E-Book, Englisch, 656 Seiten
Dincer / Zamfirescu Advanced Power Generation Systems
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-383861-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 656 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-12-383861-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Dr. Ibrahim Dincer is professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Ontario Tech. University and visiting professor at Yildiz Technical University. He has authored numerous books and book chapters, and many refereed journal and conference papers. He has chaired many national and international conferences, symposia, workshops, and technical meetings. He has also delivered many plenary, keynote and invited lectures. He is an active member of various international scientific organizations and societies, and serves as editor in chief, associate editor, regional editor, and editorial board member for various prestigious international journals. He is a recipient of several research, teaching and service awards, including the Premier?s Research Excellence Award in Ontario, Canada. For the past seven years in a row he has been recognized by Thomson Reuters as one of The Most Influential Scientific Minds in Engineering and one of the Most Highly Cited Researchers.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Advanced Power Generation Systems;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Acknowledgments;10
6;Preface;12
7;Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics;14
7.1;1.1. Introduction;14
7.2;1.2. Thermodynamic Properties and Basic Concepts;15
7.3;1.3. Equations of State and Ideal Gas Behavior;28
7.4;1.4. Laws of Thermodynamics;31
7.5;1.5. Exergy;40
7.6;1.6. Balance Equations for Thermodynamic Analysis;45
7.6.1;1.6.1. Mass Balance Equation;45
7.6.2;1.6.2. Energy Balance Equation;46
7.6.3;1.6.3. Entropy Balance Equation;47
7.6.4;1.6.4. Exergy Balance Equation;49
7.7;1.7. Efficiency Definitions;52
7.7.1;Example;53
7.8;1.8. Concluding Remarks;62
7.8.1;Study Problems;63
7.9;References;66
8;Chapter 2: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development;68
8.1;2.1. Introduction;68
8.2;2.2. Energy Resources Available on Earth;69
8.3;2.3. Environmental Impact of Power Generation Systems;85
8.4;2.4. Sustainability Assessment of Power Generation Technologies;94
8.5;2.5. Concluding Remarks;104
8.5.1;Study Problems;104
8.6;References;106
9;Chapter 3: Fossil Fuels and Alternatives;108
9.1;3.1. Introduction;108
9.2;3.2. Fuels Classification and Main Properties;110
9.3;3.3. Fossil Fuels;117
9.3.1;3.3.1. Coal;117
9.3.2;3.3.2. Petroleum;127
9.3.2.1;3.3.2.1. Crude Oil;127
9.3.2.2;3.3.2.2. Natural Gas;131
9.3.2.3;3.3.2.3. Shale Oil;132
9.3.2.4;3.3.2.4. Oil Sands;133
9.3.3;3.3.3. Gas Hydrates;134
9.3.4;3.3.4. Petrochemical Fuels;135
9.4;3.4. Alternative Fuels;139
9.4.1;3.4.1. Biomass;139
9.4.2;3.4.2. Biofuels, Biogas, and Fuel Blends;142
9.4.3;3.4.3. Hydrogen;147
9.5;3.5. Concluding Remarks;151
9.5.1;Study Problems;152
9.6;References;154
10;Chapter 4: Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Systems;156
10.1;4.1. Introduction;156
10.2;4.2. Hydrogen;157
10.3;4.3. Hydrogen Production Methods;162
10.3.1;4.3.1. Water Electrolysis;165
10.3.2;4.3.2. Thermochemical Cycles;171
10.3.3;4.3.3. Gasification and Hydrocarbon Reformation;177
10.3.4;4.3.4. Photochemical and Photo-Biochemical Methods;179
10.4;4.4. Fuel Cells;182
10.4.1;4.4.1. Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells;184
10.4.2;4.4.2. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells;185
10.4.3;4.4.3. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Proton Conduction (SOFC+);186
10.4.4;4.4.4. Alkaline Fuel Cells;187
10.4.5;4.4.5. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Oxygen Ion Conduction;187
10.4.6;4.4.6. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells;188
10.4.7;4.4.7. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells;189
