Conte Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism

Commonwealth Approaches: The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-11608-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 845 Seiten

The objective of this work is to provide an analysis of the legislative approaches to counter-terrorism and human rights in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The text is aimed at lawyers and practitioners within and outside common law nations. Although the text analyses the subject within the four jurisdictions named, many parts of the book will be of interest and relevance to those from outside those jurisdictions. Considerable weight is placed on inter- tional obligations and directions, with a unique and hopefully useful feature of the text being the inclusion and consideration of a handbook written by me on human rights compliance when countering terrorism (set out in Appendix 4 and considered in Chap. 13). A signi?cant part of the research undertaken for this work was as a result of my being awarded the International Research Fellowship, Te Karahipi Rangahau a Taiao, an annual fellowship generously funded by the New Zealand Law Foun- tion. The New Zealand Law Foundation is an independent trust and registered charitable entity under the Charities Act 2005 (NZ). This project would not have been possible without the Law Foundation's award, which allowed me to undertake research and associated work over reasonably lengthy periods of time in Australia, Canada, Israel, England, Austria, Switzerland and Finland. It is not just the g- graphical location of this work that was made possible, however.

Alex Conte LLB (Cant), LLM (Hons)(VUW), PhD (Cant), Barrister and Solicitor of the High Court of  New Zealand, Consultant on Security and Human Rights (www.alexconte.com), Series Editor, Ashgate International Law Series

Autoren/Hrsg.

Conte, Alex

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;8
2;Contents Overview;12
3;Contents;14
4;Table of Cases;26
5;Table of Treaties and Statutory Instruments;40
5.1;International Treaties;40
5.2;Domestic Statutory Instruments;44
6;Chapter 1: Introduction
;52
7;Part I;56
7.1;Chapter
2: The Nature and Definition of Terrorism;57
7.1.1;2.1 The Nature of Terrorism;57
7.1.1.1;2.1.1 Terrorism and Crime;58
7.1.1.2;2.1.2 Terrorism and Warfare;59
7.1.1.3;2.1.3 Features of Terrorist Conduct;59
7.1.1.4;2.1.4 The Ideological Nature of Terrorism;60
7.1.1.4.1;2.1.4.1 Secession;61
7.1.1.4.2;2.1.4.2 Insurgency and Regional Retribution;63
7.1.1.4.3;2.1.4.3 Islam and `the Global Jihad´;64
7.1.1.5;2.1.5 Rationalising a Distinct Approach to Terrorism;67
7.1.2;2.2 Reaching Consensus on a Legal Definition of Terrorism;69
7.1.2.1;2.2.1 Attempts to Define Terrorism;70
7.1.2.2;2.2.2 Objective Versus Subjective Definitions of the Term;71
7.1.2.3;2.2.3 International Conventions Relating to Terrorism;74
7.1.2.4;2.2.4 The Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism;75
7.1.2.5;2.2.5 United Nations High-Level Panel Definition of Terrorism;76
7.1.2.6;2.2.6 United Nations Resolutions on Terrorism;77
7.1.3;2.3 A Comprehensive, Concise, and Human Rights-Based Approach to Defining Terrorism;77
7.1.3.1;2.3.1 Links to Existing Operational Definitions (`Trigger Offences´);78
7.1.3.2;2.3.2 Cumulative Characteristics of Conduct to Be Suppressed;79
7.1.3.3;2.3.3 Dealing with Threats of Terrorist Acts Outside the Scope of `Trigger Offences´;81
7.1.3.4;2.3.4 Conduct in Support of Terrorist Offences;82
7.1.3.5;2.3.5 Further Definitional Requirements of Criminal Proscriptions;83
7.1.3.6;2.3.6 Summary;84
7.1.4;2.4 Conclusions;85
7.1.5;References;86
7.2;Chapter
3: The International Framework for Countering Terrorism;88
7.2.1;3.1 International Conventions Relating to Terrorism;88
7.2.1.1;3.1.1 Extant Conventions Related to Terrorism;90
7.2.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 Protection of Potential Targets: Conventions Relating to Civil Aviation;90
7.2.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 Protection of Potential Targets: Conventions Relating to Operations at Sea;91
7.2.1.1.3;3.1.1.3 Protection of Potential Targets: Conventions Relating to the Safety of Persons;92
7.2.1.1.4;3.1.1.4 Conventions Relating to the Suppression of the Means by Which Terrorist Acts Might Be Perpetrated or Facilitated;93
7.2.1.1.5;3.1.1.5 Offences Under the Universal Terrorism-Related Conventions;95
7.2.1.2;3.1.2 Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism;95
7.2.2;3.2 United Nations Action;96
7.2.2.1;3.2.1 Resolutions of the General Assembly;96
7.2.2.2;3.2.2 Resolutions of the Security Council;99
7.2.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Resolutions Concerning Pan Am 103;100
7.2.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Resolution 1267 (1999);101
7.2.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Resolution 1373 (2001);102
7.2.2.2.4;3.2.2.4 Resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1456 (2003);105
7.2.2.2.5;3.2.2.5 Resolution 1624 (2005);107
7.2.2.3;3.2.3 The Status of Security Council Resolutions;108
7.2.2.4;3.2.4 Security Council Committees;109
7.2.2.4.1;3.2.4.1 Counter-Terrorism Committee;110
7.2.2.4.2;3.2.4.2 Al-Qa'ida and Taliban Sanctions Committee;113
7.2.2.4.3;3.2.4.3 Resolution 1540 Committee;114
7.2.2.4.4;3.2.4.4 Resolution 1566 Working Group;114
7.2.2.5;3.2.5 UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;115
