY SPOROPOLLENIN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN IN PINUS BANKSIANA;44
6.1;Abstract;44
6.2;Introduction;45
6.3;Materials and Methods;49
6.4;Observations;50
6.5;Discussion;57
6.6;Acknowledgements;65
6.7;REFERENCES;66
7;CHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGICAL AND FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPICAL INVESTIGATION ON SPOROPOLLENIN FORMATION AT PINUS SYLYESTRIS AND GASTERIA VERRUCOSA;81
7.1;Abstract;81
7.2;Introduction;82
7.3;Material and methods;82
7.4;Morphological development of Pinus sylvestris pollen;84
7.5;Pollen wall fluorescence;96
7.6;The megaspore wall;102
7.7;Literature;104
8;CHAPTER 4. PRIMULINE INDUCED FLUORESCENCE OF THE FIRST EXINE ELEMENTS AND UBISCH BODIES IN IPOMOEA AND LILIUM;121
8.1;Abstract;121
8.2;Introduction;122
8.3;Material and Methods;123
8.4;Observations;124
8.5;Lilium;127
8.6;Ubisch bodies;128
8.7;Discussion;129
8.8;References;133
8.9;Explanation of the figures;134
9;CHAPTER 5. ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF POLLEN WALL DEVELOPMENT IN THE EPACRIDACEAE;143
9.1;Introduction;145
9.2;RESULTS;149
9.3;SUMMARY;180
9.4;REFERENCES;184
9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;186
10;CHAPTER 6. IMPLICATIONS ON THE NATURE OF SPOROPOLLENIN BASED UPON POLLEN DEVELOPMENT;187
10.1;Abstract;187
10.2;Introduction;188
10.3;The microspore as a free cell surface;191
10.4;The exine surface;197
10.5;Transfer of material across the exine;204
10.6;Exine dissolution during development and germination;219
10.7;General discussion;223
10.8;Acknowledgments;227
10.9;References;227
11;CHAPTER 7. PRODUCTION OF SPOROPOLLENIN BY THE TAPETUM;233
11.1;Abstract;233
11.2;Introduction;234
11.3;Development of the anther;235
11.4;The Tapetum;237
11.5;Development of the Amoeboid or Periplasmodial Tapetum;240
11.6;Development of the Secretory Tapetum;243
11.7;Development of Ubisch Bodies;245
11.8;Function of Ubisch Bodies;249
11.9;Tapetal Membranes;251
11.10;Pollenkitt Formation;252
11.11;Tryphine Formation;253
11.12;Contribution by the Tapetum to the Pollen Grain Wall;254
11.13;Control of Sporopollenin Deposition;257
11.14;Acknowledgement;259
11.15;References;259
12;CHAPTER 8. NOTES ON THE RESISTANCE AND STRATIFICATION OF THE EXINE;261
12.1;Abstract;261
12.2;Resistance to decay;261
12.3;Corrosion possibly due to microbial activities;262
12.4;Radial perforations and/or channels in the exine of mature pollen grains;263
12.5;"Interbedded Zones" (Larson 1966);265
12.6;References;267
13;CHAPTER 9. THE PRESERVATION OF SPOROPOLLENIN MEMBRANES UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS;269
13.1;References;283
14;CHAPTER 10. A PALAEOBIOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF SPOROPOLLENIN;286
14.1;Abstract;286
14.2;Introduction;286
14.3;Spores, Living and Fossil;287
14.4;The distinction between spores and pollen;294
14.5;The recognition of sporopollenin in fossils;298
14.6;The resolution of different types of fossil spore wall material by density gradient centrifugation;300
14.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;306
15;CHAPTER 11. ASPECTS OF SPORIN;308
15.1;Abstract;308
15.2;Introduction;308
15.3;References;314
16;CHAPTER 12. THE CHEMISTRY OF SPOROPOLLENIN;318
16.1;Abstract;318
16.2;Contents;319
16.3;Introduction;319
16.4;Early Experiments with Sporopollenin;321
16.5;Later Chemistry;329
16.6;Biochemistry of Sporopollenin Production in Lilium Henryii;331
16.7;Radiochemical Studies;350
16.8;Post-tetrad Ontogeny of Sporopollenin Derived from Pollen Grains of Lilium Henryii;354
16.9;References;359
17;CHAPTER 13. SOME CHEMICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SPOROPOLLENIN;364
17.1;Abstract;364
17.2;Introduction;365
17.3;Application of Sporopollenin Studies to Phytochemistry;368
17.4;Fossil Sporopollenin;373
17.5;Recent Studies on Fossil Walls;380
17.6;Stable Carbon Isotope Studies on Tasmanites Fossil Walls;382
17.7;Occurrence of Fossil Spore Concentrates in sediments;384
17.8;Thermal Alteration of Sporopollenin;386
17.9;Examination of the Soluble Products from Thermally degraded Spropollenin;395
17.10;Preservation of Organic Matter in Sediments;400
17.11;Occurrence of Organic Matter in Pre-cambrian Sediments;403
17.12;The presence of fossil micro-organisms in sedimentary rocks;404
17.13;Some studies on the Onverwacht Chert;408
