Casanova / Blümich / Perlo Single-Sided NMR

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-16307-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 244 Seiten

This book describes the design of the first functioning single-sided tomograph, the related measurement methods, and a number of applications in medicine, materials science, and chemical engineering. It will be the first comprehensive account of this new device and its applications. Among the key advances of this method is that images can be obtained in much shorter times than originally anticipated, and that even vector maps of flow fields can be measured although the magnetic fields are highly inhomogeneous. Furthermore, the equipment is small, mobile and affordable to small and medium enterprises and can be located in doctors' offices.

Currently an Assistant Editor for the journal Cell, Michaeleen Doucleff obtained her PhD in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley while working in the laboratory of David E. Wemmer. Doucleff then became a Nancy Nossal postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute's of Health in the laboratory of G. Marius Clore. Throughout her career, she has used NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to characterize the structure and dynamics of transcription factors and their interaction with DNA.Mary Hatcher-Skeers is a Professor of Chemistry in the Joint Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges in Claremont CA.  She teaches General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry and NMR Spectroscopy.  Hatcher-Skeers received her PhD in Chemistry from the University of Washington while working in the laboratory of Gary Drobny.  She was then a NIH Post-Doctoral Fellow in the labs of Judith Herzfeld at Brandeis University and Robert Griffin at MIT.  Professor Hatcher-Skeers' research uses solid-state and solution NMR spectroscopy to investigate the role of DNA structure and dynamics in protein and drug binding.  She has trained over 70 undergraduates in her research lab, a number who have gone on to graduate programs in chemistry and biochemistry.Nicole Crane, Ph.D. is currently a Scientist at the Naval Medical Research Center in Silver Spring, MD where she is establishing the Regenerative Medicine Department's Advanced Imaging Program.  Her research focuses on development and utilization of spectroscopic techniques to improve understanding of the wound healing process, particularly in traumatic acute wounds, as well as identifying and quantifying transplant-associated ischemia and reperfusion injury. Her experience as an applied spectroscopist includes applications in forensics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedicine. Dr. Crane has published over fifteen peer-reviewed publications and presented at numerous regional and national scientific meetings. She is also an inventor on two US patents. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Blümich, Bernhard