7.2.2.6;3.2.6 Capacity-Building and Technical Assistance by the UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch;118
7.2.3;3.3 Customary International Law Relating to Counter-Terrorism;119
7.2.4;3.4 Regional and Multilateral Action Related to Countering Terrorism;122
7.2.4.1;3.4.1 Regional Action;122
7.2.4.2;3.4.2 Proliferation Security Initiative;125
7.2.5;3.5 Conclusions;128
7.2.6;References;129
7.3;Chapter
4: Counter-Terrorism in the Commonwealth;130
7.3.1;4.1 Is Counter-Terrorism Relevant for All States?;130
7.3.1.1;4.1.1 International and Regional Obligations;132
7.3.1.2;4.1.2 The Threat of Terrorism;133
7.3.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Assessing the Threat of Terrorism;133
7.3.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Terrorism in the South Pacific;135
7.3.1.3;4.1.3 Supporting an International Framework on Counter-Terrorism;137
7.3.1.4;4.1.4 Other Related National Interests;139
7.3.2;4.2 Mechanisms for the Implementation of International Obligations by the Case Study Countries;139
7.3.2.1;4.2.1 The Reception of Customary International Law Obligations;141
7.3.2.2;4.2.2 The Reception of Treaty Obligations;144
7.3.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Treaty Action by the Executive;144
7.3.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Parliament´s Role;144
7.3.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Reception of Treaty Obligations by the Judiciary;147
7.3.2.3;4.2.3 Implementation of Security Council Resolutions;149
7.3.3;4.3 Implementation of International Counter-Terrorism Obligations by the Case Study Countries;151
7.3.3.1;4.3.1 Legislation;152
7.3.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Terrorism-Related Offences;152
7.3.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Curtailing Recruitment and Training;152
7.3.3.1.3;4.3.1.3 Preventing Public Provocation;153
7.3.3.2;4.3.2 Countering the Financing of Terrorism;153
7.3.3.3;4.3.3 Border Control;154
7.3.3.4;4.3.4 Domestic Security, Law Enforcement and International Cooperation;155
7.3.3.5;4.3.5 Emerging Trends in Legislative Responses to Terrorism;156
7.3.3.5.1;4.3.5.1 The Speed with Which Counter-Terrorist Legislation Has Been Enacted;156
7.3.3.5.2;4.3.5.2 Sunset Clauses and Review Mechanisms;159
7.3.3.5.3;4.3.5.3 The Extension of State Powers Through Counter-Terrorism Laws;160
7.3.4;4.4 Conclusions;161
7.3.5;References;163
7.4;Chapter 5: Counter-Terrorism Law in Australia
;165
7.4.1;5.1 Implementation by Australia of the Universal Terrorism-Related Treaties;168
7.4.1.1;5.1.1 Crimes Act 1914 and Criminal Code Act 1995;168
7.4.1.1.1;5.1.1.1 Treaty Implementation;169
7.4.1.1.2;5.1.1.2 Definition of ``Terrorist Act´´;169
7.4.1.1.3;5.1.1.3 Listing of ``Terrorist Organisations´´;171
7.4.1.1.4;5.1.1.4 Offences Under the Criminal Code Act 1995;172
7.4.1.1.5;5.1.1.5 Special Measures: Control Orders and Preventive Detention;177
7.4.1.1.6;5.1.1.6 Prosecutions Under the Criminal Code Act;178
7.4.1.2;5.1.2 Crimes (Aviation) Act 1991;182
7.4.1.3;5.1.3 Crimes (Ships and Fixed Platforms) Act 1992;185
7.4.1.4;5.1.4 Legislation Concerning Hostage-Taking and Internationally Protected Persons;187
7.4.1.5;5.1.5 Nuclear Non-proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987;189
7.4.1.6;5.1.6 Financial Transactions Reports Act 1998;190
7.4.1.7;5.1.7 Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Marking of Plastic Explosives) Act 2006;191
7.4.1.8;5.1.8 Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006;191
7.4.1.9;5.1.9 Legislation Concerning the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation;191
7.4.1.10;5.1.10 Review of Australia´s Counter-Terrorism Legislation;192
7.4.2;5.2 Implementation by Australia of Security Council Decisions;195
7.4.2.1;5.2.1 Criminal Code Act 1995 on Incitement and Sedition;195
7.4.2.2;5.2.2 Charter of the United Nations (Terrorism and Dealings with Assets) Regulations 2008;196
7.4.2.3;5.2.3 Charter of the United Nations (Sanctions - Al-Qaida and the Taliban) Regulations 2008;197
7.4.3;5.3 Summary and Conclusions on Australia´s Compliance with the International Framework for Countering Terrorism;198
7.4.3.1;5.3.1 Terrorism-Related Offences;199
7.4.3.2;5.3.2 Treaty Action and Implementation;199
7.4.3.3;5.3.3 Implementation of Security Council Resolutions;199
7.4.4;References;203
7.5;Chapter 6: Counter-Terrorism Law in Canada
;204
7.5.1;6.1 Implementation by Canada of the Universal Terrorism-Related Treaties;205
7.5.1.1;6.1.1 Aeronautics Act 1985;205
7.5.1.2;6.1.2 Criminal Code 1985;205
7.5.1.3;6.1.3 Explosives Act 1985;208
7.5.1.4;6.1.4 Anti-terrorism Act 2001;209
7.5.1.4.1;6.1.4.1 Treaty Implementation;210
7.5.1.4.2;6.1.4.2 Definition of ``Terrorist Activity´´ and ``Terrorist Group´´;211
7.5.1.4.3;6.1.4.3 Offences Established by the Anti-terrorism Act;212
7.5.1.4.4;6.1.4.4 Prosecutions Under the Anti-terrorism Act;217
7.5.1.4.5;6.1.4.5 Entities Involved in or Facilitating Terrorist Activities;218
7.5.1.4.6;6.1.4.6 Freezing and Forfeiture of Property;219
7.5.1.4.7;6.1.4.7 Financial Transactions and Other Reporting;220
7.5.1.4.8;6.1.4.8 Special Powers;221
7.5.1.4.9;6.1.4.9 Review Mechanism and Sunset Clause;221
7.5.1.5;6.1.5 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001;223
7.5.2;6.2 Implementation by Canada of Security Council Decisions;224
7.5.2.1;6.2.1 United Nations Al-Qaida and Taliban Regulations 1999;224
7.5.2.2;6.2.2 Regulations Establishing a List of Entities 2002;225
