Bui / Taira Medical Imaging Informatics

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0385-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 446 Seiten

Medical Imaging Informatics provides an overview of this growing discipline, which stems from an intersection of biomedical informatics, medical imaging, computer science and medicine. Supporting two complementary views, this volume explores the fundamental technologies and algorithms that comprise this field, as well as the application of medical imaging informatics to subsequently improve healthcare research. Clearly written in a four part structure, this introduction follows natural healthcare processes, illustrating the roles of data collection and standardization, context extraction and modeling, and medical decision making tools and applications. Medical Imaging Informatics identifies core concepts within the field, explores research challenges that drive development, and includes current state-of-the-art methods and strategies.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bui, Alex A. T.

Taira, Ricky K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Medical Imaging Informatics;2
1.1;Foreword;5
1.2;Preface;8
1.3;Contributors;12
1.4;Table of Contents;13
1.5;PART I Performing the Imaging Exam;19
1.5.1;Chapter 1 Introduction;20
1.5.1.1;What is Medical Imaging Informatics?;20
1.5.1.1.1;The Process of Care and the Role of Imaging;21
1.5.1.1.2;Medical Imaging Informatics: From Theory to Application;22
1.5.1.1.2.1;Improving the Use of Imaging;22
1.5.1.1.2.2;Choosing a Protocol: The Role of Medical Imaging Informatics;23
1.5.1.1.2.3;Cost Considerations;25
1.5.1.1.3;A Historic Perspective and Moving Forward;26
1.5.1.1.3.1;PACS: Capturing Images Electronically;26
1.5.1.1.3.2;Teleradiology: Standardizing Data and Communications;27
1.5.1.1.3.3;Integrating Patient Data;27
1.5.1.1.3.4;Understanding Images: Today’s Challenge;28
1.5.1.2;References;29
1.5.2;Chapter 2 A Primer on Imaging Anatomy and Physiology;31
1.5.2.1;A Review of Basic Imaging Modalities;31
1.5.2.1.1;Projectional Imaging;31
1.5.2.1.1.1;Core Physical Concepts;31
1.5.2.1.1.2;Imaging;33
1.5.2.1.2;Computed Tomography;39
1.5.2.1.2.1;Imaging;39
1.5.2.1.2.2;Additional CT Applications;49
1.5.2.1.3;Magnetic Resonance;50
1.5.2.1.3.1;Core Physical Concepts;50
1.5.2.1.3.2;Additional MR Imaging Sequences;56
1.5.2.1.4;Ultrasound Imaging;59
1.5.2.2;An Introduction to Imaging-based Anatomy & Physiology;61
1.5.2.2.1;Respiratory System;62
1.5.2.2.1.1;The Larynx and Trachea;62
1.5.2.2.1.2;The Lungs and Airways;63
1.5.2.2.1.3;The Pleura, Chest Wall, and Respiratory Muscles;66
1.5.2.2.1.4;Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration;67
1.5.2.2.1.5;Pressure Relationships during Inspiration and Expiration;67
1.5.2.2.1.6;Factors Influencing Airflow;68
1.5.2.2.1.7;Measures of Lung Function;69
1.5.2.2.1.8;Basic Respiratory Imaging;70
1.5.2.2.1.9;Imaging Analysis of Pulmonary Pathophysiology;72
1.5.2.2.2;The Brain;74
1.5.2.2.2.1;Cerebral Hemispheres;75
1.5.2.2.2.2;Cerebral White Matter;78
1.5.2.2.2.3;Basal Nuclei;78
1.5.2.2.2.4;Brainstem;79
1.5.2.2.2.5;Meninges;79
