Cerreta / Monno / Concilio Making Strategies in Spatial Planning

Knowledge and Values
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-3106-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 9, 424 Seiten

Reihe: Urban and Landscape Perspectives

This provocative collection of essays challenges traditional ideas of strategic s- tial planning and opens up new avenues of analysis and research. The diversity of contributions here suggests that we need to rethink spatial planning in several f- reaching ways. Let me suggest several avenues of such rethinking that can have both theoretical and practical consequences. First, we need to overcome simplistic bifurcations or dichotomies of assessing outcomes and processes separately from one another. To lapse into the nostalgia of imagining that outcome analysis can exhaust strategic planners' work might appeal to academics content to study 'what should be', but it will doom itself to further irrelevance, ignorance of politics, and rationalistic, technocratic fantasies. But to lapse into an optimism that 'good process' is all that strategic planning requires, similarly, rests upon a ction that no credible planning analyst believes: that enough talk will miraculously transcend con ict and produce agreement. Neither sing- minded approach can work, for both avoid dealing with con ict and power, and both too easily avoid dealing with the messiness and the practicalities of negotiating out con icting interests and values - and doing so in ethically and politically critical ways, far from resting content with mere 'compromise'. Second, we must rethink the sanctity of expertise. By considering analyses of planning outcomes as inseparable from planning processes, these accounts help us to see expertise and substantive analysis as being 'on tap', ready to put into use, rather than being particularly and technocratically 'on top'.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Monno, Valeria

Cerreta, Maria

Concilio, Grazia

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
1.1;Reference;7
2;Preface;8
2.1;References;18
3;Acknowledgements;20
4;Contents;22
5;Contributors;24
6;Part I Debating Spatial Planning in a Strategic Perspective;26
6.1;1 How to Enhance Creativity, Diversity and Sustainabilityin Spatial Planning: Strategic Planning Revisited;27
6.1.1;1.1 Setting the Context;27
6.1.2;1.2 What Kind of Planning Approach Is Suitable?;28
6.1.2.1;1.2.1 'New' Strategic Spatial Planning;29
6.1.2.2;1.2.2 Four-Track Approach;30
6.1.2.3;1.2.3 Differences with Traditional Planning;33
6.1.3;1.3 How to Enhance Creativity for Diversity and Sustainability?;33
6.1.3.1;1.3.1 Backcasting and Transformative Practices;35
6.1.3.2;1.3.2 Envisioning as a Collective Process;36
6.1.3.3;1.3.3 Creative Thinking Tools;37
6.1.3.4;1.3.4 Focus on Design;38
6.1.4;1.4 Governance;39
6.1.4.1;1.4.1 Pluralist and Inter-culturalist Places;39
6.1.4.2;1.4.2 Learning Processes;40
6.1.4.3;1.4.3 Institutionalisation;41
6.1.4.4;1.4.4 Multi-level Governance;42
6.1.5;1.5 Impact for Planners?;42
6.1.5.1;1.5.1 Planning Versus Politics;42
6.1.5.2;1.5.2 Need to Strengthen Creativity;43