7.5.2.3;6.2.3 Regulations Implementing the United Nations Resolutions on the Suppression of Terrorism 2001;225
7.5.3;6.3 Summary and Conclusions on Canada´s Compliance with the International Framework for Countering Terrorism;226
7.5.3.1;6.3.1 Terrorism-Related Offences;226
7.5.3.2;6.3.2 Treaty Action and Implementation;226
7.5.3.3;6.3.3 Implementation of Security Council Resolutions;227
7.5.4;References;230
7.6;Chapter 7: Counter-Terrorism Law in New Zealand
;231
7.6.1;7.1 Implementation by New Zealand of the Universal Terrorism-Related Treaties;232
7.6.1.1;7.1.1 Aviation Crimes Act 1972;232
7.6.1.2;7.1.2 The Crimes (International Protected Persons, United Nations and Associated Personnel, and Hostages) Act 1980;234
7.6.1.3;7.1.3 The Maritime Crimes Act 1999;235
7.6.1.4;7.1.4 Terrorism Suppression Act 2002;236
7.6.1.4.1;7.1.4.1 Treaty Implementation and the Process from Bill to the Current Act;237
7.6.1.4.2;7.1.4.2 Definition of ``Terrorist Act´´;239
7.6.1.4.3;7.1.4.3 Offences Under the Terrorism Suppression Act;241
7.6.1.4.4;7.1.4.4 Designation of Terrorist Entities;244
7.6.1.4.5;7.1.4.5 Freezing and Forfeiture of Terrorist Property;245
7.6.1.4.6;7.1.4.6 Financial Transactions Reporting;246
7.6.1.4.7;7.1.4.7 Review Mechanism;247
7.6.1.5;7.1.5 Counter-Terrorism Bill 2003;249
7.6.1.5.1;7.1.5.1 Treaty Implementation;250
7.6.1.5.2;7.1.5.2 Resolution 1373 Obligations and Investigative/Supplementary Powers;251
7.6.1.5.3;7.1.5.3 Offences, and Supplementary Powers, Under the Counter-Terrorism Bill;251
7.6.2;7.2 Implementation by New Zealand of Security Council Decisions;253
7.6.2.1;7.2.1 United Nations Sanctions (Al-Qaida and Taliban) Regulations 2007;253
7.6.2.2;7.2.2 United Nations Sanctions (Terrorism Suppression and Afghanistan Measures) Regulations 2001 and Amending Regulations;254
7.6.3;7.3 International Terrorism (Emergency Powers) Act 1987;255
7.6.3.1;7.3.1 Declaration of a State of Emergency;255
7.6.3.2;7.3.2 Definition of a Terrorist Emergency;256
7.6.3.3;7.3.3 Emergency Powers and Associated Offences;256
7.6.4;7.4 Other Legislation;258
7.6.5;7.5 Summary and Conclusions on New Zealand´s Compliance with the International Framework for Countering Terrorism;259
7.6.5.1;7.5.1 Terrorism-Related Offences;259
7.6.5.2;7.5.2 Treaty Action and Implementation;260
7.6.5.3;7.5.3 Implementation of Security Council Resolutions;261
7.6.6;References;263
7.7;Chapter 8: Counter-Terrorism Law in the United Kingdom
;265
7.7.1;8.1 Implementation by the United Kingdom of the Universal Terrorism-Related Treaties;266
7.7.1.1;8.1.1 Legislation to Deal with Terrorist Bombings;267
7.7.1.1.1;8.1.1.1 Explosive Substances Act 1883;267
7.7.1.1.2;8.1.1.2 Biological Weapons Act 1974;268
7.7.1.1.3;8.1.1.3 Chemical Weapons Act 1996;268
7.7.1.2;8.1.2 Legislation to Deal with Aviation and Maritime Security;268
7.7.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Civil Aviation Act 1982;269
7.7.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Aviation Security Act 1982;269
7.7.1.2.3;8.1.2.3 Aviation and Maritime Security Act 1990;270
7.7.1.3;8.1.3 Legislation to Deal with the Protection of Persons;272
7.7.1.3.1;8.1.3.1 Internationally Protected Persons Act 1978;272
7.7.1.3.2;8.1.3.2 Taking of Hostages Act 1982;273
7.7.1.4;8.1.4 Nuclear Material (Offences) Act 1983;274
7.7.1.5;8.1.5 Terrorism Act 2000;275
7.7.1.5.1;8.1.5.1 Definition of ``Terrorism´´;275
7.7.1.5.2;8.1.5.2 Definition of ``Proscribed Organisations´´;276
7.7.1.5.3;8.1.5.3 Offences Under the Terrorism Act 2000;277
7.7.1.5.4;8.1.5.4 Freezing, Seizure and Forfeiture of Terrorist Property;280
7.7.1.5.5;8.1.5.5 Investigative Powers;280
7.7.1.5.6;8.1.5.6 Counter-Terrorist Powers;281
7.7.1.5.7;8.1.5.7 Special Measures for Northern Ireland;281
7.7.1.6;8.1.6 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001;282
7.7.1.6.1;8.1.6.1 The Now Repealed Part 4 on Immigration and Asylum Matters;283
7.7.1.6.2;8.1.6.2 Dealing with Terrorist Cash and Property;283
7.7.1.6.3;8.1.6.3 Offences Under the ATCS Act;283
7.7.1.7;8.1.7 Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005;284
7.7.1.8;8.1.8 Terrorism Act 2006;285
7.7.1.8.1;8.1.8.1 Offences Under the Terrorism Act 2006;286
7.7.1.8.2;8.1.8.2 Sentencing;288
7.7.1.9;8.1.9 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008;288
7.7.1.10;8.1.10 Operation of the UK´s Counter-Terrorism Laws;289
7.7.1.10.1;8.1.10.1 Review of Terrorism Legislation;289
7.7.1.10.2;8.1.10.2 Investigations and Prosecutions in the UK;290
7.7.2;8.2 Implementation by the United Kingdom of Security Council Decisions;294
7.7.2.1;8.2.1 Terrorism Act 2000;295
7.7.2.2;8.2.2 The Al-Qa´ida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2002;295
7.7.2.3;8.2.3 The Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001;296
7.7.2.4;8.2.4 Terrorism Act 2006;297
7.7.3;8.3 Summary and Conclusions on the Compliance of the United Kingdom with the International Framework for Countering Terrorism;297
7.7.3.1;8.3.1 Terrorism-Related Offences;298
7.7.3.2;8.3.2 Treaty Action and Implementation;298
7.7.3.3;8.3.3 Implementation of Security Council Resolutions;298
7.7.4;References;302
8;Part II;303
8.1;Chapter 9: International and Regional Human Rights Law
;304
8.1.1;9.1 International Human Rights Law;305
8.1.2;9.2 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights;307
8.1.2.1;9.2.1 The General Nature of Human Rights Obligations Under the ICCPR and ECHR;308
