Cao Metasynthetic Computing and Engineering of Complex Systems

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4471-6551-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 360 Seiten

Reihe: Computer Science

Provides a comprehensive overview and introduction to the concepts, methodologies, analysis, design and applications of metasynthetic computing and engineering. The author: • Presents an overview of complex systems, especially open complex giant systems such as the Internet, complex behavioural and social problems, and actionable knowledge discovery and delivery in the big data era. • Discusses ubiquitous intelligence in complex systems, including human intelligence, domain intelligence, social intelligence, network intelligence, data intelligence and machine intelligence, and their synergy through metasynthetic engineering. • Explains the concept and methodology of human-centred, human-machine-cooperated qualitative-to-quantitative metasynthesis for understanding and managing open complex giant systems, and its computing approach: metasynthetic computing. • Introduces techniques and tools for analysing and designing problem-solving systems for open complex problems and systems. Metasynthetic Computing and Engineering uses the systematology methodology in addressing system complexities in open complex giant systems, for which it may not only be effective to apply reductionism or holism. The book aims to encourage and inspire discussions, design, implementation and reflection of effective methodologies and tools for computing and engineering open complex systems and problems. Researchers, research students and practitioners in complex systems, artificial intelligence, data science, computer science, and even system science, cognitive science, behaviour science, and social science, will find this book invaluable.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cao, Longbing

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Chapter 1: Complex Systems;16
3.1;1.1 Introduction;16
3.2;1.2 System Complexities;16
3.3;1.3 System Transparency;20
3.3.1;1.3.1 Black Boxes;20
3.3.2;1.3.2 White Boxes;21
3.3.3;1.3.3 Glass Boxes;21
3.3.4;1.3.4 Grey Boxes;21
3.4;1.4 System Classification;22
3.5;1.5 Complex Agent Systems;24
3.5.1;1.5.1 Multiagent Systems;24
3.5.1.1;1.5.1.1 What Are Multiagent Systems;24
3.5.1.2;1.5.1.2 Multiagent System Research Map;25
3.5.2;1.5.2 Large-Scale Systems;28
3.5.3;1.5.3 Large-Scale Multiagent Systems;28
3.5.3.1;1.5.3.1 Concepts and Issues;28
3.5.3.2;1.5.3.2 How Are ULS Systems Different? [40];29
3.5.3.3;1.5.3.3 Major Research Issues;30
3.5.4;1.5.4 Open Complex Agent Systems;32
3.5.4.1;1.5.4.1 Multiagent System Classification;32
3.5.4.2;1.5.4.2 Open Complex Agent Systems;33
3.6;1.6 Hybrid Intelligent Systems;34
3.6.1;1.6.1 Concept;34
3.6.2;1.6.2 Hybridization Strategies;35
3.6.3;1.6.3 Design Strategies;37
3.6.4;1.6.4 Typical Hybrid Applications;38
3.7;1.7 Evolution of Intelligent Systems;40
3.8;1.8 Open Giant Intelligent Systems;44
3.9;1.9 Computing and Engineering Complex Systems;46
3.10;1.10 Summary;48
3.11;References;48
4;Chapter 2: Ubiquitous Intelligence;52
4.1;2.1 Introduction;52
4.2;2.2 Data Intelligence;53
4.2.1;2.2.1 What Is Data Intelligence?;53
4.2.2;2.2.2 Aims of Involving Data Intelligence;53
4.2.3;2.2.3 Aspects of Data Intelligence;54
4.3;2.3 Domain Intelligence;55
4.3.1;2.3.1 What Is Domain Intelligence?;55
4.3.2;2.3.2 Aims of Involving Domain Intelligence;55