6.1.5.3;1.5.3 Preconditions for Creativity;44
6.1.6;1.6 Concluding Comments: What Difference Does `New' Strategic Planning Make?;44
6.1.7;Note;46
6.1.8;References;46
6.2;2 Medium-Sized Towns, Strategic Planning and CreativeGovernance;50
6.2.1;2.1 Introduction;50
6.2.2;2.2 Strategic Planning for Medium-Sized Towns;51
6.2.3;2.3 Categorising Medium-Sized Towns;52
6.2.4;2.4 The Challenges of Medium-Sized Cities in Metropolitan Peripheries;56
6.2.5;2.5 Territorial Capital of Medium-Sized Cities in Metropolitan Peripheries;58
6.2.6;2.6 Strategic Planning in and for Medium-Sized Towns;61
6.2.7;2.7 Medium-Sized Towns and Creative Governance;66
6.2.8;References;67
6.3;3 Strategic Planning as a Field of Practices;69
6.3.1;3.1 Introduction;69
6.3.2;3.2 The Context;70
6.3.3;3.3 The Planning Process;73
6.3.4;3.4 Interpreting Strategic Planning;77
6.3.4.1;3.4.1 Strategic Planning as Using the Intelligence of the Society;78
6.3.4.2;3.4.2 Strategic Plan-Making: Connecting Knowledge Resources and Relational Resources;79
6.3.4.3;3.4.3 Multiple Rationalities: Dealing with Future, Legitimacy and Action;79
6.3.4.4;3.4.4 Strategic Plans as Open Fields of Experimentation and Investigation: New Maps of Potentialities;80
6.3.4.5;3.4.5 Governance Culture and Governance Episodes: New Limited but Practicable Paths of Sense-Making;81
6.3.4.6;3.4.6 Rethinking Efficacy: Governance as an Open and Complex Key Issue, Rather than a Pre-fixed Model;81
6.3.4.7;3.4.7 Potentialities and Transformation, Rather than Action and Outcomes;82
6.3.5;3.5 Reflecting Upon the Provisional Results of `City of Cities' Project;83
6.3.6;Note;85
6.3.7;References;85
6.4;4 On Strategic Planning and Associated Issues;88
6.4.1;4.1 Preamble;88
6.4.2;4.2 An Economic or a Territorial Strategy?;90
6.4.3;4.3 The `Appropriate' Size and Possible `Contents';90
6.4.4;4.4 Conflicts and Strategy;92
6.4.5;4.5 Before Strategy: Defining the Objective;93
6.4.6;4.6 Strategy and Stratagem;96
6.4.7;Notes;98
6.4.8;References;98
6.5;5 Notes on Strategic Processes in Land Use Planning;100
6.5.1;5.1 Introduction: Land Use and Mobility Perspective;100
6.5.2;5.2 Strategic, Communicative and Political Behaviour;101
6.5.3;5.3 Planning Strategic Processes;102
6.5.4;5.4 Visions and Myths;103
6.5.5;5.5 Visions, Strategies and Plans;104
6.5.6;References;106
6.6;6 Post-structural Complexity: Strategic Navigationin an Ocean of Theory and Practice;107
6.6.1;6.1 Introduction;107
6.6.2;6.2 Strategic Spatial Planning as Strategic Navigation: Multiplanar Speculation and Experimentation;108
6.6.2.1;6.2.1 Multiple Planes;110
6.6.3;6.3 Theorising Multiplanar Cartographies for Strategic Navigation;112
6.6.3.1;6.3.1 Tracing;113
6.6.3.2;6.3.2 Mapping;114
6.6.4;6.4 Non-conclusion;114
6.6.5;Notes;116
6.6.6;References;116
7;Part II Exploring Phenomena;118
7.1;7 Spatial Planning, Urban Policy and the Search for Integration: The Example of a Medium-Sized City;119
7.1.1;7.1 Introduction;119
7.1.2;7.2 Spatial Planning and Urban Policy at the European Level;120
7.1.3;7.3 Spatial Planning and Urban Policy in the United Kingdom;122