8.1.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 Obligations Owed to Individuals;308
8.1.2.1.2;9.2.1.2 Temporal Scope of Obligations;308
8.1.2.1.3;9.2.1.3 Jurisdictional Scope of Obligations;309
8.1.2.1.4;9.2.1.4 Vertical and Horizontal Obligations;310
8.1.2.1.5;9.2.1.5 Obligations Applicable Without Distinction;311
8.1.2.1.6;9.2.1.6 Incorporation of Obligations;311
8.1.2.2;9.2.2 Rights Guaranteed by the ICCPR and ECHR;312
8.1.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Rights Under the International Covenant;312
8.1.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Rights Under the European Convention;313
8.1.2.2.3;9.2.2.3 The Death Penalty;313
8.1.2.2.4;9.2.2.4 Reservations and Derogations;314
8.1.2.3;9.2.3 The Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights;315
8.1.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Interpretation of the ICCPR and ECHR;316
8.1.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Individual Applications to the HRC and the European Court;318
8.1.2.3.3;9.2.3.3 Inter-State Complaints;320
8.1.2.3.4;9.2.3.4 Consideration of Periodic Reports by the Human Rights Committee;320
8.1.2.4;9.2.4 Remedies;321
8.1.3;9.3 Extraterritoriality and the Application of Human Rights in Armed Conflict;323
8.1.3.1;9.3.1 The Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Law;323
8.1.3.2;9.3.2 Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law;325
8.1.4;9.4 Conclusions;326
8.1.5;References;326
8.2;Chapter 10:
Limiting Rights Under International Law;328
8.2.1;10.1 Absolute and Non-derogable Rights;329
8.2.1.1;10.1.1 Absolute Rights;329
8.2.1.2;10.1.2 Non-derogable Rights;330
8.2.1.2.1;10.1.2.1 The List of Non-derogable Rights;330
8.2.1.2.2;10.1.2.2 `Absolute´ Versus `Non-derogable´ Rights;331
8.2.2;10.2 Features Common to the Limitation or Suspension of Rights;332
8.2.2.1;10.2.1 Margin of Appreciation;333
8.2.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 Margin of Appreciation in the Application of Substantive Rights;333
8.2.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 Margin of Appreciation in Declaring a State of Emergency;334
8.2.2.2;10.2.2 Limitations `Prescribed by Law´;335
8.2.2.2.1;10.2.2.1 Establishing a Legal Basis for the Interference;335
8.2.2.2.2;10.2.2.2 Discretionary Powers;336
8.2.2.3;10.2.3 Necessity;336
8.2.2.3.1;10.2.3.1 Express Limitations Rationally Linked to the Pursuit of Legitimate Aims;337
8.2.2.3.2;10.2.3.2 Express Limitations Necessary in a Democratic Society;337
8.2.2.4;10.2.4 Proportionality;338
8.2.2.5;10.2.5 Non-discrimination;340
8.2.2.5.1;10.2.5.1 Non-discrimination in the Derogation from Rights;340
8.2.2.5.2;10.2.5.2 Non-discrimination in the Application of Rights More Generally;341
8.2.3;10.3 Limitations Permitted by the Expression of Rights and Freedoms;341
8.2.3.1;10.3.1 Limitations by Interpretation;342
8.2.3.1.1;10.3.1.1 Fair and Reasonable;342
8.2.3.1.2;10.3.1.2 Arbitrary Conduct;343
8.2.3.2;10.3.2 Express Limitations;344
8.2.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Limited Rights;345
8.2.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Qualified Rights;346
8.2.3.2.3;10.3.2.3 National Security and the Interests of Territorial Integrity;347
8.2.3.2.4;10.3.2.4 Public Order;348
8.2.3.2.5;10.3.2.5 Public Health and Safety;349
8.2.3.2.6;10.3.2.6 Public Morals;350
8.2.3.2.7;10.3.2.7 Rights and Freedoms of Others;351
8.2.3.2.8;10.3.2.8 Maintaining the Authority and Impartiality of the Judiciary;352
8.2.3.2.9;10.3.2.9 Prevention of the Disclosure of Information Received in Confidence;353
8.2.3.2.10;10.3.2.10 Economic Well-being;353
8.2.4;10.4 Rights Derogable During States of Emergency;354
8.2.4.1;10.4.1 Procedural Conditions;354
8.2.4.1.1;10.4.1.1 Non-derogable Rights;354
8.2.4.1.2;10.4.1.2 Notice of Derogation;356
8.2.4.2;10.4.2 Substantive Conditions;357
8.2.5;10.5 Conclusions;357
8.2.6;References;359
8.3;Chapter 11: Human Rights in the Commonwealth
;360
8.3.1;11.1 Frameworks for Human Rights Protection in the Case Study Countries;360
8.3.1.1;11.1.1 Human Rights Protection in Australia;361
8.3.1.2;11.1.2 Human Rights Protection in Canada;363
8.3.1.2.1;11.1.2.1 Entrenched Status of the Charter;363
8.3.1.2.2;11.1.2.2 Supreme Status of the Charter;363
8.3.1.2.3;11.1.2.3 The Charter and the Common Law;365
8.3.1.3;11.1.3 Human Rights Protection in New Zealand;366
8.3.1.3.1;11.1.3.1 Scope and Status of the Bill of Rights;366
8.3.1.3.2;11.1.3.2 Application of the Bill of Rights;367
8.3.1.3.3;11.1.3.3 The Bill of Rights and the Common Law;371
8.3.1.4;11.1.4 Human Rights Protection in the United Kingdom;371
8.3.1.4.1;11.1.4.1 Convention Rights;373
8.3.1.4.2;11.1.4.2 Application of the Human Rights Act;374
8.3.2;11.2 Human Rights and Statutory Interpretation;374
8.3.2.1;11.2.1 The Use of International Law in the Application and Interpretation of Civil Liberties;375
8.3.2.2;11.2.2 The Use of Human Rights in the Interpretation of Legislation;377
8.3.2.2.1;11.2.2.1 Australia;378
8.3.2.2.2;11.2.2.2 Canada;378
8.3.2.2.3;11.2.2.3 New Zealand;378
8.3.2.2.4;11.2.2.4 United Kingdom;379
8.3.2.3;11.2.3 Declarations of Incompatibility;380
8.3.2.3.1;11.2.3.1 Declarations of Incompatibility Under the UK Human Rights Act;380
8.3.2.3.2;11.2.3.2 The Development of Declarations of Incompatibility in New Zealand;381
8.3.2.4;11.2.4 Subordinate Legislation;382
8.3.2.4.1;11.2.4.1 UK Human Rights Act;382
8.3.2.4.2;11.2.4.2 NZ Bill of Rights Act;383
8.3.3;11.3 Law-Making, and Remedies;384