4.3.3;2.3.3 Aspects of Domain Intelligence;56
4.4;2.4 Network Intelligence;56
4.4.1;2.4.1 What Is Network Intelligence?;56
4.4.2;2.4.2 Aims of Involving Network Intelligence;57
4.4.3;2.4.3 Aspects of Network Intelligence;57
4.5;2.5 Human Intelligence;58
4.5.1;2.5.1 What Is Human Intelligence?;58
4.5.2;2.5.2 Aims of Involving Human Intelligence;58
4.5.3;2.5.3 Aspects of Human Intelligence;59
4.6;2.6 Organizational Intelligence;60
4.6.1;2.6.1 What Is Organizational Intelligence?;60
4.6.2;2.6.2 Aims of Involving Organizational Intelligence;60
4.6.3;2.6.3 Aspects of Organizational Intelligence;61
4.7;2.7 Social Intelligence;61
4.7.1;2.7.1 What Is Social Intelligence?;61
4.7.2;2.7.2 Aims of Involving Social Intelligence;62
4.7.3;2.7.3 Aspects of Social Intelligence;62
4.8;2.8 Metasynthesis of Ubiquitous Intelligence;63
4.9;2.9 Summary;64
4.10;References;64
5;Chapter 3: System Methodologies;66
5.1;3.1 Introduction;66
5.2;3.2 Reductionism;67
5.3;3.3 Holism;68
5.4;3.4 Systematology;68
5.5;3.5 Summary;70
5.6;References;70
6;Chapter 4: Computing Paradigms;72
6.1;4.1 Introduction;72
6.2;4.2 Objects and Object-Oriented Methodology;73
6.3;4.3 Components and Component-Based Methodology;73
6.4;4.4 Services and Service-Oriented Methodology;74
6.5;4.5 Agents and Agent-Oriented Methodology;75
6.5.1;4.5.1 Goal-Oriented Requirements Analysis;76
6.5.2;4.5.2 Agent-Oriented Software Engineering;77
6.5.2.1;4.5.2.1 MaSE;78
6.5.2.2;4.5.2.2 MESSAGE;78
6.5.2.3;4.5.2.3 TROPOS;78
6.5.2.4;4.5.2.4 GAIA;79
6.5.3;4.5.3 Issues in Agent-Oriented Software Engineering;80
6.6;4.6 Relations Among Agents, Objects, Components, and Services;81
6.7;4.7 Autonomic Computing;82
6.8;4.8 Organizational Computing;85
6.9;4.9 Behavior Computing;86
6.10;4.10 Social Computing;89
6.11;4.11 Cloud/Service Computing;92
6.12;4.12 Metasynthetic Computing;93
6.13;References;93
7;Chapter 5: Metasynthesis;96
7.1;5.1 Introduction;96
7.2;5.2 Open Complex Giant Systems;96
7.3;5.3 OCGS System Complexities;100
7.4;5.4 Knowledge and Intelligence Emergence;102
7.5;5.5 Theoretical Framework of Metasynthesis;108
7.6;5.6 Problem-Solving Process in M-Space;110
7.7;5.7 Social Cognitive Intelligence Emergence in M-Space;113
7.7.1;5.7.1 Individual Cognitive Model;113
7.7.2;5.7.2 Social Cognitive Interaction Model;114
7.7.3;Member norm: sample norms, rules, and policies for social cognitive interaction;115
7.7.4;Interaction protocol: sample codes of conduct for social cognitive interaction;115
7.7.5;Interaction protocol: sample codes of conduct for social cognitive interaction;115
7.7.6;Interaction operator: sample operators representing interaction modes;116
7.7.7;5.7.3 Cognitive Intelligence Emergence;116
7.8;5.8 Thinking Pitfalls in M-Interactions;117
7.9;Strategy: avoiding dependent thinking in M-interactions;117
7.10;Strategy: avoiding over-divergent thinking in M-interactions;118
7.11;Strategy: avoiding group thinking in M-interactions;119
7.12;Strategy: avoiding rigid thinking in M-interactions;119
7.13;5.9 M-Computing: Engineering OCGS;120
7.14;5.10 Discussions;121
7.15;References;123
8;Chapter 6: OSOAD Methodology;126
8.1;6.1 Introduction;126
8.2;6.2 Organizational Abstraction;126
8.2.1;6.2.1 Actors;127
8.2.2;6.2.2 Environment;128
8.2.3;6.2.3 Interaction;128
8.2.4;6.2.4 Organizational Rules;129
8.2.5;6.2.5 Organizational Structure;129
8.2.6;6.2.6 Organizational Goal;130
8.2.7;6.2.7 Organizational Dynamics;130
8.3;6.3 Organization-Oriented Analysis;131
