Cooper / Findlater Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Use of Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control, Held in Cambridge, UK, 24-28 September 1990
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4998-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 618 Seiten, Web PDF

Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control documents the proceedings of the International Conference on the Use of Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control, held in Cambridge, UK, 24-28 September 1990. This volume contains 70 papers that are organized into 12 parts. Part 1 includes papers such as the need for hydrophyte-based systems in the treatment of waste water from small communities and soil oxygenation in constructed reed beds. Part 2 contains studies on nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The papers in Part 3 are devoted to sewage treatment while Part 4 deals with sludge treatment. Part 5 presents case studies on wetlands, wastewater, and reed bed treatment systems. Part 6 focuses on agricultural waste treatment. Part 7 contains papers on wetland and waste treatment for small populations. Part 8 covers industrial waste treatment while Parts 9 and 10 deal with mining waste treatment. Part 11 takes up the design of treatment systems. Part 12 contains 20 poster papers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cooper, P. F.

Findlater, B. C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Table of Contents
;6
5;FOREWORD;12
6;PART 1. PRINCIPLES
;14
7;CHAPTER 1. THE NEED FOR HYDROPHYTE-BASED SYSTEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER FROM SMALL COMMUNITIES
;16
7.1;ABSTRACT;16
7.2;KEYWORDS;16
7.3;INTRODUCTION;16
7.4;PROCESS REQUIREMENTS;17
7.5;AVAILABLE METHODS;19
7.6;LOW TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES;21
7.7;CONCLUSIONS;23
7.8;REFERENCES;23
8;CHAPTER 2. HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATIONS ON PLANTED SOIL FILTERS
;26
8.1;ABSTRACT;26
8.2;KEYWORDS;26
8.3;INTRODUCTION;26
8.4;DESCRIPTION OF THE PILOT-PLANT GERMERSWANG;27
8.5;RESULTS;31
8.6;CONCLUSIONS;34
8.7;REFERENCES;34
9;CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS AT RICHMOND, NSW, AUSTRALIA
;36
9.1;ABSTRACT;36
9.2;KEYWORDS;36
9.3;INTRODUCTION;36
9.4;SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS;37
9.5;CONCLUSIONS;46
9.6;REFERENCES;46
10;CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN GRAVEL-BED HYDROPONIC (GBH) SYSTEMS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT
;48
10.1;ABSTRACT;48
10.2;KEYWORDS;48
10.3;INTRODUCTION;48
10.4;PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION;49
10.5;PERFORMANCE OF THE GBH SYSTEM;49
10.6;TABLE 1 Typical BOD Values for the GBH System at Abu Attwa. Egvpt;49
10.7;HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA VERSUS CHANNEL LENGTH;50
10.8;NITROGEN CYCLING BACTERL\ ON PLANT AND GRAVEL SURFACES;52
10.9;TABLE 2 Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen species in the GBH bed (Abu Attwa)
;52
10.10;TABLE 3 Bacterial counts on plant and gravel surfaces in the GBH system;52
10.11;IMPROVEMENT IN . REMOVAL;53
10.12;DISCUSSION;53
10.13;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;54
10.14;REFERENCES;54
11;CHAPTER 5. MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING OF OXYGEN RELEASE FROM ROOTS OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS
;56
11.1;ABSTRACT;56
11.2;INTRODUCTION;56
11.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;57
11.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;59
11.5;FINAL COMMENTS;65
11.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;66
11.7;REFERENCES;66
12;CHAPTER 6. SOIL OXYGENATION IN CONSTRUCTED REED BEDS: THE ROLE OF MACROPHYTE AND SOIL-ATMOSPHERE INTERFACE OXYGEN TRANSPORT
;68
12.1;ABSTRACT;68
12.2;KEYWORDS;68
12.3;INRODUCTION
;68
12.4;GAS EXCHANGE STUDIES;69
12.5;OXYGEN RELEASE FROM INDIVIDUAL ROOTS;72
12.6;POTENTIAL DIFFUSIVE OXYGEN FLUX THROUGH Phragmites australis;73
12.7;PHYSICAL SUBSTRATE OXIDATION;75
12.8;DISCUSSION;79
12.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;80
12.10;REFERENCES;81
13;CHAPTER 7. FACTORS AFFECTING REED {PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS) GROWTH IN UK REED BED TREATMENT SYSTEMS
;82
13.1;ABSTRACT;82
13.2;KEYWORDS;82
13.3;INTRODUCTION;82
13.4;METHODS;83
13.5;SURVEY RESULTS;84
13.6;CONCLUSIONS;91
13.7;ACKNOV/LEDGEIffiNT;91
13.8;REFERENCES;91