8.3.3.1;11.3.1 The Role of Human Rights in Law-Making;384
8.3.3.1.1;11.3.1.1 Australia;384
8.3.3.1.2;11.3.1.2 Canada;385
8.3.3.1.3;11.3.1.3 New Zealand;386
8.3.3.1.4;11.3.1.4 United Kingdom;388
8.3.3.2;11.3.2 Remedies;388
8.3.3.2.1;11.3.2.1 Remedies Under the Canadian Charter;388
8.3.3.2.2;11.3.2.2 Remedies Under the United Kingdom Human Rights Act;389
8.3.3.2.3;11.3.2.3 Remedies Under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act;390
8.3.4;11.4 The Limitation of Rights;391
8.3.5;11.5 Human Rights Limitations Justifiable in a Free and Democratic Society;392
8.3.5.1;11.5.1 Preliminary Observations on the Application of Sections 1 and 5;392
8.3.5.1.1;11.5.1.1 Burden of Proof;392
8.3.5.1.2;11.5.1.2 Standard of Proof;393
8.3.5.1.3;11.5.1.3 Limits Versus Exceptions or Denials;393
8.3.5.1.4;11.5.1.4 Limits Prescribed by Law;394
8.3.5.1.5;11.5.1.5 Democratic Society;395
8.3.5.2;11.5.2 Substantive Test Under Sections1 and 5;396
8.3.5.2.1;11.5.2.1 Pressing and Substantial Objective in a Free and Democratic Society;397
8.3.5.2.2;11.5.2.2 Rational Connection;398
8.3.5.2.3;11.5.2.3 Minimal Impairment;398
8.3.5.2.4;11.5.2.4 Proportionality;400
8.3.5.3;11.5.3 Principles of Fundamental Justice and Section 1 of the Canadian Charter;400
8.3.6;11.6 Case Study: New Zealand´s United Nations Act 1946;401
8.3.6.1;11.6.1 Regulation-Making Powers in New Zealand;402
8.3.6.1.1;11.6.1.1 Limiting Enabling Provisions to Emergency Measures;403
8.3.6.1.2;11.6.1.2 Providing Additional Parliamentary Scrutiny;404
8.3.6.1.3;11.6.1.3 Regulations Abrogating Rights and Freedoms;405
8.3.6.2;11.6.2 How Should the United Nations Act and Bill of Rights Act Interact?;406
8.3.6.2.1;11.6.2.1 Applying Section 6 of the Bill of Rights;406
8.3.6.2.2;11.6.2.2 Applying Section 4 of the Bill of Rights to Section 2(2) of the United Nations Act;406
8.3.6.2.3;11.6.2.3 Recommendations;407
8.3.7;11.7 Conclusions;408
8.3.8;References;409
9;Part III;411
9.1;Chapter 12:
Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and International Law;412
9.1.1;12.1 Terrorism, Human Rights, and International Peace and Security;413
9.1.2;12.2 Terrorism and Armed Conflict;417
9.1.2.1;12.2.1 The Use of Force Between States (Jus Ad Bellum);418
9.1.2.2;12.2.2 International Humanitarian Law (Jus In Bello);420
9.1.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism;421
9.1.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights;423
9.1.3;12.3 Terrorism and International Criminal Law;425
9.1.4;12.4 Terrorism and International Refugee Law;426
9.1.5;12.5 Conclusions;429
9.1.6;References;430
9.2;Chapter 13
: Human Rights Compliance in the Fight Against Terrorism;432
9.2.1;13.1 States´ Duty to Comply with Human Rights While Countering Terrorism;434
9.2.1.1;13.1.1 UN General Assembly;436
9.2.1.2;13.1.2 UN Security Council;438
9.2.1.3;13.1.3 UN Human Rights Council and the Former Commission on Human Rights;439
9.2.2;13.2 UN and Other Action Reinforcing and Assisting States´ Duty to Comply with Human Rights;441
9.2.2.1;13.2.1 The Security Council´s Counter-Terrorism Committee;441
9.2.2.2;13.2.2 UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch;443
9.2.2.3;13.2.3 UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights;443
9.2.2.4;13.2.4 Special Rapporteurs;445
9.2.2.5;13.2.5 Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force;447
9.2.2.6;13.2.6 International Guidelines and Documents;448
9.2.3;13.3 Handbook on Human Rights Compliance While Countering Terrorism;452
9.2.3.1;Condition1: Counter-Terrorist Law and Practice Must Comply with Human Rights Law;454
9.2.3.2;Condition2: The Right or Freedom to Be Restricted by a Counter-Terrorism Measure Must Allow for Limitation;454
9.2.3.3;Condition3: Counter-Terrorism Law and Practice Must Be Established by Due Process;455
9.2.3.4;Condition4: Counter-Terrorist Measures Seeking to Limit Rights Must Be Necessary;457
9.2.3.5;Condition5: Counter-Terrorist Measures Seeking to Limit Rights Must Be Proportional;458
9.2.4;13.4 Discrete Issues Concerning the Interface Between Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights;460
9.2.5;13.5 Conclusions;461
9.2.6;References;463
9.3;Chapter 14
: The Domestic Criminalisation of Terrorism, and Its Definition;465
9.3.1;14.1 Definitions of Terrorism;466
9.3.1.1;14.1.1 Special Rapporteur Evaluation of Australia´s Definition of a ``Terrorist Act´´;469
9.3.1.2;14.1.2 Definitions in Canada and New Zealand;471
9.3.1.3;14.1.3 The Definition of ``Terrorism´´ in the United Kingdom;473
9.3.1.4;14.1.4 Evaluative Summary;475
9.3.2;14.2 Terrorism Offences in the Case Study Countries;479
9.3.2.1;14.2.1 Principal, Inchoate, and Party Offences;479
9.3.2.2;14.2.2 Recruitment and Training Offences;482
9.3.2.3;14.2.3 Offences Beyond the Scope of Terrorism-Related Conventions;483
9.3.2.3.1;14.2.3.1 The Offence of Committing a Terrorist Act;485
9.3.2.3.2;14.2.3.2 `Bioterrorism´ Offences in New Zealand;485
9.3.2.3.3;14.2.3.3 Other Offences Going Beyond the Cumulative Characteristics in Security Council Resolution 1566 (2004);486
9.3.2.3.4;14.2.3.4 Sedition Offences in Australia;487
9.3.2.4;14.2.4 Sentencing for Terrorism Offences;487
9.3.2.4.1;14.2.4.1 Maximum Penalties for Terrorism Offences;488
9.3.2.4.2;14.2.4.2 Sentencing Directions;489
9.3.3;14.3 The Incitement to Terrorism;490
9.3.3.1;14.3.1 The Phenomenon of the Incitement to Terrorism;490
9.3.3.2;14.3.2 Criminalising the Incitement to Terrorism;492