7.1.4;7.4 Spatial Planning in the South West of England;124
7.1.5;7.5 Spatial Planning and Urban Regeneration in Plymouth;126
7.1.6;7.6 Regeneration in Devonport. The New Deal for Communities;129
7.1.7;7.7 Conclusions;132
7.1.8;Notes;134
7.1.9;References;137
7.2;8 Strategic Planning and Urban Governance: Effectiveness and Legitimacy;141
7.2.1;8.1 Planning as a Political Process in the Framework of Transforming Governance;141
7.2.2;8.2 From Government to `Governance';142
7.2.2.1;8.2.1 Government Failure: Lack of Effectiveness and Legitimacy;142
7.2.2.2;8.2.2 Definitions and Contents: From Government to Governance;143
7.2.2.3;8.2.3 Governance Opportunities;143
7.2.2.4;8.2.4 Governance Risks;145
7.2.2.5;8.2.5 Some Conclusions;147
7.2.3;8.3 Europeanisation and Domestic Politics: Urban Governance, Partnership and Strategic Planning;147
7.2.3.1;8.3.1 Different Aspects of Europeanisation;147
7.2.3.2;8.3.2 Europeanisation and Institutional Innovation;149
7.2.3.3;8.3.3 Multi-level and Multi-actor Governance Arrangements. The Need for Loose Coupling Mechanisms;150
7.2.3.4;8.3.4 Territorial Specificity and Local Embeddedness;151
7.2.3.5;8.3.5 Learning Process;152
7.2.3.6;8.3.6 Territorial Cohesion and the ESDP as a Strategy;153
7.2.4;8.4 Transforming Planning: The Perspective of Strategic, Collaborative, Sustainable Planning and Urban Governance;154
7.2.4.1;8.4.1 Planning Policies Under Transformation;154
7.2.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 'Conventional' Planning Policies of the Past;154
7.2.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Contemporary Planning Policies;155
7.2.4.2;8.4.2 Opportunities and Risks of the New Strategic Planning Policies;156
7.2.4.3;8.4.3 Strategic, Collaborative, Sustainable Planning;157
7.2.5;8.5 Strategic Planning and the Diversity of Small- and Medium-Sized Cities in Europe: Dilemmas and Perspectives;157
7.2.5.1;8.5.1 Different Definitions of Small- and Medium-Sized Cities in European Countries;157
7.2.5.2;8.5.2 Grasping the Diversities: ESPON Project 1.4.1;158
7.2.5.3;8.5.3 Highlighting Three Important Issues;159
7.2.5.3.1;8.5.3.1 The Principles of 'Strategic Planning': Awareness;159
7.2.5.3.2;8.5.3.2 Local Embeddedness: Urban Dynamism and Crisis (Vicious Circles);159
7.2.5.4;8.5.4 Dilemmas and Perspectives;160
7.2.6;8.6 Conclusion;161
7.2.7;Notes;162
7.2.8;References;162
7.3;9 Socio-Economic Regeneration Initiatives and Strategic Governance in Old Industrial Towns Outside of Agglomerations;165
7.3.1;9.1 Introduction;165
7.3.2;9.2 Issues of Local Development;166
7.3.2.1;9.2.1 Responding to Processes of Transformation and Decline;166
7.3.2.2;9.2.2 Urban Governance as a New Phenomenon?;166
7.3.2.3;9.2.3 Challenging the Governance Concept;168
7.3.3;9.3 Case Study: Socio-Economic Regeneration in Eastern Germany and Northern England;169
7.3.3.1;9.3.1 A Comparative Study of Local Regeneration Initiatives in Old Industrial Towns;169
7.3.3.2;9.3.2 Classifying Relations from the Governance Perspective;170
7.3.3.3;9.3.3 Specific Forms of Strategic Governance;172
7.3.4;9.4 The Results: Strategic Governance and Local Initiatives;173
