Colton / Gilbert Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems: An Interdisciplinary Approach

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-306-46806-3
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 740 Seiten

Biochemistry, general - Short description currently not available.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Colton, Carol

Gilbert, Daniel

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contributors;6
2;Acknowledgments;12
3;Preface;10
4;Contents;13
5;Part I Introduction;26
5.1;From the Breath of Life to Reactive Oxygen Species;27
5.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;27
5.1.2;2. PHLOGISTON THEORY;29
5.1.3;3. OXIDATION THEORY;31
5.1.4;4. OXYGEN POISONING;36
5.1.5;5. THE DISCOVERERS OF OXYGEN AND OF OXIDATION;36
5.1.6;6. ACID PRODUCER;39
5.1.7;7. OXYGEN THERAPY;39
5.1.8;8. OZONE;40
5.1.9;9. LOUIS PASTEUR;41
5.1.10;10. PAUL BERT;41
5.1.11;11. LORRAINE SMITH;43
5.1.12;12. PRELUDE TO THE FREE RADICAL THEORY OF OXYGEN POISONING;43
5.1.13;13. ORIGIN OF THE FREE RADICAL THEORY OF OXYGEN POISONING;45
5.1.14;14. ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES AND THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES;48
5.1.15;15. REDOX CONTROL;49
5.1.16;16. SUMMARY;49
5.1.17;17. REFERENCES;51
6;Part II General Biochemistry and Molecular Biology;97
6.1;Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species;56
6.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;56
6.1.2;2. FENTON CHEMISTRY;59
6.1.3;3. THE HYDROXYL RADICAL;60
6.1.4;4. HYDROPEROXYL AND SUPEROXIDE RADICALS;61
6.1.5;5. SINGLET OXYGEN;63
6.1.6;6. ORGANIC PEROXYL RADICALS;66
6.1.6.1;6.1. Unimolecular Decomposition;67
6.1.6.2;6.2. Radical-Radical Reactions;67
6.1.6.3;6.3. Abstraction of Hydrogen Atoms;68
6.1.6.4;6.4. Addition to Double Bonds;69
6.1.6.5;6.5. Electron-Transfer Reactions;70
6.1.6.6;6.6. The Fate of Organic Peroxyl Radicals;72
6.1.7;7. ALKOXYL AND AROXYL RADICALS;72
6.1.8;8. REACTIVE SPECIES INVOLVING NITRIC OXIDE;73
6.1.8.1;8.1. The Autoxidation of Nitric Oxide;73
6.1.8.2;8.2. The Reaction of Nitric Oxide with Superoxide;75
6.1.8.3;8.3. Reactions of Organic Peroxyl Radicals with Nitric Oxide;76
6.1.8.4;8.4. Peroxynitrite;77
6.1.9;9. NITROGEN DIOXIDE;81
6.1.10;10. HYPOCHLOROUS ACID;82
6.1.11;11. THE CARBONATE RADICAL;85
6.1.12;12. CONCLUSION;86
6.1.13;13. REFERENCES;86
6.2;The Steady-State Concentrations of Oxygen Radicals in Mitochondria;98
6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;56
6.2.2;2. FENTON CHEMISTRY;59
6.2.3;3. INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION;140
6.2.4;4. METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF REDOX-ACTIVE LABILE POOLS OF TRANSITION METALS;143
6.2.5;5. REFERENCES;145
6.3;The Role of Transition Metal Ions in Free Radical-Mediated Damage;124
6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;124
6.3.2;2. THE SITE-SPECIFIC MECHANISM OF METAL-MEDIATED PRODUCTION OF FREE RADICALS;126
6.3.3;3. INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION;140
6.3.4;4. METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF REDOX-ACTIVE LABILE POOLS;143
6.3.5;5. REFERENCES;145
6.4;Biochemistry of Redox Signaling in the Activation of Oxidative Stress Genes;153
6.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;153
6.4.2;2. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: THE CELLULAR SIGNAL FOR OxyR;155
6.4.3;3. THE CELLULAR SIGNAL FOR SoxR;157
6.4.4;4. OXYGEN: AN INACTIVATING SIGNAL FOR Fnr;162
6.4.5;5. EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN REDOX SIGNALING;164
6.4.6;6. PERSPECTIVES;167
6.4.7;7. REFERENCES;168
6.5;Regulation of Mammalian Gene Expression by Reactive Oxygen Species;174
6.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;174
6.5.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES;175
6.5.3;3. MODULATION OF NUCLEAR GENE EXPRESSION BY OXIDANT STRESS;176