10.4.8;4.4.8. Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells;191
10.5;4.5. Fuel Cell Modeling;191
10.6;4.6. Optimization of Fuel Cell Systems;199
10.7;4.7. Integrated Fuel Cell Systems for Power Generation;201
10.8;4.8. Concluding Remarks;208
10.8.1;Study Problems;208
10.9;References;210
11;Chapter 5: Conventional Power Generating Systems;212
11.1;5.1. Introduction;212
11.2;5.2. Vapor Power Cycles;213
11.2.1;5.2.1. The Simple Rankine Cycle;214
11.2.2;5.2.2. Exergy Destructions in Rankine Power Plants;222
11.2.3;5.2.3. Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle;235
11.2.4;5.2.4. Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle;237
11.2.5;5.2.5. Steam Rankine Power Stations;247
11.2.5.1;5.2.5.1. Reheating-Regenerative Steam Rankine Cycle;247
11.2.5.2;5.2.5.2. Coal-Fired Power Stations;254
11.2.6;5.2.6. Organic Rankine Cycles;267
11.3;5.3. Gas Power Cycles;276
11.3.1;5.3.1. Totally Reversible Gas Power Cycles;276
11.3.2;5.3.2. Otto and Diesel Power Cycles;279
11.3.3;5.3.3. Gas Turbine (Brayton) Power Cycles;283
11.3.3.1;5.3.3.1. Air-Standard Brayton Cycle;284
11.3.3.2;5.3.3.2. Regenerative Brayton Cycle;290
11.3.3.3;5.3.3.3. Reheat-Regenerative Brayton Cycle;292
11.3.3.4;5.3.3.4. Brayton Cycle with Intercooler;295
11.3.3.5;5.3.3.5. Exergy Destructions in Brayton Cycle Power Plants;295
11.4;5.4. Combined Cycle Power Plants;314
11.5;5.5. Hydropower Plants;316
11.6;5.6. Concluding Remarks;319
11.6.1;Study Problems;319
11.7;References;323
12;Chapter 6: Nuclear Power Generation;324
12.1;6.1. Introduction;324
12.2;6.2. Nuclear Reactions;325
12.3;6.3. Nuclear Fuel;332
12.4;6.4. Nuclear Reactors;337
12.4.1;6.4.1. Reactivity Control;337
12.4.2;6.4.2. Exergy Destructions in a Nuclear Reactor;341
12.4.3;6.4.3. Conventional Reactors;344
12.4.4;6.4.4. Advanced Nuclear Reactors;350
12.4.5;6.4.5. Generation IV Nuclear Reactors;352
12.5;6.5. Nuclear-Based Cogeneration Systems;367
12.6;6.6. Concluding Remarks;379
12.6.1;Study Problems;379
12.7;References;381
13;Chapter 7: Renewable-Energy-Based Power Generating Systems;382
13.1;7.1. Introduction;382
13.2;7.2. Solar Power Generation Systems;383
13.2.1;7.2.1. Solar Radiation;384
13.2.2;7.2.2. Classification of Solar Power Generators;390
13.2.3;7.2.3. Photovoltaic Systems;393
13.2.3.1;7.2.3.1. Photovoltaic Cells;393
13.2.3.2;7.2.3.2. Concentrated Photovoltaic Systems;402
13.2.3.3;7.2.3.3. Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems;408
13.2.4;7.2.4. Concentrated Photothermal Systems;415
13.2.4.1;7.2.4.1. Central Receiver Power Stations;415
13.2.4.2;7.2.4.2. Through-Type Concentrated Solar Power Systems;428
13.2.4.3;7.2.4.3. Parabolic Dish Units;434
13.3;7.3. Wind Energy Systems;438
13.4;7.4. Geothermal Power Generation Systems;447
13.5;7.5. Biomass Energy Systems;454
13.6;7.6. Ocean Energy Systems;459
13.7;7.7. Concluding Remarks;463
13.7.1;Study Problems;463
13.8;References;465
14;Chapter 8: Integrated Power Generating Systems;468
14.1;8.1. Introduction;468
14.2;8.2. Multistaged Systems;470
14.3;8.3. Cascaded Systems;481
14.4;8.4. Combined Systems;486
14.5;8.5. Hybrid Systems;501
14.6;8.6. Case Studies;508
14.6.1;8.6.1. Integration Options of a Coal-Fired Power Plant;508
14.6.1.1;8.6.1.1. Reference System: Conventional Coal-Fired Power Plant;508
14.6.1.2;8.6.1.2. System Integration Option 1: Integration of an Advanced Coal Gasifier with a Rankine Plant;512
14.6.1.3;8.6.1.3. System Integration Option 2: Coal/Biomass Gasification with Rankine Plant;513
14.6.1.4;8.6.1.4. System Integration Option 3: Gasifier+SOFC+GT+Rankine Plant;515
14.6.1.5;8.6.1.5. System Integration Option 4: G+SOFC+GT+Two Rankine Cycles+Cogeneration;517
14.6.1.6;8.6.1.6. Comparison of the Integrated Systems;518
14.6.2;8.6.2. Exergoeconomic and environmental optimization of a CCPP;519
14.6.3;8.6.3. Optimization of a Closed Multistage Flash ORC with Two-Phase Flow Expanders;521
14.7;8.7. Concluding Remarks;524
14.7.1;Study Problems;525
14.8;References;528