7.3.4.1;9.4.1 The Role of Initiatives in Local Governance;173
7.3.4.2;9.4.2 Regeneration Agencies, Strategic Governance and Local Initiatives;174
7.3.5;9.5 Conclusions;175
7.3.6;Notes;176
7.3.7;References;176
7.4;10 When Strategy Meets Democracy: Exploring the Limitsof the `Possible' and the Value of the `Impossible';178
7.4.1;10.1 Delving into the Imaginative Gap Affecting Strategic Planning;178
7.4.2;10.2 Strategy-Making and the Narrative of Imagining New Possibilities;179
7.4.3;10.3 A Deleuzian Interpretation of Cities: Seeing the Urban as a Cartography of Trajectories of Thinking and Action;182
7.4.4;10.4 Taranto: Is this a City Unable to Change?;185
7.4.4.1;10.4.1 Trajectories of Change: Telling Taranto Through the 'Lines that It Is';185
7.4.4.1.1;10.4.1.1 Fear;186
7.4.4.1.2;10.4.1.2 Identity;187
7.4.4.1.3;10.4.1.3 Movements;187
7.4.4.1.4;10.4.1.4 Experimentation;188
7.4.4.1.5;10.4.1.5 Planning;189
7.4.4.2;10.4.2 Strategic Planning in Taranto;189
7.4.5;10.5 Relationships Between Strategic Planning and the Trajectories;194
7.4.6;10.6 Conclusions;196
7.4.7;Notes;197
7.4.8;References;197
7.5;11 Impossible Sustainability and the Post-political Condition;201
7.5.1;11.1 The Question of `Natures';201
7.5.1.1;11.1.1 Surrendering Nature, Indeterminate Natures;204
7.5.2;11.2 What Is Environment: Impossible Sustainability? Undesirable Sustainability?;206
7.5.2.1;11.2.1 Desiring (Un)sustainability;206
7.5.2.2;11.2.2 Undesirable Sustainability: Environmental Politics as Post-politics;207
7.5.3;11.3 The Post-political Post-democratic Condition: Evacuating Socio-Environmental Politics;209
7.5.3.1;11.3.1 Post-political!?;209
7.5.3.2;11.3.2 From the Post-political to Post-democracy;212
7.5.4;11.4 Environmental Populism Versus a Politics of the Environment;215
7.5.5;11.5 Producing New Environments: A Politics of Socio-Natures;217
7.5.6;Notes;220
7.5.7;References;220
8;Part III Cognition Dynamics and Knowledge Management in Strategy-Making;222
8.1;12 Futures Studies and Strategic Planning;223
8.1.1;12.1 Introduction;223
8.1.2;12.2 Differences and Similarities Between Futures Studies and Planning;224
8.1.3;12.3 Models of Linking Futures Studies to Planning;227
8.1.3.1;12.3.1 The French Prospective Model;227
8.1.3.2;12.3.2 The Futures-Creative Planning Approach;228
8.1.3.3;12.3.3 Futures-Oriented Urban Planning Model: The Våsterås Model;228
8.1.3.4;12.3.4 The Concerted Action Model;229
8.1.4;12.4 Integrating Futures Studies and Planning;230
8.1.4.1;12.4.1 Output and Feedback in the Planning Process;230
8.1.4.2;12.4.2 Techniques: Appreciation and Relationship;230
8.1.4.3;12.4.3 Organisation;231
8.1.4.4;12.4.4 Political Involvement;231
8.1.5;12.5 Concluding Remarks;231
8.1.6;References;232
8.2;13 Managing Argumentative Discourses in Multi-ActorEnvironments;234
8.2.1;13.1 Introduction;234
8.2.2;13.2 Related Work;235
8.2.3;13.3 The Proposed Solution;237
8.2.4;13.4 A Case Study;239
8.2.5;13.5 Discussion and Conclusions;244
8.2.6;Notes;245
8.2.7;References;245
8.3;14 Frames, Multi-Agents and Good Behaviours in PlanningRationales;248
8.3.1;14.1 Organising Multi-Agent Plans;248