1.5.2.2.2.6;Cerebral Vascular Anatomy;80
1.5.2.2.3;Breast Anatomy and Imaging;81
1.5.2.2.3.1;Breast Imaging;82
1.5.2.2.3.2;Breast Cancer and other Findings;85
1.5.2.2.4;Musculoskeletal System;87
1.5.2.2.4.1;Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System;88
1.5.2.2.5;Cardiac System;92
1.5.2.2.5.1;Cardiac Medical Problems;93
1.5.2.2.5.2;Basic Cardiac and Vascular Imaging;94
1.5.2.2.6;Urinary System;95
1.5.2.2.6.1;Basic Imaging of the Urinary System;96
1.5.2.2.6.2;Urinary Medical Problems;97
1.5.2.2.7;Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) System;100
1.5.2.3;References;102
1.6;PART II Integrating Imaging into the Patient Record;107
1.6.1;Chapter 3 Information Systems & Architectures;108
1.6.1.1;The Electronic Medical Record;108
1.6.1.1.1;EMR Information Systems;109
1.6.1.1.1.1;Hospital Information Systems;110
1.6.1.1.1.2;Picture Archive and Communication Systems;111
1.6.1.2;Data Standards for Communication and Representation;113
1.6.1.2.1;DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine);113
1.6.1.2.1.1;The DICOM Model;114
1.6.1.2.1.2;DICOM Extensions;117
1.6.1.2.2;Health Level 7 (HL7);118
1.6.1.2.2.1;Messaging Protocol;118
1.6.1.2.2.2;Reference Implementation Model (RIM);119
1.6.1.2.2.3;Clinical Document Architecture (CDA);120
1.6.1.2.3;Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC);122
1.6.1.3;Distributed Information Systems;123
1.6.1.3.1;Peer-to-peer Architectures;123
1.6.1.3.1.1;First Generation P2P: Centralized Searching;124
1.6.1.3.1.2;Second Generation P2P: Simple Decentralized Searching (Query Flooding);125
1.6.1.3.1.3;Second Generation P2P: Distributed Hash Tables;127
1.6.1.3.1.4;Third Generation P2P;128
1.6.1.3.1.5;P2P Healthcare Applications;130
1.6.1.3.2;Grid Computing;131
1.6.1.3.2.1;Globus Toolkit;133
1.6.1.3.2.2;Condor;134
1.6.1.3.2.3;Grid Computing Healthcare Applications;135
1.6.1.3.2.4;Cloud Computing: Beyond the Grid;137
1.6.1.4;Discussion and Applications;137
1.6.1.4.1;Teleradiology, Telemedicine, and Telehealth;138
1.6.1.4.2;Integrating Medical Data Access;141
1.6.1.4.3;Collaborative Clinical Research: Example Image Repositories;144
1.6.1.5;References;146
1.6.2;Chapter 4 Medical Data Visualization: Toward Integrated Clinical Workstations;153
1.6.2.1;Navigating Clinical Data;153
1.6.2.1.1;Elements of the Display;154
1.6.2.1.2;Visual Metaphors: Emphasizing Different Relationships;163
1.6.2.1.2.1;Temporal Representations;163
1.6.2.1.2.2;Spatial Representations;166
1.6.2.1.2.3;Multidimensional Relationships;169
1.6.2.1.2.4;Causal Relationships;170
1.6.2.1.2.5;Navigating Images;171
1.6.2.2;Combining Information: Integrating the Medical Data;175
1.6.2.2.1;Defining Context;175
1.6.2.2.1.1;Defining the User;176
1.6.2.2.1.2;Defining the Task: Incorporating Workflow;178
1.6.2.2.2;Combining Graphical Metaphors;180
1.6.2.2.2.1;Creating Integrated Displays;180
1.6.2.2.2.2;Interacting with Data;184
1.6.2.2.3;Imaging Workflow & Workstations;188
1.6.2.3;Discussion and Applications;191
1.6.2.3.1;TimeLine: Problem-centric Visualization;192
1.6.2.3.1.1;Data Reorganization;193
1.6.2.3.1.2;Visualization Dictionary;194
1.6.2.3.2;Patient-centric Visualization;196