8.3.1;6.3.1 Challenges for Current Organization-Related Software Engineering;131
8.3.2;6.3.2 What is Organization-Oriented Analysis?;132
8.4;6.4 Agent Service-Oriented Design;134
8.4.1;6.4.1 Agent Service, Services of Agent, and Services of Service;134
8.4.2;6.4.2 Why Agent Service-Oriented Design?;134
8.4.3;6.4.3 What is Agent Service-Oriented Design?;135
8.4.4;6.4.4 Agent Service-Oriented Architectural Design;138
8.4.5;6.4.5 Agent Service-Oriented Detailed Design;139
8.5;6.5 Building Organization and Service-Oriented Software Engineering;139
8.6;6.6 Summary;142
8.7;References;142
9;Chapter 7: Visual Modeling;145
9.1;7.1 Introduction;145
9.2;7.2 Actor Model;145
9.2.1;7.2.1 Actor Classification;145
9.2.2;7.2.2 Role Model;147
9.3;7.3 Environment Model;149
9.3.1;7.3.1 Characteristics of Agent Environment;149
9.3.2;7.3.2 Classification of Agent Environment;150
9.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Physical Environment;150
9.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Electronic Environment;151
9.3.2.3;7.3.2.3 Social Environment;151
9.3.3;7.3.3 POMDPAEI Model;152
9.4;7.4 Modeling Organizational Rules;152
9.4.1;7.4.1 Structural Rules;152
9.4.2;7.4.2 Problem-Solving Rules;153
9.4.2.1;7.4.2.1 Goal Decomposition Rules;154
9.4.2.2;7.4.2.2 Iteration Rules;154
9.4.2.3;7.4.2.3 Contribution Rules;155
9.4.2.4;7.4.2.4 Cardinality Rules;155
9.4.3;7.4.3 Rule Combinations;155
9.5;7.5 Modeling Organizational Structure;156
9.5.1;7.5.1 GAIRE Model;156
9.6;7.6 Organizational Dynamics Analysis;159
9.7;7.7 Interaction Ontology;161
9.7.1;7.7.1 Interaction Protocols;161
9.7.2;7.7.2 Organizational Patterns;162
9.7.3;7.7.3 Interaction Levels;164
9.7.4;7.7.4 Interaction Rules;164
9.8;7.8 Interaction Protocols Engineering;164
9.8.1;7.8.1 Analysis;165
9.8.2;7.8.2 Interaction Protocol Ontology;165
9.8.3;7.8.3 Specifications of Interaction Protocol;167
9.8.4;7.8.4 Interaction Metaprotocols;168
9.9;7.9 Modeling Interaction Patterns;170
9.9.1;7.9.1 Pattern Description Template;170
9.9.2;7.9.2 Case Study: Contract Net Protocol;171
9.10;7.10 Agent-Environment Interaction;171
9.10.1;7.10.1 What is Agent-Environment Interaction?;171
9.10.2;7.10.2 Modeling Based on Markov Decision Process;174
9.10.3;7.10.3 Modeling Based on the Science of Complexity;176
9.10.4;7.10.4 Dynamic System Theory;178
9.10.5;7.10.5 Case Study: Markov State Chain;179
9.11;7.11 Summary;180
9.12;References;180
10;Chapter 8: Formal Modeling;183
10.1;8.1 Introduction;183
10.2;8.2 First-Order Linear-Time Temporal Logics;183
10.2.1;8.2.1 Formal Assertions;184
10.2.2;8.2.2 Real-Time Temporal Logics;185
10.3;8.3 Temporal Specification;186
10.4;8.4 Formulae for Organizational Abstraction;187
10.4.1;8.4.1 Actor;187
10.4.2;8.4.2 Environment;188
10.4.3;8.4.3 Rule;188
10.4.4;8.4.4 Properties and Keywords;189
10.5;8.5 Modeling Roles;191
10.6;8.6 Modeling Interaction;192
10.7;8.7 FIPA ACL Message Specifications;194
10.7.1;8.7.1 ACL Protocol Description Language;194
10.7.2;8.7.2 Modeling ACL Messages;195
10.8;8.8 Modeling Organizational Goal;196
10.9;8.9 Summary;198
10.10;References;198
11;Chapter 9: Integrative Modeling;199
11.1;9.1 Introduction;199
11.2;9.2 Integrating Functional and Nonfunctional Requirements;199
11.2.1;9.2.1 Functional Requirements Analysis;199
11.2.2;9.2.2 Nonfunctional Requirements Analysis;200
11.2.3;9.2.3 Analyzing Integrative Requirements;200
11.3;9.3 Visual Modeling;201
11.3.1;9.3.1 Goal-Oriented Visual Modeling;201
11.3.1.1;9.3.1.1 Strategic Dependency Model;202