17.14;Stable carbon isotope studies on the Onverwacht insoluble organic matter;412
17.15;Pre-cambrian Paleochemistry and Evolution;414
17.16;Acknowledgements;415
17.17;References;416
18;CHAPTER 14. DEMONSTRATION OF SURFACE FREE RADICALS ON SPORE COATS BY ESR TECHNIQUES;421
18.1;Abstract;421
18.2;Introduction;421
18.3;Materials and Methods;422
18.4;Results;422
18.5;Discussion;431
18.6;Summary;433
18.7;Acknowledgments;433
18.8;References;434
19;CHAPTER 15. APPLICATION OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPY TO THE STUDY OF SPOROPOLLENIN;435
19.1;Abstract;435
19.2;References;446
19.3;Acknowledgements;447
20;CHAPTER 16. A Scanning electron microscope study of exine structure;453
20.1;Montinia caryophyllacea;453
20.2;Acknowledgements;458
20.3;Key to plates;458
20.4;Bibliography;458
20.5;Summary;459
20.6;Introduction;460
20.7;Results;461
20.8;Corrosion phenomena;472
20.9;Some general remarks and conclusions;473
20.10;Acknowledgements;477
20.11;References;477
21;CHAPTER 17. MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF SPOROPOLLENIN;493
21.1;Abstract;493
21.2;Introduction;493
21.3;Degradation Scars;500
21.4;Identity of Causative Organisms;506
21.5;Other Bacteria;512
21.6;Discussion;514
21.7;Acknowledgments;519
21.8;References;519
21.9;Discussion;523
22;CHAPTER 18. LIPID COMPONENTS IN FRESH AND FOSSIL POLLEN AND SPORES;525
22.1;ABSTRACT;525
22.2;INTRODUCTION;526
22.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;529
22.4;REFERENCES;555
22.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;557
23;CHAPTER 19. THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SPORINITE;558
23.1;ABSTRACT;558
23.2;INTRODUCTION;559
23.3;RELATIONSHIPS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPORINITE;559
23.4;MORPHOLOGY OF SPORINITE;562
23.5;PROPERTIES OF SPORINITE;564
23.6;RESISTANCE OF SPORINITE IN THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT;571
23.7;REFERENCES;580
24;CHAPTER 20. DIAGENESIS OF SPOROPOLLENIN AND OTHER COMPARABLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATION TO HYDROCARBON RESEARCH;582
24.1;Abstract;582
24.2;Introduction;583
24.3;Organic matter observed under the microscope;583
24.4;Evolution during sedimentation;590
24.5;Diagenetic evolution;591
24.6;Method of study;591
24.7;Diagenetic alteration factors affecting preservation;596
24.8;Burial;597
24.9;Temperature;600
24.10;Age;601
24.11;Lithology;601
24.12;Diagenetic behaviour of the various organic elements studied;603
24.13;Electron microprobe study of the observed diagenetic evolution;605
24.14;Quantitative evolution of sporopollenin and other organic matter in the course of geological time - comparison with coals, petroleum and organic carbon;611
24.15;Relationships between the diagenetic evolution of the organic matter and the transformation of organic matter into hydrocarbons;613
24.16;Relationship between the diagenetic state of sporopollenin and other organic elements and the presence of hydrocarbons;617
24.17;Relationships between the different types of organic matter and the nature of the hydrocarbons formed;621
24.18;Conclusions;626
24.19;Acknowledgements;627
24.20;PLATE I;630
24.21;PLATE II;630
24.22;PLATE III;630
25;CHAPTER 21. THERMAL DEGRADATION OF SPOROPOLLENIN AND GENESIS OF HYDROCARBONS;634
25.1;ABSTRACT;634
25.2;INTRODUCTION;634
25.3;EFFECTS OF THERMAL DECAY;635
25.4;CONCLUSION;665
25.5;REFERENCES;665
26;CHAPTER 22. Contact between the Spore Cytoplasm and the growing Sporoderm of the Selaginella Megaspore;667
26.1;Abstract;667
27;CHAPTER 23. REVIEW OF THE UV-FLUORESCENCE MICROPHOTOMETRY OF FRESH AND FOSSIL EXINES AND EXOSPORIA;672
27.1;ABSTRACT;672
27.2;INTRODUCTION;673
27.3;METHODS OF FLUORESCENCE MICROPHOTOMETRY;675
27.4;INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS OF FLUORESCENCE DETERMINATIONS;677
27.5;FLUOEESCMCE A M GEOLOGICAL AGE OF PALTOMORPHS;680
27.6;FLUORESCENCE AND COALIFICATION OF PALYNOMORPHS;682
27.7;FLUORESCENCE AND CORROSION OF PALYNOMORPHS;684
27.8;FLUORESCENCE AND CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF FRESH SPORES;685
27.9;FLUORESCENCE AND POLLEN DEVELOPMENT;690
27.10;DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;691
27.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;693
27.12;REFERENCES;693
28;SUMMARY AND GENERAL DISCUSSION;699
28.1;REFERENCES;720
29;INDEX;722