9.3.3.2.1;14.3.2.1 Suppressing the Incitement to Terrorism;494
9.3.3.2.2;14.3.2.2 The Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism;495
9.3.3.3;14.3.3 Incitement Under New Zealand Law;496
9.3.3.3.1;14.3.3.1 General Proscription Against Incitement;497
9.3.3.3.2;14.3.3.2 Party Offences;497
9.3.3.3.3;14.3.3.3 Procuring the Commission of Offences;497
9.3.3.3.4;14.3.3.4 Seditious Offences;498
9.3.3.3.5;14.3.3.5 Making Threats of Harm;498
9.3.3.3.6;14.3.3.6 Jurisdictional Issues in New Zealand´s Applicable Law;499
9.3.3.3.7;14.3.3.7 Summary and Evaluation of New Zealand´s Law on Incitement;499
9.3.3.4;14.3.4 Incitement Under Australian, Canadian and UK Law;500
9.3.3.4.1;14.3.4.1 Canada;500
9.3.3.4.2;14.3.4.2 Australia;502
9.3.4;14.4 Conclusions;503
9.3.5;References;506
9.4;Chapter 15: Special Investigative Techniques and Rules of Criminal Procedure
;507
9.4.1;15.1 Special Powers of Questioning in New Zealand;508
9.4.1.1;15.1.1 Special Powers of Questioning;509
9.4.1.2;15.1.2 Sources of the Right Not to Incrimination Oneself;512
9.4.1.3;15.1.3 Application of the Common Law Privilege to the Summary Proceedings Act;514
9.4.1.4;15.1.4 Application of the NZ Bill of Rights to the Summary Proceedings Act;515
9.4.1.5;15.1.5 Reform;519
9.4.2;15.2 Tracking Devices and Interception Warrants;520
9.4.2.1;15.2.1 The Right to Privacy;521
9.4.2.2;15.2.2 Interception Warrants Under the Crimes Act 1961;523
9.4.2.2.1;15.2.2.1 Checks and Balances;525
9.4.2.2.2;15.2.2.2 Checks on the Use of Tracking Devices Under a Warrant;526
9.4.2.2.3;15.2.2.3 Checks on the Use of Tracking Devices Without a Warrant;527
9.4.2.2.4;15.2.2.4 Crown Law Office Advice to the Attorney-General;527
9.4.3;15.3 Reversal of Burden for the Granting of Bail;528
9.4.4;15.4 Operation of Special Techniques and Rules Outside the Framework of Combating Terrorism;528
9.4.5;15.5 The Role of Security Intelligence Services;531
9.4.6;15.6 Conclusions;533
9.4.7;References;535
9.5;Chapter 16: Arrest and Detention, and Investigative Hearings
;537
9.5.1;16.1 Arrest and Detention in the United Kingdom;538
9.5.1.1;16.1.1 Powers of Arrest and Detention;538
9.5.1.1.1;16.1.1.1 Arrest and Detention Under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984;538
9.5.1.1.2;16.1.1.2 Arrest and Detention Under the Terrorism Act 2000;539
9.5.1.2;16.1.2 Investigative Detention Without Charge Beyond 36Hours;541
9.5.1.2.1;16.1.2.1 The Right to be Brought Promptly Before a Judge Following Arrest or Detention;542
9.5.1.2.2;16.1.2.2 Detention in Respect of Indictable Terrorism-Related Offences;543
9.5.1.2.3;16.1.2.3 Investigative Detention Under the Terrorism Act 2000;544
9.5.1.2.4;16.1.2.4 Necessity and Proportionality of Investigative Detention in the UK;546
9.5.1.2.5;16.1.2.5 The Right to Consult Counsel;547
9.5.2;16.2 Investigative Detention in Australia;550
9.5.2.1;16.2.1 Detention Under the Crimes Act 1914;550
9.5.2.2;16.2.2 Detention by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation;552
9.5.3;16.3 Investigative Hearings;553
9.5.3.1;16.3.1 Privilege Against Self-Incrimination;555
9.5.3.2;16.3.2 Judicial Independence and Impartiality;557
9.5.3.3;16.3.3 Open Administration of Justice;559
9.5.4;16.4 Conclusions;562
9.5.5;References;564
9.6;Chapter 17: Derogations
from the Right to Liberty;565
9.6.1;17.1 Procedure, Substance, and the Margin of Appreciation;566
9.6.1.1;17.1.1 Derogating from the ECHR in the United Kingdom;566
9.6.1.2;17.1.2 Margin of Appreciation in Declaring a State of Emergency and Implementing Derogating Measures;567
9.6.1.3;17.1.3 Substantive Conditions Under the ICCPR and ECHR;570
9.6.1.3.1;17.1.3.1 War or Public Emergency;570
9.6.1.3.2;17.1.3.2 Exigencies of the Situation;572
9.6.1.3.3;17.1.3.3 Other International Obligations;575
9.6.1.3.4;17.1.3.4 Non-discrimination;576
9.6.2;17.2 Executive Detention Powers Under the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Acts;576
9.6.3;17.3 Indefinite Detention Regime Under the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001;579
9.6.3.1;17.3.1 Establishment of the Indefinite Detention Regime;579
9.6.3.2;17.3.2 Evaluation of the Indefinite Detention Regime;581
9.6.3.2.1;17.3.2.1 Existence of a Public Emergency Threatening the Life of the Nation;582
9.6.3.2.2;17.3.2.2 Discriminatory Effect of Part 4 of the ATCS Act;583
9.6.4;17.4 Terrorism and the Derogation from Human Rights;585
9.6.4.1;17.4.1 The Threat of Terrorism as a State of Emergency;585
9.6.4.1.1;17.4.1.1 Derogating From the Right to Liberty;586
9.6.4.1.2;17.4.1.2 Terrorism as a Threat to the Life of the Nation;587
9.6.4.2;17.4.2 A Necessary and Proportionate Response;589
9.6.4.3;17.4.3 Consistency with International Obligations and the Principle of Non-discrimination;590
9.6.5;17.5 Conclusions;590
9.6.6;References;592
9.7;Chapter 18: Control Orders and Preventative Detention
;593
9.7.1;18.1 The Control Order Mechanisms in the United Kingdom and Australia;594
9.7.1.1;18.1.1 Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (UK);594
9.7.1.2;18.1.2 Division 104 of the Criminal Code 1995 (Australia);597
9.7.2;18.2 The Making of Control Orders and the Right to a Fair Hearing;599
9.7.2.1;18.2.1 Open Administration of Justice;600
9.7.2.2;18.2.2 Right to Disclosure of Information;601
9.7.2.3;18.2.3 The Use of Special Advocates;605
9.7.2.4;18.2.4 Resulting Principles on the Right to a Fair Hearing;608
9.7.3;18.3 The Terms of Control Orders and Their Impact on the Enjoyment of Human Rights;610