11.3.1.2;9.3.1.2 Strategic Rationale Model;202
11.4;9.4 Formal Specifications;203
11.5;9.5 Integrative Modeling Framework;204
11.5.1;9.5.1 Business-Oriented Functional Requirements;204
11.5.2;9.5.2 Business-Oriented Nonfunctional Requirements;205
11.5.3;9.5.3 Integrative Modeling;205
11.6;9.6 Summary;206
11.7;References;207
12;Chapter 10: Agent Service-Oriented Architectural Design;209
12.1;10.1 Introduction;209
12.2;10.2 Agent Service Model;209
12.2.1;10.2.1 Agent Model;210
12.2.2;10.2.2 Service Model;211
12.3;10.3 Agent Service Design Patterns;212
12.3.1;10.3.1 Agent Architecture Patterns;212
12.3.1.1;10.3.1.1 Deductive Agent Architecture;212
12.3.1.2;10.3.1.2 Reactive Agent Architecture;214
12.3.1.3;10.3.1.3 Belief-Desire-Intention Agent Architecture;215
12.3.2;10.3.2 Structural and Functional Service Patterns;216
12.4;10.4 Agent Service-Oriented Integration Architectures;216
12.4.1;10.4.1 Integration Levels and Techniques;216
12.4.2;10.4.2 Architectures for Application Integration;219
12.5;10.5 Agent Service-Oriented Integration Strategies;221
12.5.1;10.5.1 Multiagent+Web Services;221
12.5.2;10.5.2 Multiagent+Service-Oriented Computing;223
12.6;10.6 Agent Service Management and Communications;224
12.7;10.7 Agent Service Coordination;225
12.7.1;10.7.1 Coordination Methods;225
12.7.1.1;10.7.1.1 Organizational Member-Level Coordination;226
12.7.1.2;10.7.1.2 Organization-Level Coordination;227
12.7.2;10.7.2 Coordination Modeling and Patterns;228
12.8;10.8 Case Study;231
12.9;10.9 Summary;232
12.10;References;232
13;Chapter 11: Agent Service-Oriented Detailed Design;234
13.1;11.1 Introduction;234
13.2;11.2 Agent Service Ontology;234
13.2.1;11.2.1 Extracting Problem-Solving Ontology;234
13.2.1.1;11.2.1.1 Associated Ontologies;235
13.2.1.2;11.2.1.2 Aggregated Ontologies;236
13.2.1.3;11.2.1.3 Generalized Hierarchical Ontologies;236
13.2.2;11.2.2 Developing Agent Service Ontology;236
13.3;11.3 Representation of Agent Services;237
13.3.1;11.3.1 Agent Service Specification;237
13.3.2;11.3.2 Case Study: Algorithm Registration Agent Service;239
13.4;11.4 Agent Service Endpoint Interfaces;240
13.4.1;11.4.1 Designing Agent Service Interfaces;240
13.4.2;11.4.2 Case Study: Algorithm Service Interface;242
13.5;11.5 Directory of Agent Services;244
13.6;11.6 Communication of Agent Services;247
13.7;11.7 Transport of Agent Services;247
13.8;11.8 Mediation of Agent Services;248
13.9;11.9 Discovery of Agent Services;249
13.10;11.10 Modeling Coordination;250
13.11;11.11 Other Strategic Issues;253
13.11.1;11.11.1 Design with Agent Service-Oriented Principles;253
13.11.2;11.11.2 Create a Custom Ontological Directory;253
13.11.3;11.11.3 Define a Schema Management Strategy;253
13.11.4;11.11.4 Always Relate XML to Data;254
13.12;11.12 Summary;254
13.13;References;254
14;Chapter 12: Ontological Engineering;256
14.1;12.1 Introduction;256
14.2;12.2 Ontology Profiles;257
14.2.1;12.2.1 From Ontology to Ontological Engineering;257
14.2.2;12.2.2 Domain-Specific Business Ontology;258
14.2.3;12.2.3 Problem-Solving Ontology;260
14.2.3.1;12.2.3.1 Business-Oriented Task Ontologies;262
14.2.3.2;12.2.3.2 Business Logic Ontologies;263
14.2.3.3;12.2.3.3 Resource Ontologies;264
14.2.4;12.2.4 Ontological Commitment;265
14.3;12.3 Ontological Semantic Relationships;267
14.4;12.4 Ontological Representation;269
14.4.1;12.4.1 Ontology Modeling Techniques;269
14.4.1.1;12.4.1.1 DL-Based Ontological Grammar;270
14.4.2;12.4.2 Representing Domain Ontologies;271