1.6.2.4;References;198
1.7;PART III Documenting Imaging Findings;208
1.7.1;Chapter 5 Characterizing Imaging Data;209
1.7.1.1;What is a Pixel?;209
1.7.1.1.1;Representing Space, Time, and Energy;210
1.7.1.1.1.1;Mathematical Representations of Pixel Values;211
1.7.1.1.1.2;Physical Correspondence to the Real World;213
1.7.1.2;Compiling Scientific-quality Imaging Databases;214
1.7.1.2.1;Improving Pixel Characterization;215
1.7.1.2.1.1;Pre-acquisition: Standardizing Imaging Protocols;216
1.7.1.2.1.2;Post-acquisition: Pixel Value Calibration and Mapping;216
1.7.1.2.2;Dealing with Image Noise;221
1.7.1.2.2.1;Characterizing Noise;222
1.7.1.2.2.2;Noise Reduction;226
1.7.1.2.3;Registration: Improving Pixel Positional Characterization;230
1.7.1.2.3.1;Transformations;230
1.7.1.2.3.2;Similarity Metrics;233
1.7.1.2.3.3;Preprocessing;234
1.7.1.2.3.4;User Interaction;235
1.7.1.2.3.5;Comparison of Methods;235
1.7.1.2.4;Imaging Features;236
1.7.1.2.4.1;Appearance-based Image Features;236
1.7.1.2.4.2;Shape-based Image Features;239
1.7.1.2.4.3;Feature Selection;241
1.7.1.2.4.4;Aggregating Features: Dimensionality Reduction;242
1.7.1.2.5;Imaging Atlases and Group-wise Image Analysis;244
1.7.1.2.5.1;The Need for Atlases;245
1.7.1.2.5.2;Creating Atlases;245
1.7.1.2.5.3;Using Atlases;247
1.7.1.2.5.4;Morphometry;249
1.7.1.3;Discussion;251
1.7.1.3.1;Towards Medical Image Analysis;252
1.7.1.3.1.1;Mathematical Foundations;252
1.7.1.3.1.2;Image Modeling;254
1.7.1.3.1.3;Linking Images to Additional Knowledge;254
1.7.1.4;References;256
1.7.2;Chapter 6 Natural Language Processing of Medical Reports;268
1.7.2.1;An Introduction to Medical NLP;268
1.7.2.1.1;Assessment of Application Requirements;271
1.7.2.1.2;Overview of the Medical NLP Problem;272
1.7.2.2;Medical NLP System Components & Tasks;273
1.7.2.2.1;Identifying Document Structure: Structural Analysis;273
1.7.2.2.1.1;Section Boundary Detection and Classification;274
1.7.2.2.1.2;Sentence Boundary Detection;275
1.7.2.2.1.3;Tokenization;276
1.7.2.2.1.4;Defining Word Sequences;279
1.7.2.2.2;Named Entity Recognition and De-identification;284
1.7.2.2.3;Concept Coding: Ontological Mapping;287
1.7.2.2.3.1;The MetaMap Approach;288
1.7.2.2.3.2;Data Mining and Lookup-Table Caches;289
1.7.2.2.4;Phrasal Chunking;289
1.7.2.2.4.1;Context Modeling;291
1.7.2.2.4.2;Classifier Design;293
1.7.2.2.4.3;Linear Sequence Optimization;296
1.7.2.2.5;Parsing: Relation Extraction and Constituency Parsing;296
1.7.2.2.5.1;Compositionality in Language;297
1.7.2.3;Discussion;300
1.7.2.4;Untitled;301
1.7.3;Chapter 7 Organizing Observations: Data Models;310
1.7.3.1;Data Models for Representing Medical Data;310
1.7.3.1.1;Spatial Data Models;311
1.7.3.1.1.1;Spatial Representations;311
1.7.3.1.1.2;Spatial Relationships and Reasoning;312
1.7.3.1.1.3;Anatomical and Imaging-based Models;315
1.7.3.1.2;Temporal Data Models;319
1.7.3.1.2.1;Representing Time;319
1.7.3.1.2.2;Temporal Relationships and Reasoning;324
1.7.3.1.2.3;Some Open Issues in Temporal Modeling;326
1.7.3.1.3;Clinically-oriented Views;327
1.7.3.1.3.1;Alternative Views and Application Domains;329
1.7.3.2;Discussion and Applications;330