9.7.3.1;18.3.1 The Right to Liberty;611
9.7.3.2;18.3.2 The Exercise of Other Human Rights;616
9.7.4;18.4 Control Orders, Standards of Proof, and Criminal Proceedings;616
9.7.4.1;18.4.1 Standards and Burden of Proof;617
9.7.4.2;18.4.2 Criminal Proceedings as an Alternative to Control Orders;618
9.7.4.3;18.4.3 Double Jeopardy;621
9.7.5;18.5 Preventative Detention Orders in Australia;622
9.7.6;18.6 Conclusions;623
9.7.7;References;625
9.8;Chapter 19: The Designation of Individuals and Groups as Terrorist Entities
;626
9.8.1;19.1 An Overview of the Designation of Individuals and Entities;627
9.8.1.1;19.1.1 UN Listings;627
9.8.1.2;19.1.2 The Domestic Designation of Terrorist Entities;630
9.8.1.2.1;19.1.2.1 Designations in Australia;631
9.8.1.2.2;19.1.2.2 Designations in Canada;632
9.8.1.2.3;19.1.2.3 Designations in the United Kingdom;634
9.8.2;19.2 The Designation of Terrorist Entities Under New Zealand Law;635
9.8.2.1;19.2.1 The Making of Designations;635
9.8.2.1.1;19.2.1.1 Terrorist and Associated Entities;636
9.8.2.1.2;19.2.1.2 Political Consultation;637
9.8.2.1.3;19.2.1.3 Material Upon Which Designations may be Based;637
9.8.2.1.4;19.2.1.4 Notice of Designations;638
9.8.2.2;19.2.2 The Expiry and Review of Designations;639
9.8.2.2.1;19.2.2.1 Renewal of Final Designations;639
9.8.2.2.2;19.2.2.2 Internal, Government-Initiated, Reviews;641
9.8.2.2.3;19.2.2.3 Judicial Review Initiated by a Designated Individual or Entity;641
9.8.3;19.3 Human Rights Implications of the Designation of Individuals and Entities;641
9.8.3.1;19.3.1 Association and Peaceful Assembly;642
9.8.3.1.1;19.3.1.1 Peaceful Assembly, Association with Terrorist Entities, and the ICCPR;643
9.8.3.1.2;19.3.1.2 Peaceful Assembly, Association with Terrorist Entities, and the NZBORA;644
9.8.3.2;19.3.2 Natural Justice and the Right to a Fair Hearing;645
9.8.3.2.1;19.3.2.1 Due Process in Listings and De-listings by the United Nations;645
9.8.3.2.2;19.3.2.2 The Making of Domestic Designations;647
9.8.3.2.3;19.3.2.3 Executive Review of Domestic Designations;649
9.8.3.2.4;19.3.2.4 Judicial Review of Domestic Designations;652
9.8.3.2.5;19.3.2.5 Third Parties;655
9.8.4;19.4 Conclusions;657
9.8.5;References;659
9.9;Chapter 20: Speech, the Media, and Incitement to Terrorism
;660
9.9.1;20.1 Media Control;660
9.9.1.1;20.1.1 The International Terrorism (Emergency Powers) Act 1987;661
9.9.1.1.1;20.1.1.1 The Availability of Judicial Review;662
9.9.1.1.2;20.1.1.2 The Unique Nature of the Prime Minister´s Powers;664
9.9.1.2;20.1.2 Freedom of the Press;664
9.9.1.2.1;20.1.2.1 Freedom of Expression and Freedom of the Press;665
9.9.1.2.2;20.1.2.2 Limiting the Freedom of the Press when Responding to Terrorism;666
9.9.1.3;20.1.3 Media Control as a Justifiable Limit to the Freedom of the Press;667
9.9.1.3.1;20.1.3.1 Media Control and the ICCPR;668
9.9.1.3.2;20.1.3.2 Media Control and Section 5 of the NZBORA;670
9.9.1.3.3;20.1.3.3 Conclusions;671
9.9.2;20.2 Incitement to Terrorism;672
9.9.2.1;20.2.1 The Freedom of Expression and Its Corollaries in the Context of Incitement Offences;673
9.9.2.1.1;20.2.1.1 Human Rights Committee General Comment 11;675
9.9.2.1.2;20.2.1.2 Parallel Human Rights Provisions;676
9.9.2.2;20.2.2 Safeguards in the Proscription of the Incitement to Terrorism;677
9.9.2.2.1;20.2.2.1 Necessity;678
9.9.2.2.2;20.2.2.2 Legality and Precision;679
9.9.2.2.3;20.2.2.3 Unlawful and Intentional Incitement;681
9.9.2.3;20.2.3 UK Incitement Offences Under the Terrorism Act 2006;683
9.9.2.3.1;20.2.3.1 The Offence of the Encouragement of Terrorism;684
9.9.2.3.2;20.2.3.2 The Offence of the Dissemination of Terrorist Publications;685
9.9.2.4;20.2.4 Assessing the Offences Under the Terrorism Act 2006;686
9.9.2.4.1;20.2.4.1 Do the Offences Involve Necessary Interferences with the Freedom of Expression?;686
9.9.2.4.2;20.2.4.2 Are the Offences Established Through Precise Prescriptions by Law?;686
9.9.2.4.3;20.2.4.3 Do the Offences Involve Unlawful and Intentional Incitement?;688
9.9.3;20.3 Conclusions;689
9.9.4;References;691
9.10;Chapter 21: Measures to Prevent the Transboundary Movement of Terrorists
;692
9.10.1;21.1 Border Security;693
9.10.1.1;21.1.1 Advance Passenger Screening;694
9.10.1.2;21.1.2 The Use of Databases and Other Technologies;695
9.10.1.2.1;21.1.2.1 Machine Readable Travel Documents;696
9.10.1.2.2;21.1.2.2 Body Scanning Technologies;696
9.10.1.2.3;21.1.2.3 The Recording, Collection, Storage and Sharing of Information by Customs Authorities;697
9.10.1.3;21.1.3 Profiling;698
9.10.1.3.1;21.1.3.1 The Permissible Limits of Profiling;698
9.10.1.3.2;21.1.3.2 Profiling Under the Terrorism Act 2000 (UK);701
9.10.2;21.2 The Treatment of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers;703
9.10.2.1;21.2.1 Detention Pending Removal;704
9.10.2.2;21.2.2 Application of Exclusion Clauses Under the Refugees Convention;706
9.10.3;21.3 The Return or Transfer of Terrorist Suspects;707
9.10.3.1;21.3.1 The Principle of Non-refoulement;708
9.10.3.2;21.3.2 The Return of Non-nationals Under Australia´s Migration Act 1958;710
9.10.3.3;21.3.3 Diplomatic Assurances;710
9.10.4;21.4 Conclusions;715
9.10.5;References;718
9.11;Chapter 22: Conclusion
;720
9.11.1;22.1 Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism;720
9.11.1.1;22.1.1 Defining Terrorism;720
9.11.1.2;22.1.2 The International Framework for Combating Terrorism;722
9.11.1.3;22.1.3 Domestic Approaches to Counter-Terrorism;723
9.11.2;22.2 Human Rights Law;725