6.5.4;4. MODULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL GENE EXPRESSION BY OXIDANT STRESS;179
6.5.5;5. MODES OF REGULATION;179
6.5.6;6. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;181
6.5.7;7. GENE EXPRESSION AND OXIDANT STRESS-RELATED DISEASE;182
6.5.8;8. CONCLUDING REMARKS;184
6.5.9;9. REFERENCES;186
6.6;Inflammatory Regulation of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase;191
6.6.1;1. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;191
6.6.2;2. ROS AND THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE;192
6.6.3;3. ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS;192
6.6.4;4. STIMULUS-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF THE SODs;193
6.6.5;5. MnSOD: A POTENT CYTOPROTECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME;195
6.6.6;6. MnSOD AND ONCOGENESIS;196
6.6.7;7. MnSOD GENE ABLATION;197
6.6.8;8. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;197
6.6.9;9. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING MnSOD GENE EXPRESSION;198
6.6.10;10. MnSOD LEVELS IN INFLAMMATORY MODELS;199
6.6.11;11. REFERENCES;202
6.7;Antioxidant Protection and Oxygen Radical Signaling;206
6.7.1;1. REACTIVE OXYGEN, NITROGEN, IRON, AND COPPER SPECIES;206
6.7.2;2. ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES: ESSENTIAL BUT INCOMPLETE;217
6.7.3;3. WHY HAVE WE NOT EVOLVED BETTER ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES? IS THERE A NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE FOR OXIDATIVE STRESS?;220
6.7.4;4. HOW IMPORTANT IS REDOX CONTROL OF CELL SIGNALING?;228
6.7.5;5. REFERENCES;229
7;Part III Nitrogen Reactive Species;236
7.1;Nitric Oxide Synthase;237
7.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;237
7.1.2;2. BIOCHEMISTRY OF NO FORMATION;238
7.1.3;3. ISOFORMS OF NOS;238
7.1.4;4. INHIBITORS OF NOS ACTIVITY;247
7.1.5;5. ASSAYS FOR MEASURING NOS ACTIVITY;250
7.1.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;252
7.1.7;7. REFERENCES;252
7.2;The Chemical Biology of Nitric Oxide;260
7.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;260
7.2.2;2. DIRECT EFFECTS;263
7.2.3;3. INDIRECT EFFECTS;280
7.2.4;4. THE BIOCHEMICAL TARGETS OF RNOS;286
7.2.5;5. NITROXYL CHEMISTRY;291
7.2.6;6. PERSPECTIVE;295
7.3;Nitroxides as Protectors against Oxidative Stress;307
7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;307
7.3.2;2. CHEMISTRY OF NITROXIDES;308
7.3.3;3. NITROXIDE-MEDIATED PROTECTION AGAINST SUPEROXIDE-, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-, AND ORGANIC HYDROPEROXIDE-INDUCEDCYTOTOXICITY;311
7.3.4;4. NITROXIDE-MEDIATED PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION;315
7.3.5;5. NITROXIDE-MEDIATED PROTECTION AGAINST REDOX-CYCLING CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS;321
7.3.6;6. NITROXIDE PROTECTION AGAINST MUTAGENIC REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;324
7.3.7;7. SUMMARY;324
7.3.8;8. REFERENCES;325
8;Part IV Environmental Pro- and Antioxidants;328
8.1;Stratospheric Ozone and Its Effects on the;329
8.1.1;3. UV RADIATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE;332
8.1.2;3.2. Surface UV Radiation;336
8.1.3;2.1. Gas-Phase Chemistry of;350
8.1.4;2.3. Dosimetry Modeling to Estimate the Regional Deposition of in the Lungs of Mammals 2.3.1. Regional Uptake in the Lung;353
8.1.5;5. PROTEIN INDUCTION;361
8.1.6;5.2. Nitrogen Dioxide;362
8.1.7;6.1. Lung Inflammation;362
8.1.8;6.2. Lung Function;363
8.1.9;6.6. Membrane Fluidity;365
8.1.10;6.8. Enzyme Activities;366
8.1.11;7. ROLES OF ANTIOXIDANTS;367
8.1.12;7.2. Nitrogen Dioxide;368
8.1.13;8. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF 8.1. Hematological Effects;368
8.1.14;9.1. The Physical Perspective;369
8.1.15;9.3. Nitrogen Dioxide;371
8.1.16;2.1. Dietary/Habitual Intakes;386
8.1.17;3.1.3. Herbicides;496
8.1.18;3.2. Biotic Stresses;497
8.1.19;4.1. Overexpression of Antioxidants;502
8.1.20;1.3. Oxygen-Centered Radicals;512