1.7.3.2.1;A Phenomenon-centric View: Supporting Investigation;330
1.7.3.2.1.1;What is a Mass? An Exercise in Separating Observations from Inferences;331
1.7.3.2.1.2;PCDM Core Entities;334
1.7.3.2.1.3;Implementing the PCDM;336
1.7.3.3;References;337
1.8;PART IV Toward Medical Decision Making;343
1.8.1;Chapter 8 Disease Models, Part I: Graphical Models;344
1.8.1.1;Uncertainty and Probability;344
1.8.1.1.1;Why Probabilities?;344
1.8.1.1.1.1;Laws of Probability: A Brief Review;346
1.8.1.1.1.2;Probability and Change;348
1.8.1.1.2;Graphical Models;349
1.8.1.1.2.1;Graph Theory;349
1.8.1.1.2.2;Graphs and Probabilities;350
1.8.1.1.2.3;Representing Time;352
1.8.1.1.2.4;Graphs and Causation;354
1.8.1.1.3;Bayesian Belief Networks in Medicine;355
1.8.1.1.3.1;Belief Network Construction: Building a Disease Model;356
1.8.1.1.4;Causal Inference;360
1.8.1.1.4.1;Causal Models, Interventions, and Counterfactuals;360
1.8.1.1.4.2;Latent Projections and their Causal Interpretation;363
1.8.1.1.4.3;Identification;364
1.8.1.2;Discussion and Applications;368
1.8.1.2.1;Building Belief and Causal Networks: Practical Considerations;369
1.8.1.2.1.1;Accruing Sufficient Patient Data;370
1.8.1.2.1.2;Handling Uncertainty in Data;372
1.8.1.2.1.3;Handling Selection Bias;373
1.8.1.3;References;374
1.8.2;Chapter 9 Disease Models, Part II: Querying & Applications;379
1.8.2.1;Exploring the Network: Queries and Evaluation;379
1.8.2.1.1;Inference: Answering Queries;379
1.8.2.1.1.1;Belief Updating;380
1.8.2.1.1.2;Abductive Reasoning;385
1.8.2.1.1.3;Inference on Relational Models;388
1.8.2.1.1.4;Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Questions;389
1.8.2.1.2;Evaluating BBNs;391
1.8.2.1.2.1;Predictive Power;391
1.8.2.1.2.2;Sensitivity Analysis;392
1.8.2.1.3;Interacting with Medical BBNs/Disease Models;394
1.8.2.1.3.1;Defining and Exploring Structure;394
1.8.2.1.3.2;Expressing Queries and Viewing Results;395
1.8.2.2;Discussion and Applications;397
1.8.2.2.1;Naïve Bayes;398
1.8.2.2.2;Imaging Applications;399
1.8.2.2.3;Querying and Problem-centric BBN Visualization;400
1.8.2.2.3.1;Visual Query Interface;400
1.8.2.2.3.2;AneurysmDB;404
1.8.2.3;References;406
1.8.3;Chapter 10 Evaluation;410
1.8.3.1;Biostatistics and Study Design: A Primer;410
1.8.3.1.1;Statistical Concepts;410
1.8.3.1.1.1;Confidence Intervals;410
1.8.3.1.1.2;Significance and Hypothesis Testing;411
1.8.3.1.1.3;Assessing Errors and Performance;414
1.8.3.1.2;Study Design;416
1.8.3.1.2.1;Types of Study Designs;417
1.8.3.1.2.2;Study Variable Selection and Population Definition;419
1.8.3.1.2.3;Population Size: Sample Size and Power Calculations;420
1.8.3.1.2.4;Study Bias and Error;423
1.8.3.1.2.5;Meta-analysis;424
1.8.3.1.3;Decision Making;425
1.8.3.1.3.1;Regression Analysis;425
1.8.3.1.3.2;Decision Trees;426
1.8.3.2;Informatics Evaluation;427
1.8.3.2.1;Evaluating Information Retrieval Systems;428
1.8.3.2.1.1;Information Needs;428
1.8.3.2.1.2;Relevance;430
1.8.3.2.1.3;Evaluation Metrics;431
1.8.3.2.1.4;Medical Content-based Image Retrieval Evaluation;433
1.8.3.2.2;Assessing Usability;435
1.8.3.2.3;Evaluation Techniques;436
1.8.3.3;Discussion;440
1.8.3.4;References;441