9.11.2.1;22.2.1 International and Regional Human Rights Law;725
9.11.2.2;22.2.2 Domestic Approaches to Human Rights;727
9.11.3;22.3 The Impact upon Human Rights of Terrorism and Its Prevention and Criminalisation;728
9.11.3.1;22.3.1 The Dynamic Impact of Terrorism;728
9.11.3.2;22.3.2 Human Rights Compliance While Countering Terrorism;729
9.11.3.2.1;22.3.2.1 Handbook on Human Rights Compliance While Countering Terrorism;730
9.11.3.2.2;22.3.2.2 Terrorism and the Derogation from Human Rights;731
9.11.3.2.3;22.3.2.3 Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism in Context;732
9.11.3.3;22.3.3 The Criminalisation of Terrorism;733
9.11.3.3.1;22.3.3.1 Domestic Definitions of Terrorism;733
9.11.3.3.2;22.3.3.2 Terrorism Offences in the Case Study Countries;735
9.11.3.3.3;22.3.3.3 Incitement to Terrorism;736
9.11.3.3.4;22.3.3.4 Special Investigative Techniques and the Role of Intelligence Agencies;737
9.11.3.3.5;22.3.3.5 Sentencing for Terrorism Offences;738
9.11.3.4;22.3.4 The Right to Liberty;739
9.11.3.4.1;22.3.4.1 Investigative Detention;739
9.11.3.4.2;22.3.4.2 United Kingdom Derogations from the Right to Liberty;741
9.11.3.4.3;22.3.4.3 Control Orders and Their Impact on Liberty Rights;741
9.11.3.5;22.3.5 Natural Justice and the Right to a Fair Hearing;742
9.11.3.5.1;22.3.5.1 Open Administration of Justice;743
9.11.3.5.2;22.3.5.2 Disclosure of Information;743
9.11.3.5.3;22.3.5.3 The Role of Judges in Investigative Hearings;745
9.11.3.5.4;22.3.5.4 The Designation of Individuals and Groups as Terrorist Entities;745
9.11.3.6;22.3.6 The Presumption of Innocence and Privacy Rights;746
9.11.3.6.1;22.3.6.1 Privilege Against Self-Incrimination;747
9.11.3.6.2;22.3.6.2 Reversal of Onus for the Granting of Bail;748
9.11.3.6.3;22.3.6.3 The Engagement of Privacy Rights;748
9.11.3.6.4;22.3.6.4 Tracking Devices;749
9.11.3.7;22.3.7 Speech and Association;749
9.11.3.7.1;22.3.7.1 The Designation of Individuals and Groups as Terrorist Entities;750
9.11.3.7.2;22.3.7.2 Incitement to Terrorism;750
9.11.3.7.3;22.3.7.3 Media Control;751
9.11.3.8;22.3.8 Measures to Prevent the Transboundary Movement of Terrorists;752
9.11.3.8.1;22.3.8.1 Border Security;752
9.11.3.8.2;22.3.8.2 The Treatment of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers;753
9.11.3.8.3;22.3.8.3 Diplomatic Assurances;754
10;Appendices;756
10.1;Appendix 1: United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;757
10.2;Appendix 2: Party Status of Case Study Countries to Conventions Related to Terrorism, Human Rights, Refugee Law and Humanitarian Law;767
10.3;Appendix 3: Terrorism-Related Offences;773
10.4;Appendix 4: Handbook on Human Rights Compliance While Countering Terrorism;845
10.4.1;Executive Summary;845
10.4.2;Condition 1: Counterterrorist Law and Practice Must Comply with Human Rights Law;847
10.4.2.1;1.1
The Duty to Comply with Human Rights;847
10.4.2.1.1;Resolutions of the UN Security Council;848
10.4.2.1.2;UN Counter-Terrorism Committee;849
10.4.2.1.3;Resolutions of the UN General Assembly;850
10.4.2.1.4;Resolutions of the UN Commission on Human Rights;852
10.4.2.2;1.2
Applicable Human Rights Law;853
10.4.2.2.1;The Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Law;854
10.4.2.2.2;The Interaction Between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law;854
10.4.3;Condition 2: The Right or Freedom to Be Restricted by
a Counterterrorism Measure Must Allow for Limitation;855
10.4.3.1;2.1
Peremptory Rights at Customary International Law (Jus Cogens Rights);855
10.4.3.2;2.2
Nonderogable Rights Under Human Rights Treaties;856
10.4.3.2.1;The List of Nonderogable Rights;857
10.4.3.2.2;The Limitation of Nonderogable Rights;858
10.4.3.3;2.3
Rights Derogable Only in States of Emergency;858
10.4.3.3.1;Determining the Existence of a Public Emergency;859
10.4.3.3.2;Proclamation and Notice of a State of Emergency;860
10.4.3.3.3;Review;860
10.4.3.3.4;Permissible Extent of Derogating Measures;861
10.4.3.4;2.4
Other Rights;861
10.4.4;Condition 3: Counterterrorism Law and Practice Must Be Established by Due Process;862
10.4.4.1;3.1
Establishing Counterterrorism Measures Through Legal Prescriptions;863
10.4.4.2;3.2
Respect for the Principles of Nondiscrimination and Equality Before the Law;863
10.4.4.3;3.3
Discretionary Powers Must Not Be Unfettered;864
10.4.4.4;3.4
Confining Measures to the Objective of Countering Terrorism;864
10.4.4.4.1;Links to Existing Operational Definitions (``Trigger Offenses´´);865
10.4.4.4.2;Cumulative Characteristics of Conduct to Be Suppressed;866
10.4.5;Condition 4: Counterterrorist Measures Seeking to Limit Rights
Must Be Necessary;868
10.4.5.1;4.1
The Pursuit of Permissible Objectives;868
10.4.5.2;4.2
Pressing and Substantial Concerns in a Free and Democratic Society;869
10.4.5.2.1;The Countering of an Actual Threat of Terrorism Against the State;870
10.4.5.2.2;The Countering of a Potential Threat of Terrorism Against the State;870
10.4.5.2.3;The Contribution of the Measure to the International Antiterrorist Framework;871
10.4.5.3;Rational Connection;871
10.4.6;Condition 5: Counterterrorist Measures Seeking to Limit
Rights Must Be Proportional;872
10.4.6.1;5.1
Limitation, Rather than Exclusion, of Rights;873
10.4.6.2;5.2
Assessing the Human Rights Impact of the Counterterrorist Measure;874
10.4.6.3;5.3
Assessing the Value of the Counterterrorist Measure;874
10.4.6.4;5.4
Assessing the Proportionality of the Counterterrorist Measure;875
11;Index;877