15;Chapter 9: Multigeneration Systems;530
15.1;9.1. Introduction;530
15.2;9.2. Key Processes and Subsystems for Multigeneration;532
15.3;9.3. Assessment and Optimization of Multigeneration Systems;537
15.4;9.4. Case Studies;541
15.4.1;9.4.1. Thermally Driven Multigeneration System;541
15.4.2;9.4.2. Micro-Gas-Turbine-Based Multigeneration System;548
15.4.2.1;9.4.2.1. System Modeling;548
15.4.2.2;9.4.2.2. System Optimization;551
15.4.3;9.4.3. Integrated Biomass-Fueled Multigeneration System;553
15.4.4;9.4.4. Solar-Based Coal Gasification System with Multigeneration;558
15.4.5;9.4.5. Solar-Based Multigeneration System with Hydrogen Production;565
15.4.6;9.4.6. Solar-Based Trigeneration of Power, Heating, and Desalination;567
15.4.7;9.4.7. Multigeneration System for Power, Hot Water, and Fuel from Biomass and Coal;572
15.4.8;9.4.8. SOFC-ORC-Absorption Trigeneration System Fueled with Natural Gas and Biomass;575
15.4.9;9.4.9. Hybrid Solar/Syngas Trigeneration with ORC, SOFC, and Absorption;577
15.4.10;9.4.10. Ammonia-Water-Based Trigeneration System for Waste Heat Recovery;579
15.4.11;9.4.11. Gas Turbine Trigeneration System with Absorption Cooling, Heating, and Power;579
15.5;9.5. Concluding Remarks;582
15.5.1;Study Problems;583
15.6;References;586
16;Chapter 10: Novel Power Generating Systems;588
16.1;10.1. Introduction;588
16.2;10.2. Novel ammonia-water power cycles;589
16.3;10.3. Solar Thermoelectrical Power Generation;600
16.4;10.4. Chemical Looping Combustion for Power Generation;603
16.5;10.5. Linear Engine Power Generators;605
16.6;10.6. Concluding Remarks;607
16.6.1;Study Problems;607
16.7;References;609
17;Appendix A: Conversion Factors;610
18;Appendix B: Thermophysical Properties;612
19;Index;630
1.7 Efficiency Definitions
Efficiency is a major criterion for assessment of systems, applications, and processes of any kind. The term efficiency originates mainly from thermodynamics. The attempt of assessing heat conversion into work led to its initial formulation as the “net work generated per total heat energy input.” This efficiency criterion is based on the FLT, also called energy efficiency. Equation (1.27) expresses the energy efficiency for a heat engine.
The general efficiency expression of a system—as a measure of its performance and effectiveness—is represented by the ratio of useful output per required input
=UsefuloutputTotalinput
(1.66)
If the system is an energy system then its input and output must be forms of energy. Therefore, for an energy system, energy efficiency is written as
=EusefulEinput
(1.67)
where Euseful is energy delivered in the desired (useful) form (sometimes denoted as energy output or as energy recovered), Einput is the energy input (sometimes called expended energy).
Any source of energy is characterized by a maximum potential of doing work. This maximum is the exergy, and, as discussed above, it represents the work generated by reversible processes. This is a measure of perfection because it assumes that there are no irreversibilities. In exergetic view, the efficiency must be the ratio between exergy associated to the useful output and the exergy associated to the input. One writes
=ExusefulExinput=1-Exd,tExinput
(1.68)
where Exuseful is the exergy delivered as useful output (or exergy in product outputs or delivered exergy; in some cases this exergy can be also a recovered exergy), Exinput is the exergy in inputs (sometimes this exergy is denoted as the exergy consumed by the system). In Eq. (1.68) the term Exd,t refers to the so-called “total exergy destruction”. The total exergy destruction represents the sum of the exergy destruction within the system (Exd,sys) and the exergy destruction at the interaction between the system and the surroundings (Exd,surr). Here (Exd,surr) represents an exergy lost (Exd,surr = Exd,loss). In this view, the exergy balance for the overall system is Exinput = Exproducts + Exd,sys + Exd,loss = Exproducts + Exd,t.
