Brown Desert Biology

Special Topics on the Physical and Biological Aspects of Arid Regions
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-1663-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 620 Seiten, Web PDF

Desert Biology: Special Topics on the Physical and Biological Aspects of Arid Regions, Volume II records the conditions and life in the arid regions of the world. This book discusses the hydrogeology of arid regions, desert soil surfaces and classes, and physical and vegetational aspects of the Sahara Desert. The Piman Indians of the Sonoran Desert, approach to the water relations of desert plants, desert arthropods, and aquatic environments of deserts are also considered. Other topics include the artificial changes in the hydrogeology of deserts, soils of individual world deserts, rainfall and water supply of desert plants, and ecological plant types in arid regions. The hydrature in true xerophytes, chloride accumulation in halophytes, and biological response to desert water conditions are likewise covered in this publication. This volume is recommended for researchers and specialists interested in the hot, dry regions of the planet.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Brown, G. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Desert Biology: Special Topics on the Physical and Biological Aspects of Arid Regions;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;12
7;PREFACE;14
8;CONTENTS OF VOLUME I;16
9;CHAPTER I.HYDROGEOLOGY OF ARID REGIONS;20
9.1;I. Introduction;20
9.2;II. Laws of Groundwater Motion;22
9.3;III. Applications of Flow Equations;26
9.4;IV. Groundwater Recharge;30
9.5;V. Circulation of Groundwater;32
9.6;VI. Groundwater Discharge;34
9.7;VII. Water Quality;37
9.8;VIII. Large-Scale Groundwater Circulation;39
9.9;IX. Artificial Changes in the Hydrogeology of Deserts;46
9.10;REFERENCES;47
10;CHAPTER II. DESERT SOILS;50
10.1;I. Introduction;51
10.2;II. Desert Soil Surfaces and Classes;53
10.3;III. Characteristic Desert Subsurface Horizons;56
10.4;IV. Desert Soil Suborders and Great Groups;58
10.5;V. Physical Desert Surfaces;61
10.6;VI. Accumulations in Desert Soils;72
10.7;VII. Desert Soils as a Medium for Plants;80
10.8;VIII. Desert Soils and Microorganisms;90
10.9;IX. Soils of Individual World Deserts;96
10.10;X. Concluding Statement;112
10.11;REFERENCES;113
11;CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL AND VEGETATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE SAHARA DESERT;122
11.1;I. Introduction;122
11.2;II. Physical Environment of the Sahara Desert;123
11.3;III. Vegetation in the Sahara Desert;152
11.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;176
11.5;REFERENCES;176
12;CHAPTER IV. DESERT ALGAE, LICHENS, AND FUNGI;184
12.1;I. Desert Algae;185
12.2;II. Desert Lichens;208
12.3;III. Desert Fungi;220
12.4;IV. Addendum;223
12.5;REFERENCES;225
13;CHAPTER V. A NEW APPROACH TO THE WATER RELATIONS OF DESERT PLANTS;234
13.1;I. Introduction;235
13.2;II. Rainfall and Water Supply of Desert Plants;235
13.3;III. "Diffuse" and "Contracted" Vegetation;239
13.4;IV. The Significance of Soil Texture for the Water Supply of Desert Plants;240
13.5;V. Distinctive Features of Deserts;244
13.6;VI. Hydration of Protoplasm and Osmotic Potential;246
13.7;VII. Plant Hydrature and Environmental Water Conditions;250
13.8;VIII. Diurnal Fluctuation of the Osmotic Potential (.8);255
13.9;IX. Annual Variations of the Osmotic Potential (.8);258
13.10;X. The Ecological Types of Desert Plants;259
13.11;XI. Osmotic Quantities and Importance of Hydrature for Growth and Xeromorphism;263
13.12;XII. Osmotic Potential (.8), Growth, and Production of Organic Matter;270
13.13;XIII. The Relation between the Osmotic Potential (.8) and the Anatomical and Morphological Characteristics of Plants;276
13.14;XIV. The Ecological Plant Types in Arid Regions;283
13.15;XV. Hydrature in True Xerophytes;284
13.16;XVI. The Hydrature of Succulents;291
13.17;XVII. Saline Soils in Arid Regions;295
13.18;XVIII. Halophytes and Salt Uptake;300
13.19;XIX. The Effects of Ions on Protoplasm;302
13.20;XX. Chloride Accumulation in Halophytes;306
13.21;XXI. Types of Halophytes;313
13.22;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;323
13.23;REFERENCES;323
14;CHAPTER VI. DESERT ARTHROPODS;332
14.1;I. Introduction;333
14.2;II. The Insect Organization;335
14.3;III. Water Balance;337
14.4;IV. Tolerance of Water Depletion and of High Temperatures;368
14.5;V. Body Temperature in the Field;370
14.6;VI. Morphological Adaptations, Including Surface Color;377
14.7;VII. Phenology and Behavior;384
14.8;VIII. Conclusion;392
14.9;IX. Summary;393
14.10;REFERENCES;395
15;CHAPTER VII. DESERT FISHES;406
15.1;I. Introduction;406
15.2;II. Aquatic Environments of Deserts;408
15.3;III. General Ecology;421
15.4;IV. Biological Responses to Desert Water Conditions;454
15.5;V. Addendum;491
15.6;REFERENCES;491
16;CHAPTER VIII. MAN IN ARID LANDS: THE PIMAN INDIANS OF THE SONORAN DESERT;510
16.1;I. Man in the Desert;510
16.2;II. The Sonoran Desert Setting;514
16.3;III. Piman Indians;532
16.4;IV. Conclusions;543
16.5;REFERENCES;545
17;CHAPTER IX. MAN IN ARID LANDS: NORTH FROM JIDDAH;550
17.1;Jiddah;551
17.2;Outside Medina;553
17.3;In C554
17.4;In C555
17.5;Zummurrud;557
17.6;Mada'in Salih;559
17.7;Notes on the Nabateans;568
18;AUTHOR INDEX;572
19;SUBJECT INDEX;586
20;SYSTEMATIC INDEX;607