Bruining / Fry (Harwell) Physics and Applications of Secondary Electron Emission

Pergamon Science Series: Electronics and Waves-a Series of Monographs
2. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4987-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 190 Seiten, Web PDF

Physics and Applications of Secondary Electron Emission provides a survey of the physics and applications of secondary electron emission. It is part of a series of monographs that aim to report on research carried out in electronics and applied physics. The monographs are written by specialists in their own subjects. Wherever it is practical the monographs will be kept short in length to enable all those interested in electronics to find the essentials necessary for their work in a condensed and concentrated form. The book begins with a discussion of secondary electrons. Separate chapters cover methods for measuring secondary electron emission; numerical results on the secondary electron emission yield of both metals and metal compounds; the influence of externally adsorbed foreign atoms and ions on secondary electron emission; and the mechanism of secondary electron emission. The final three chapters deal with the application side. These include the applications of electron multiplication; the elimination of disturbing effects due to secondary electrons; and ''storage'' devices in which information on electrical charges is written on an insulating surface, often by making use of secondary electron emission.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bruining, H.

Fry (Harwell), D. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Physics and Applications of Secondary Electron Emission;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;EDITOR'S PREFACE;12
6;AUTHOR'S PREFACE;12
7;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;14
7.1;1.1 Distinction between Secondary Electrons of a Different Character;14
7.2;1.2 Energy Distribution of the Secondary Electrons;16
7.3;1.3 Yield of Secondary Electron Emission;18
8;CHAPTER 2. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS;21
8.1;2.1 Methods for Measuring the Yield of Secondary Electron Emission;21
8.2;2.2 Determination of the Secondary Electron Emission from Bad Conductors (Insulators);32
8.3;2.3 Determination of the Energy Distribution of Secondary Electrons;35
8.4;2.4 Experimental Technique;38
9;CHAPTER 3. SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION FROM METALS; REVIEW OF RESULTS;40
9.1;3.1 Introduction;40
9.2;3.2 Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient d for Vp from 0 to 1500 volts;41
9.3;3.3 Data;52
9.4;3.4 Influence of Crystal and Surface Structure on d;53
9.5;3.5 Temperature Dependence of the Secondary Emission Yield;60
9.6;3.6 Secondary Electron Emission at Low Primary Energy (10 eV);60
9.7;3.7 Secondary Electron Emission at High Primary Energy (> 2000 eV);61
9.8;3.8 Secondary Electron Emission at the Exit Side of a Thin Target;63
10;CHAPTER 4. SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION FROM METAL COMPOUNDS; REVIEW OF RESULTS;67
10.1;4.1 Introduction;67
10.2;4.2 Influence of Conductivity on Secondary Electron Emission;67
10.3;4.3 Reason for High Secondary Emission;72
10.4;4.4 Thin Film Field Emission;74
10.5;4.5 Decomposition of a Compound with High Secondary Emission Yield;80
10.6;4.6 Practical Requirements for Compounds with High Yields;82
10.7;4.7 Secondary Electron Emission from the " Oxide - coated" Cathode;83
11;CHAPTER 5. VARIATION OF SECONDARY EMISSION YIELD CAUSED BY THE EXTERNAL ADSORPTION OF IONS AND ATOMS;86
11.1;5.1 Introduction;86
11.2;5.2 Liberation of Secondary Electrons from Adsorbed Atoms;87
11.3;5.3 Increase or Decrease of d with Changing Work-function;89
11.4;5.4 Rise of the Secondary Electron Current with Increasing Covering Rate with Atoms of an Electro-positive Metal;90
11.5;5.5 Secondary Electron Emission from Metal Surfaces covered with Thicker Layers;91
11.6;5.6 Secondary Emission Yield of Soot covered with Barium;94
12;CHAPTER 6. THEORY OF SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION; THE MECHANISM OF EXCITATION OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS;95
12.1;6.1 Derivation of a Universal Law;95
12.2;6.2 Determination of the Constants a and a;98
12.3;6.3 Secondary Electron Emission for Low and High Vp;100
12.4;6.4 Some other Theories on Secondary Electron Emission;102
12.5;6.5 Temperature Dependence of Secondary Electron Emission;105
12.6;6.6 Secondary Emission-yield of Metals and Compounds;105
12.7;6.7 Excitation of Electrons in Solids by Electron Impact;108
12.8;6.8 Fluctuations in the Secondary Electron Current;111
13;CHAPTER 7. THEORY OF SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION; DISCUSSION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS;114
13.1;7.1 Angular Distribution of Secondary Electrons;114
13.2;7.2 Angular Distribution of Reflected Primary Electrons;116
13.3;7.3 The Influence of the Angle of Incidence of the Primary Electrons on the Secondary Emission Yield;117
13.4;7.4 Value of Vpmax with Varying Angle of Incidence of the Primary Electrons;120
13.5;7.5 Energy Distribution of Secondary Electrons;121
13.6;7.6 Elimination of the Influence of the Work-function and Absorption;123
13.7;7.7 Elastic Reflection of Primary Electrons;124
14;CHAPTER 8. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON MULTIPLICATION;126
14.1;8.1 Photomultipliers;126
14.2;8.2 "Dynamic" Electron Multipliers;136
14.3;8.3 Amplifier Tubes with Secondary Emission Amplification;137
14.4;8.4 The Dynatron;140
14.5;8.5 Contact Valves and Switch Valves;141
15;CHAPTER 9. SOME EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION CAUSING DISTURBING EFFECTS;144
15.1;9.1 Surfaces with Low Secondary Emission Yield;144
15.2;9.2 Characteristics of a Diode;145
15.3;9.3 Suppression of Secondary Electron Emission in Tetrodes;146
15.4;9.4 Suppression of Secondary Electron Emission from Insulators;151
15.5;9.5 Suppression of the Secondary Electron Emission from the Control Grid in an Oscillating Triode;154
15.6;9.6 Secondary Electrons in X-ray Tubes;156
16;CHAPTER 10. SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION IN TUBES WITH SURFACES OF AN INSULATING MATERIAL;157
16.1;10.1 Cathode Ray Tubes;158
16.2;10.2 Storage Tubes;160
17;REFERENCES;180
17.1;1. Articles on the Physics of Secondary Electron Emission;180
17.2;2. Literature on the Application of Secondary Electron Emission;180
18;INDEX;198