8.1.21;2. ROS GENERATION BY MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA;533
8.1.22;2.2. ROS and Male Infertility;535
8.2;Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide;347
8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;347
8.2.2;2. BACKGROUND;350
8.2.3;3. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TOXIC ACTION;356
8.2.4;4. POSSIBLE MEDIATORS OF TOXICITY;359
8.2.5;5. PROTEIN INDUCTION;361
8.2.6;6. RELATING MECHANISMS TO TOXIC EFFECTS;362
8.2.7;7. ROLES OF ANTIOXIDANTS;367
8.2.8;8. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF;368
8.2.9;9. SUMMARY;369
8.2.10;10. REFERENCES;373
8.3;Dietary Antioxidants and Nutrition;379
8.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;379
8.3.2;2. CANCER;386
8.3.3;3. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;390
8.3.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;396
8.3.5;5 . REFERENCES;396
9;Part V Internal Pro- and Antioxidants;406
9.1;Xanthine Oxidase in Biology and Medicine;407
9.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;407
9.1.2;2. STRUCTURAL INFORMATION;408
9.1.3;3. XDH-TO-XO CONVERSION;408
9.1.4;4. REGULATION AND GENE EXPRESSION;409
9.1.5;5. INTERACTION WITH NITRIC OXIDE;410
9.1.6;6. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION;410
9.1.7;7. CIRCULATING XO;412
9.1.8;8. GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN BINDING AND POTENTIAL RELOCALIZATION OF XO;413
9.1.9;9. PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS;414
9.1.10;10. PATHOLOGY;417
9.1.11;11. SUMMARY;422
9.1.12;12. REFERENCES;423
9.2;Melatonin Antioxidative Protection by Electron Donation;431
9.2.1;1. THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF MELATONIN: ELECTRON DONATION, RADICAL SCAVENGING, AND ANTIOXIDATIVE PROTECTION;431
9.2.2;2. THE EVOLUTION OF ENDOGENOUS ELECTRON DONORS: EVIDENCE FOR THE OXYGEN CONNECTION;436
9.2.3;3. OXYGEN AND OXYGEN-BASED FREE RADICALS: HIGHLY REACTIVE ELECTRON ACCEPTORS;438
9.2.4;4. ONE-ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS: THE MECHANISMS OF RADICAL FORMATION AND REDUCTION;441
9.2.5;5. ELECTRON DONATION: THE MOST POTENT AND VERSATILE ANTIOXIDATIVE PROTECTION AGAINST FREE RADICALS;444
9.2.6;6. ENDOGENOUS ELECTRON DONORS: EXTREMELY POTENT HYDROXYL AND PEROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGERS;447
9.2.7;7. PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DAMAGE: THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF RADICAL REDUCTION AND REPAIR;450
9.2.8;8. ELECTRON DONATION: POTENT ANTIOXIDATIVE PROTECTION WITHOUT PROOXIDANT SIDE EFFECTS;453
9.2.9;9. MELATONIN: A POTENT ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT;456
9.2.10;10. REFERENCES;457
9.3;Ubiquinol An Endogenous Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant in Animal Tissues;462
9.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;462
9.3.2;2. PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF UBIQUINOL AGAINST MITOCHONDRIAL LIPID PEROXIDATION, PROTEIN, AND DNA OXIDATION;464
9.3.3;3. ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTION OF UBIQUINOL OUTSIDE MITOCHONDRIA;472
9.3.4;4. UBIQUINONE AND REDOX SIGNALING: FUTURE PERSPECTIVES;479
9.3.5;5. REFERENCES;480
10;Part VI Specific Tissues;487
10.1;Sources and Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants;488
10.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;488
10.1.2;2. ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN NORMAL METABOLISM;489
10.1.3;3. ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN STRESSED METABOLISM;495
10.1.4;4. THE USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS TO STUDY OXIDATIVE STRESS;502
10.1.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;503
10.1.6;6. REFERENCES;504
10.2;The Production and Use of Reactive Oxidants by Phagocytes;509
10.2.1;1. THE OXIDANTS;509
10.2.2;2. THE ENZYMES;518
10.2.3;3. REFERENCES;523