8.3.2;14.2 Features and Outcomes of Multiple Source Knowledge Acquisition and Integration;249
8.3.3;14.3 Making Research on Socio-Environmental Futures: The Frame Problem and the Generation of Multi-Agent Knowledge;251
8.3.4;14.4 Cooperation Versus Competition Dilemmas in Strategic Planning;255
8.3.4.1;14.4.1 Rationales;255
8.3.4.2;14.4.2 Entities;257
8.3.5;14.5 Concepts and Rationales of Plans;258
8.3.6;References;266
8.4;15 Knowledge Management and Strategic Self-Sustainability: A Human Systems Perspective;270
8.4.1;15.1 Introduction;270
8.4.2;15.2 The Triad;273
8.4.3;15.3 What Is Self-Sustainability?;276
8.4.4;15.4 What Is Entrepreneurial University?;279
8.4.5;15.5 What Is Knowledge?;280
8.4.6;15.6 What Is Innovation?;282
8.4.7;15.7 What Is Quality?;283
8.4.8;15.8 What Is Added Value?;283
8.4.9;15.9 What Is Strategy?;285
8.4.10;15.10 Conclusion;292
8.4.11;Notes;292
8.4.12;References;292
8.5;16 Bricolaging Knowledge and Practices in Spatial Strategy-Making;294
8.5.1;16.1 Introduction;294
8.5.2;16.2 Bridging Knowledge to Action in Strategy-Making;296
8.5.2.1;16.2.1 Knowledge and Action in Planning: A Gap to Overcome;296
8.5.2.2;16.2.2 Reframing Strategy and Strategic Action;298
8.5.3;16.3 Strategic Episodes in Strategy-Making;300
8.5.4;16.4 The Bricolaging Character of Strategy-Making;301
8.5.4.1;16.4.1 Actionable Knowledge and Practices in Strategy-Making;301
8.5.4.2;16.4.2 Bricolaging Knowledge and Practices;302
8.5.5;16.5 The Story of a Strategy;304
8.5.5.1;16.5.1 The Experience of Torre Guaceto in Italy;304
8.5.5.2;16.5.2 Analysing Strategy-Making in Torre Guaceto;306
8.5.5.2.1;16.5.2.1 Strategic Episodes;306
8.5.5.2.2;16.5.2.2 Actionable Knowledge and Practices;308
8.5.5.3;16.5.3 Discussion;309
8.5.6;16.6 Conclusions: Towards the Micro-Foundation of Strategy;309
8.5.7;Notes;311
8.5.8;References;311
9;Part IV Value-Based Approach in Strategic Thinking;315
9.1;17 Creative Evaluations for a Human Sustainable Planning;316
9.1.1;17.1 Introduction;316
9.1.2;17.2 Human Sustainable Development: A Strategic Perspective;319
9.1.3;17.3 Complex Values and Evaluation Processes;321
9.1.3.1;17.3.1 Towards 'Good' Evaluation Processes;321
9.1.3.2;17.3.2 The Evaluation of Intangibles;322
9.1.3.3;17.3.3 The Ex Post Evaluation of Good Practices;323
9.1.4;17.4 Evaluations in Strategic Planning: Towards an Integrated Methodological Approach;324
9.1.4.1;17.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluations;324
9.1.4.2;17.4.2 Evaluation Criteria at Strategic Level;327
9.1.4.3;17.4.3 Evaluation Criteria of a 'Place';329
9.1.5;17.5 The Evaluation of the `Spirit of Place';331
9.1.6;17.6 Conclusions;336
9.1.7;References;337
9.2;18 Economic Evaluation: The Contemporary Debate;339
9.2.1;18.1 The Rationale for the Use of Money Values in Public Policy Analysis;339
9.2.2;18.2 The Distributional Issue and the Existence of Multiple Social Values;341
9.2.3;18.3 Implications for Planning;343
9.2.4;18.4 Conclusion;345
9.2.5;Notes;347
9.2.6;References;348
9.3;19 Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation Applied: A Community Planning Experience;349
9.3.1;19.1 Introduction;349