Perlo, Juan

Casanova, Federico

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;4
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;11
4;1 Single-Sided NMR ;12
4.1;Federico Casanova, Juan Perlo, and Bernhard Blümich;12
4.1.1;1.1 Development of Open NMR Sensors;13
4.1.1.1;1.1.1 Well-Logging Tools;13
4.1.1.2;1.1.2 Mobile Single-Sided Sensors;14
4.1.1.3;1.1.3 The NMR-MOUSE;15
4.1.2;1.2 Methods for Mobile NMR;17
4.1.3;References;18
5;2 NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields ;22
5.1;Federico Casanova and Juan Perlo;22
5.1.1;2.1 Introduction;22
5.1.1.1;2.1.1 Evolution of the Magnetization During a Pulse Sequence;23
5.1.1.2;2.1.2 Separation of the Magnetization into Coherence Pathways;25
5.1.1.3;2.1.3 Numerical Calculation of the NMR Signal;31
5.1.2;2.2 Pulse Sequence Analysis;32
5.1.2.1;2.2.1 Single rf Pulse;32
5.1.2.2;2.2.2 The Generation of Hahn Echoes;34
5.1.2.3;2.2.3 The CPMG Sequence;39
5.1.2.4;2.2.4 Inversion and Saturation Recovery;46
5.1.2.5;2.2.5 Diffusion Measurements;53
5.1.3;2.3 The SNR in Inhomogeneous Fields;58
5.1.3.1;2.3.1 The Reciprocity Principle;59
5.1.3.2;2.3.2 Numerical Calculations of the SNR;60
5.1.3.3;2.3.3 An Analytical Solution for the SNR;66
5.1.4;References;66
6;3 Ex Situ Measurement of One- and Two-Dimensional Distribution Functions ;68
6.1;Martin D. Hürlimann;68
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction;68
6.1.1.1;3.1.1 Relaxation;68
6.1.1.2;3.1.2 Diffusion;69
6.1.1.3;3.1.3 Diffusion--Relaxation Distribution Functions;69
6.1.2;3.2 Pulse Sequences and Spin Dynamics in Inhomogeneous Fields;70
6.1.2.1;3.2.1 Relaxation Measurement: Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill Sequence;70
6.1.2.2;3.2.2 Diffusion Measurements with Static Gradients;73
6.1.2.3;3.2.3 T1 Measurements in Inhomogeneous Fields;75
6.1.3;3.3 One-Dimensional Distribution Functions;75
6.1.3.1;3.3.1 Data Inversion;76
6.1.3.2;3.3.2 Regularization;78
6.1.3.3;3.3.3 Systematic Errors;79
6.1.3.4;3.3.4 Uncertainties;79
6.1.4;3.4 Two-Dimensional Diffusion--Relaxation Distribution Functions;80
6.1.4.1;3.4.1 Two-Dimensional Diffusion-Relaxation Measurements;80
6.1.4.2;3.4.2 Data Analysis;82
6.1.4.3;3.4.3 Interpretation of Distribution Functions;84
6.1.5;3.5 Applications of Two-Dimensional Distribution Functions;85
6.1.5.1;3.5.1 Two-Component Systems;86
6.1.5.2;3.5.2 Wettability;87
6.1.5.3;3.5.3 Complex Miscible Fluid;88
6.1.5.4;3.5.4 Structured Fluid;89
6.1.5.5;3.5.5 Pore Geometry of Porous Media;90
6.1.6;3.6 Conclusion;92
6.1.7;References;93
7;4 Magnets and Coils for Single-Sided NMR ;97
7.1;Juan Perlo;97
7.1.1;4.1 Magnets;98
7.1.1.1;4.1.1 B0 Perpendicular to the Sensor Surface, the Bar Magnet Geometry;99
7.1.1.2;4.1.2 B0 Parallel to the Sensor Surface, the U-Shaped Geometry;103
7.1.1.3;4.1.3 Magnets for Depth Profiling;105
7.1.1.4;4.1.4 Sweet-Spot Magnets;109
7.1.2;4.2 RF Coils;112
7.1.2.1;4.2.1 Coils for Depth Profiling;113
7.1.2.2;4.2.2 Coils for Sweet-Spot Magnets;115
7.1.3;4.3 Gradient Coils;117
7.1.4;References;118
8;5 Single-Sided Tomography ;121
8.1;Federico Casanova;121
8.1.1;5.1 Depth Resolution Using the Static Field Gradient;121
8.1.2;5.2 Spatial Encoding by Fourier Imaging;123
8.1.3;5.3 Multi-Echo Acquisition Schemes;127
8.1.3.1;5.3.1 RARE-Like Imaging Sequence;127
8.1.3.2;5.3.2 CPMG-CP for Quadrature Detection;131
8.1.4;5.4 Performance of the Multi-Echo Detection Scheme;135
8.1.4.1;5.4.1 Sensitivity Improvement;135
8.1.4.2;5.4.2 Relaxation and Diffusion Contrast;136
8.1.4.3;5.4.3 3D Imaging;138
8.1.5;5.5 Displacement Encoding;139
8.1.5.1;5.5.1 PFG Methods in Inhomogeneous Fields;140
8.1.5.2;5.5.2 Measurement of Velocity Distributions;145
8.1.6;5.6 Spatially Resolved Velocity Distributions;147
8.1.6.1;5.6.1 2D Velocity Maps;147
8.1.7;References;150
9;6 High-Resolution NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields ;152
9.1;Vasiliki Demas, John M. Franck, Jeffrey A. Reimer, and Alexander Pines;152
9.1.1;6.1 Introduction;152
9.1.2;6.2 Approaches Based on Spin Interactions;153
9.1.3;6.3 Ex Situ NMR: Spatially Dependent ``z-Rotations'';154
9.1.3.1;6.3.1 Ex Situ Matching: Compensating Static Field Inhomogeneities via Spatially Matched rf;156
9.1.3.2;6.3.2 Shim Pulses: Corrections Based on Gradient Modulations During an Adiabatic Double Passage;166
9.1.3.3;6.3.3 Adjusted Chirp Shim Pulses;169
9.1.4;6.4 Summary;171
9.1.5;References;171
10;7 High-Resolution Spectroscopy in Highly Homogeneous Stray Fields ;174
10.1;Ernesto P. Danieli;174
10.1.1;7.1 Sensor Design;175
10.1.1.1;7.1.1 Main Unit;175
10.1.1.2;7.1.2 Shim Unit;176
10.1.2;7.2 Shimming Magnetic Fields with Movable Permanent Magnets;179
10.1.2.1;7.2.1 Generation of Linear Terms Along y;180
10.1.2.2;7.2.2 Generation of Linear Terms Along x and z;181
10.1.2.3;7.2.3 Generation of Quadratic Terms x2 and z2;181
10.1.3;7.3 Experimental Results;184
10.1.4;7.4 Shimming the Magnet to Higher Order;186
10.1.4.1;7.4.1 Improving Resolution and Working Volume Size;187
10.1.5;7.5 Temperature Compensation;190
10.1.6;7.6 Conclusions;194
10.1.7;References;194
11;8 Applications in Biology and Medicine;196
11.1;Bernhard Blümich;196
11.1.1;8.1 Skin;197
11.1.2;8.2 Tendon;201
11.1.3;8.3 Mummies and Bones;203
11.1.4;8.4 Unilateral Imaging of Biological Matter;205
11.1.5;8.5 Conclusions;207
11.1.6;References;208
12;9 Applications in Material Science and Cultural Heritage ;212
12.1;Jürgen Kolz;212
12.1.1;9.1 Elastomers;213
12.1.1.1;9.1.1 Crosslink Density;213
12.1.1.2;9.1.2 Aging;215
12.1.1.3;9.1.3 Imaging;218
12.1.2;9.2 Hard Polymers;221
12.1.2.1;9.2.1 Ingress of Solvents;224
12.1.3;9.3 Cultural Heritage;226
12.1.4;References;228
13;10 Spectrometer Hardware ;230
13.1;Jörg Felder;230
13.1.1;10.1 Single-Sided vs. Conventional: Systematic Differences;231
13.1.2;10.2 Frontend Design;232
13.1.2.1;10.2.1 Matching and Balancing;232
13.1.2.2;10.2.2 Transmit-Receive Switching;235
13.1.3;10.3 Transmitter Design;237
13.1.3.1;10.3.1 Conventional Power Amplifiers;238
13.1.3.2;10.3.2 Alternative Amplifier Designs;239
13.1.4;10.4 Receiver Design;242
13.1.4.1;10.4.1 Low-Noise Amplifier;243
13.1.4.2;10.4.2 Frequency Generation and Mixing;244
13.1.5;10.5 Digital Hardware;246
13.1.5.1;10.5.1 Frontend Signal Processor Selection;246
13.1.5.2;10.5.2 Digital Phase Sensitive Detector;248
13.1.6;References;248
14;Index;250