14.4.3;12.4.3 Representing Problem-Solving Ontologies;272
14.5;12.5 Ontological Semantic Aggregation and Transformation Cross Domains;274
14.5.1;12.5.1 Semantic Aggregation of Semantic Relationships;274
14.5.2;12.5.2 Semantic Aggregation of Ontological Items;275
14.5.3;12.5.3 Transformation Between Ontological Items;276
14.6;12.6 Summary;277
14.7;References;278
15;Chapter 13: OSOAD Case Study;280
15.1;13.1 Organization-Oriented System Analysis;280
15.2;13.2 Organizational Relationship Model;281
15.3;13.3 Organizational Rationale Model;284
15.4;13.4 Formal Analysis;286
15.5;13.5 Formal Refinement Using Scenario-Based Analysis;288
15.6;13.6 Agent Service-Driven Plug and Play;291
15.6.1;13.6.1 Plug and Play Modeling;291
15.6.2;13.6.2 Agent Service-Driven Plug and Play;292
15.6.2.1;13.6.2.1 Agent Service Description;292
15.6.2.2;13.6.2.2 Role Model for Plug and Play;293
15.6.2.3;13.6.2.3 Agent Service Specification;294
15.6.3;13.6.3 Implementation;294
15.7;13.7 M-Space for Macroeconomic Decision Support;295
15.8;13.8 Summary;298
15.9;References;299
16;Chapter 14: Actionable Knowledge Discovery and Delivery;300
16.1;14.1 Introduction;300
16.2;14.2 Issues with Existing KDD;301
16.3;14.3 Gap Analysis;303
16.3.1;14.3.1 Gaps Between Delivered and Desired;303
16.3.2;14.3.2 Aspects for Narrowing Gaps;305
16.4;14.4 An AKD Framework;306
16.4.1;14.4.1 AKD Problem Statement;307
16.4.2;14.4.2 Actionability Computing;309
16.4.3;14.4.3 AKD Concept Map;311
16.4.4;14.4.4 Ubiquitous Intelligence;311
16.4.4.1;14.4.4.1 Data Intelligence;312
16.4.4.2;14.4.4.2 Domain Intelligence;312
16.4.4.3;14.4.4.3 Human Intelligence;312
16.4.4.4;14.4.4.4 Network Intelligence;312
16.4.4.5;14.4.4.5 Social Intelligence;313
16.5;14.5 Deployment;313
16.5.1;14.5.1 Opportunities;313
16.5.2;14.5.2 AKD Architectures;315
16.5.3;14.5.3 AKD Implementation;315
16.5.3.1;14.5.3.1 Constrained Knowledge Delivery Environment;316
16.5.3.2;14.5.3.2 Cooperation Between Human and KDD Systems;316
16.5.3.3;14.5.3.3 Interactive and Parallel KDD Support;316
16.5.3.4;14.5.3.4 Closed-Loop and Iterative Refinement;316
16.5.3.5;14.5.3.5 Mining In-Depth Patterns;317
16.5.3.6;14.5.3.6 Post Mining;317
16.5.3.7;14.5.3.7 Combined Mining;317
16.5.3.8;14.5.3.8 Agent-Driven Actionable Knowledge Discovery;318
16.5.3.9;14.5.3.9 Knowledge Discovery as Service;318
16.5.4;14.5.4 Knowledge Delivery;318
16.6;14.6 An Example;319
16.7;14.7 Summary;321
16.8;References;322
17;Chapter 15: Learning Complex Behavioral and Social Data;326
17.1;15.1 Introduction;326
17.2;15.2 Complex Behavioral and Social Problems;327
17.2.1;15.2.1 Behavioral and Social System and Intelligence;327
17.2.2;15.2.2 Complexity of Behavioral and Social Systems;329
17.3;15.3 Non-IID Behavioral and Social Problems;330
17.3.1;15.3.1 Coupling;330
17.3.2;15.3.2 Heterogeneity;331
17.4;15.4 Issues in Classic Behavioral and Social Learning;333
17.4.1;15.4.1 Classic Behavior Analysis;333
17.4.2;15.4.2 Classic Social Media and Recommendation Systems;334
17.4.3;15.4.3 Classic Social Network Analysis;335
17.5;15.5 Non-IIDness Learning;336
17.6;15.6 Non-IIDness Learning Case Studies;338
17.6.1;15.6.1 Coupled Behavior Analysis;339
17.6.2;15.6.2 Coupled Item Recommendation;342
17.6.3;15.6.3 Term Coupling-Based Document Analysis;344
17.7;15.7 Summary;345
17.8;References;347
18;Chapter 16: Opportunities and Prospects;350
18.1;16.1 About Open Complex System Studies;350
18.2;16.2 About Metasynthetic Computing and Engineering;351
18.3;References;353
19;Index;355