10.3;Production and Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species by Spermatozoa;533
10.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;533
10.3.2;2. ROS GENERATION BY MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA;533
10.3.3;3. CONCLUSIONS;543
10.3.4;4. REFERENCES;544
10.4;Respiratory Burst Oxidase of Fertilization;548
10.4.1;ENVELOPE;548
10.4.2;1. ACTIVATED SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS ASSEMBLE A FERTILIZATION ENVELOPE;548
10.4.3;2. A -STIMULATED NADPH OXIDASE CATALYZES THE RESPIRATORY BURST;549
10.4.4;3. PROTEIN KINASE C ACTIVATES THE RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE;552
10.4.5;4. FERTILIZED OOCYTES LIMIT OXIDATIVE STRESS;553
10.4.6;5. MAMMALIAN FERTILIZATION AND THE RESPIRATORY BURST;555
10.4.7;6. OXIDATIVE REACTIONS OF PHAGOCYTES;555
10.4.8;7. PEROXIDATIVE MECHANISMS OF OOCYTES AND PHAGOCYTES;556
10.4.9;8. REFERENCES;558
10.5;Brain Chemiluminescence as an Indicator of Oxidative Stress;561
10.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;561
10.5.2;2. CHEMILUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS;563
10.5.3;3. BRAIN CHEMILUMINESCENCE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS;564
10.5.4;4. DISCUSSION;568
10.5.5;5. REFERENCES;570
10.6;Reactive Oxygen Species and Neuronal Function;572
10.6.1;1. THE BERT EFFECT;572
10.6.2;2. THE REDOX ENVIRONMENT IN THE CNS;573
10.6.3;3. CONSEQUENCES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS;576
10.6.4;4. SUMMARY;587
10.6.5;5. REFERENCES;588
11;Part VII Pathological States and Aging;593
11.1;Oxidative Stress and Parkinson’s Disease;594
11.1.1;1. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE;594
11.1.2;2. DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTOXINS;595
11.1.3;3. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE;600
11.1.4;4. THEORIES ABOUT PARKINSON’S DISEASE;602
11.1.5;5. NEW DIRECTIONS IN PARKINSON RESEARCH;604
11.1.6;6. REFERENCES;605
11.2;Alzheimer’s and Free Radical Oxidative Stress;610
11.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;610
11.2.2;2. HOW DO FREE RADICALS REACT AND LEAD TO MEMBRANE;611
11.2.3;3. FREE RADICAL OXIDATIVE STRESS: A MODEL FOR;616
11.2.4;5. PREDICTIONS OF AND EVIDENCE FOR THE FREE RADICAL;625
11.2.5;6. FREE RADICAL OXIDATION IN AD BRAIN: WHERE;632
11.2.6;7. REFERENCES;633
11.3;Oxidative Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis;640
11.3.1;1. CLINICAL INTRODUCTION;640
11.3.2;2. GENETIC ANALYSIS IN FAMILIAL ALS;640
11.3.3;3. SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND FAMILIAL ALS—THE FREE RADICAL HYPOTHESIS;641
11.3.4;4. EVIDENCE FOR OXIDATIVE TOXICITY IN ALS;645
11.3.5;5. OVERVIEW OF CELL DEATH IN THE INHERITED MOTOR NEURON DISEASES;650
11.3.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;650
11.3.7;7. REFERENCES;651
11.4;Reactive Oxygen-Mediated Protein Oxidation in Aging and Disease ;657
11.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;657
11.4.2;2. OXIDATION OF THE POLYPEPTIDE BACKBONE;657
11.4.3;3. PEPTIDE BOND CLEAVAGE;658
11.4.4;4. PROTEIN–PROTEIN CROSS-LINKAGE;660
11.4.5;5. SIDE CHAIN MODIFICATIONS;660
11.4.6;6. FORMATION OF CARBONYL DERIVATIVES;664
11.4.7;7. PROTEIN CARBONYLS SERVE AS MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS;665
11.4.8;8. METAL-CATALYZED SITE-SPECIFIC MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS;666
11.4.9;9. PROTEIN OXIDATION IN AGING;667
11.4.10;10. WHY DO OXIDIZED FORMS OF PROTEIN ACCUMULATE?;669
11.4.11;11. REFERENCES;670
12;Part VIII Conclusion;676
12.1;An Overview of Reactive Oxygen Species;677
12.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;677
12.1.2;2. SPECIFICITY OF ROS;678
12.1.3;4. TISSUES NORMALLY SUBJECTED TO HIGH OXYGEN TENSIONS;680
12.1.4;5. SOURCES OF ROS IN THE MAMMALIAN ORGANISM;681
12.1.5;6. REPERFUSION INJURY;684
12.1.6;7. MAINTAINING A PROPER BALANCE;684
12.1.7;8. SUMMARY;687
12.1.8;9. REFERENCES;687
13;Index;694