Some books (e.g., Cengel and Boles, 2010) define the second law efficiency as the ratio of the actual work delivered as useful to the reversible work which would ideally be delivered under the same operational conditions. Because the reversible work is the highest possible it remains that the second law efficiency must be < 1. Second law efficiency of heat engines—or power generation systems—is
HE=W?actualW?rev
(1.69)
Example
Figure 1.17 represents a power generation system. In order to operate the system consumes exergy—denoted on the diagram with Excons. Assume for Excons to be the exergy of a fuel or high-temperature heat (e.g., concentrated solar radiation, geothermal heat, recovered waste heat). It is assumed further that the power generation system is equipped with a heat exchanger that operates reversibly and has the role of directing the exergy to the heat engine. In many practical power generation systems the role of this heat exchanger is played by the furnace or steam generator. The system is not necessarily capable of using all exergy provided and therefore, as shown in the figure, a part of it must be lost, Exlost Because the heat exchanger is assumed to be reversible, the ExBE is Excons = Exused + Exlost (see the figure). Note that here Exlost = Exd,surr.
There are two possible models for the power generation efficiency. As observed from the manner in which the system boundary is shown (see the figure), the model A assumes that the actual exergy input to the heat engine system is Exused. Therefore, in this case reversible work which can be potentially delivered by n ideal heat engine is Wrev,deliv = Exused = Exinput or ?rev,deliv=E?xcons-E?xlost; thus the exergy efficiency is
ModelA=W?delivE?xcons-E?xlost
Model B considers a wider system boundary. The exergy balance for all system is in this case Excons = Exdeliv + ?Exd, where ?Exd is the total exergy destruction. Recall that total exergy destruction is equal to the sum of exergy destruction due to internal irreversibilities (Exd,sys) and the exergy destruction due to the interaction with the environment (Exd,surr). The reversible work associated with Model B is equal to the exergy consumed, ?rev,deliv=E?xcons. Consequently, for Model B the exergy efficiency is
ModelB=W?delivE?xcons
One notes that exergy efficiency based on Model B assesses the ability of a power generation system to convert the consumed exergy into work, but at the same time it quantifies the utilization fraction of the provided exergy. Keeping in mind that Exd,surr = Exlost the exergy utilization factor can be defined with the following equation:
=1-ExlostExcons
The exergy utilization factor takes values between 0 and 1. When f = 1 the source exergy is fully utilized by the power generation system; in this case the exergy destruction at system interaction with the surroundings is not existent: Exd,surr = Exlost = 0. Otherwise there are losses associated due to the interaction of the system with the surroundings. These losses reflect the incapacity of the system to utilize the source exergy integrally. With the help of the exergy utilization factor one obtains the following expression for the exergy efficiency of Model A:
ModelA=W?delivfE?xcons
It is remarked that when f = 1 one has ?ModelA = ?ModelB. Exergy efficiency of a heat pump or a refrigerator according to the second law can be expressed as the ratio of COP to reversible work as follows:
HP=COPCOPrev=W?rev,inW?in
(1.70)
where ?rev,in represents the work consumption by the reversible heat pump or refrigerator and ?in is the actual work consumption.
In Table 1.8 efficiency formulations for some important devices for power generation are presented. The first device listed in the table is the turbine (#1), which is a work-producing apparatus operating on the principle of expansion of a fluid that eventually generates useful work. Although in practice there are heat losses from turbine shell, these are minor with respect to work generation. A high enthalpy flow enters the turbine, work is produced, and a lower enthalpy flow exits the turbine.
Table 1.8
Energy and Exergy Efficiency of Some Important Devices for Power Generation
| 1. Turbine | Balance equations: :m?1=m?2=m? :m?1h1=W?+m?2h2 :m?1s1+S?gen=m?2s2 :m?h1-h2-T0s1-s2=W?+E?xd Efficiency equations: =W?W?s=m?h1-h2m?h1-h2s =W?E?xcons=W?Ex1-Ex2=m?h1-h2m?h1-h2-T0s1-s2 |
| 2. Compressor | Balance equations: :m?1=m?2=m? :m?1h1+W?=m?2h2 :m?1s1+S?gen=m?2s2 :W?=m?h2-h1-T0s2-s1+E?xd Efficiency equations: =W?sW?=m?h2s-h1m?h2-h1 =W?revE?xcons=m?h2s-h1m?h1-h2-T0s1-s2 |
| 3. Pump | Balance equations: :m?1=m?2=m? :m?1h1+W?=m?2h2 :m?1s1+S?gen=m?2s2 :W?=m?h2-h1-T0s2-s1+E?xd Efficiency... |