9.3.2;19.2 The Cuyabeno Reserve Case Study;350
9.3.3;19.3 The Process Logic;351
9.3.3.1;19.3.1 Institutional Analysis;353
9.3.3.2;19.3.2 The Community Vision;353
9.3.3.3;19.3.3 NGO's Vision;355
9.3.3.4;19.3.4 Multi-Criteria Decision Aid;357
9.3.4;19.4 Methodological Reflections;358
9.3.4.1;19.4.1 Context and Methodological Choices: A Dynamic Interaction;358
9.3.4.2;19.4.2 A Tool for Complex Governance;360
9.3.4.2.1;19.4.2.1 Dealing with Multiple Dimensions;360
9.3.4.2.2;19.4.2.2 Dealing with Multiple Scales;361
9.3.4.2.3;19.4.2.3 The Management of the Preference's Sets;362
9.3.4.2.4;19.4.2.4 The Role of Accountability;362
9.3.5;19.5 Conclusions;364
9.3.6;Notes;365
9.3.7;References;366
9.4;20 Driving Forces and Spatial Impacts: An Integrated Approach for Small- and Medium-Sized Cities;369
9.4.1;20.1 Introduction;369
9.4.2;20.2 The Scenario Approach and Its Relevance for Strategic Planning;370
9.4.3;20.3 The Yalova Case Study;372
9.4.4;20.4 Local and External Driving Forces Prevailing in Yalova;373
9.4.4.1;20.4.1 Local Driving Forces in Yalova;375
9.4.4.1.1;20.4.1.1 Availability of Human Capital in Yalova;375
9.4.4.1.2;20.4.1.2 The Availability of Natural Capital in Yalova;375
9.4.4.1.3;20.4.1.3 Two Motives Behind Migration to Yalova and the Local People's Perceptions and Priorities;376
9.4.4.1.4;20.4.1.4 The Sense of Belonging to Yalova;376
9.4.4.1.5;20.4.1.5 The Geographic Location of Yalova as Part of Istanbul Metropolitan Area and Its Hinterland;377
9.4.4.1.6;20.4.1.6 The Economic Base of Yalova;377
9.4.4.1.7;20.4.1.7 Public Support for Alternative Development Paths and Power Relations;378
9.4.4.1.8;20.4.1.8 Public Awareness of Environmental Problems and Environmental Values;379
9.4.4.1.9;20.4.1.9 The Role of the Earthquake;379
9.4.4.2;20.4.2 Driving Forces at the Regional Scale;380
9.4.4.2.1;20.4.2.1 Marmara Region as a Pole of Economic Development and Migration Pressures;380
9.4.4.2.2;20.4.2.2 Environmental Policy-Making in the Marmara Region;380
9.4.4.3;20.4.3 Driving Forces at the National Scale;381
9.4.4.3.1;20.4.3.1 The Role of the EU and Turkey in the Long Road to Membership;381
9.4.4.3.2;20.4.3.2 Turkey's Changing Political and Economic Context;382
9.4.4.4;20.4.4 Driving Forces at the Global Scale;382
9.4.4.4.1;20.4.4.1 Turkey as Part of World Politics and Regional Security;382
9.4.4.4.2;20.4.4.2 Globalisation, Liberalisation and the Future of Social and Environmental Policies;383
9.4.5;20.5 Discussion;384
9.4.6;Notes;387
9.4.7;References;387
9.5;21 Thinking Through Complex Values;390
9.5.1;21.1 Introduction;390
9.5.2;21.2 The Interplay of Knowledge and Values;392
9.5.3;21.3 Towards Complex Multi-Method Evaluation Systems;395
9.5.4;21.4 Integrated Evaluation Approaches: Some Situated Experimentations;397
9.5.4.1;21.4.1 Altilia-Saepinum: From Archaeological Site to Territorial Catalyst;399
9.5.4.2;21.4.2 Buccino: Building a Strategy for an Integrated Valorisation;402
9.5.4.3;21.4.3 Integrated Spatial Assessment in the Cava de' Tirreni Experimentation;405
9.5.5;21.5 Discussion and Final Remarks;408
9.5.6;Notes;409
9.5.7;References;410
9.6;Name Index;414
9.7;Subject Index;416