14;PART 2. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
;92
15;CHAPTER 8. USE OF AERATION TO PROMOTE NITRIFICATION IN REED BEDS TREATING WASTEWATER
;94
15.1;ABSTRACT;94
15.2;KEYWORDS;94
15.3;INTRODUCTION;94
15.4;EXPERIMENTAL;95
15.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;97
15.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;101
15.7;REFERENCES;101
16;CHAPTER 9. REMOVAL OF WASTEWATER NITROGEN IN AN INFILTRATION WETLAND WITH GLYCERIA MAXIMA
;102
16.1;ABSTRACT;102
16.2;KEYWORDS;102
16.3;INTRODUCTION;102
16.4;EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND METHODS;103
16.5;CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS;104
16.6;DISCUSSION;112
16.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;113
16.8;REFERENCES;113
17;CHAPTER 10. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: SUBSTRATUM ADSORPTION
;114
17.1;ABSTRACT;114
17.2;KEYWORDS;114
17.3;INTRODUCTION;114
17.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;115
17.5;RESULTS;116
17.6;DISCUSSION;118
17.7;CONCWSIONS;120
17.8;REFERENCES;121
18;CHAPTER 11. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS DESIGN AND OPERATION TO MAXIMIZE NUTRIENT REMOVAL CAPABILITIES
;124
18.1;ABSTRACT;124
18.2;KEY WORDS;124
18.3;INTRODUCTION;124
18.4;MONITORING RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;125
18.5;OPERATION AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS;129
18.6;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;130
18.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;131
18.8;REFERENCES;131
19;CHAPTER 12. REMOVAL OF NUTRITIVE SALTS FROM TWO DANISH ROOT ZONE SYSTEMS
;132
19.1;ABSTRACT;132
19.2;KEYWORDS;132
19.3;INTRODUCTION;132
19.4;HJEMBAEK;133
19.5;OEDSTED;138
19.6;CONCLUSION;143
19.7;REFERENCES;143
20;CHAPTER 13. A TOTAL EVAPORATIVE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEM
;144
20.1;ABSTRACT;144
20.2;KEYWORDS;144
20.3;INTRODUCTION;144
20.4;HYDROLOGY;145
20.5;SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY;148
20.6;GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY;152
20.7;BIOTA;153
20.8;SUMMARY;154
20.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;154
20.10;REFERENCES;154
21;CHAPTER 14. AN EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY THE REED BED TREATMENT SYSTEM AT VALLEYFIELD, FIFE, SCOTLAND
;156
21.1;ABSTRACT;156
21.2;KEYWORDS;156
21.3;INTRODUCTION;156
21.4;SYSTEM DESIGN;157
21.5;TREATMENT PERFORMANCE;159
21.6;DISCUSSION;165
22;CHAPTER 15. THE IMPACT OF AGEING ON THE PURIFICATION EFFICIENCY OF A PLANTATION OF TYPHA LATIFOLIA L
;166
22.1;ABSTRACT;166
22.2;KEYWORDS;166
22.3;INTRODUCTION;167
22.4;EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL;168
22.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;170
22.6;CONCLUSIONS;175
22.7;REFERENCES;176
23;PART 3. CASE HISTORIES AND PERFORMANCE — SEWAGE TREATMENT
;178
24;CHAPTER 16. "PLANTED SOIL FILTERS" FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT: THE COMPLEX SYSTEM "PLANTED SOIL FILTER", ITS COMPONENTS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
;180
24.1;SUMMARY;180
24.2;KEYWORDS;180
24.3;INTRODUCTION;180
24.4;EXPERIENCES;185
24.5;THE COMPLEX SYSTEM "PLANTED SOIL FILTER" AND ITS COMPONENTS;186
24.6;Soil and wastewater;186
24.7;Waste Nater and soil;186
24.8;Soil and plants (reeds);187
24.9;Plants (reeds) and wastewater;187
24.10;Plants (reeds), soil and wastewater;187
24.11;Acknowledgements;188
24.12;CONCLUSIONS;188
24.13;REFERENCES;188
25;CHAPTER 17. PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS AT BENTON, HARDIN, AND PEMBROKE, KENTUCKY, DURING THE EARLY VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT PHASE
;190
25.1;ABSTRACT;190
25.2;KEYWORDS;190
25.3;IMTRODUCTIOH;190
25.4;DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS;191
25.5;MONITORING STRATEGY;194
25.6;RESULTS;194
25.7;CONCLUSIONS;200
25.8;REFERENCES;201
26;CHAPTER 18. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH EMERGENT HYDROPHYTE BEDS IN FRANCE
;202
26.1;ABSTRACT;202
26.2;KEYWORDS;202
26.3;INTRODUCTION;202
26.4;PONT-REMY (Somme);206
26.5;GENSAC LA PALLUE (Charente);207
26.6;SAINT SYMPHORIEN DE LAY (Loire);210
26.7;CONCLUSIONS;211
26.8;REFERENCES;211
27;CHAPTER 19. REED BED TREATMENT SYSTEMS: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
;212
27.1;ABSTRACT;212
27.2;KEY WORDS;212
27.3;INTRODUCTION;212
27.4;RESULTS;215
27.5;DISCUSSION;221
27.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;223
27.7;REFERENCES;223
28;CHAPTER 20. SEVEN YEARS OF RESEARCH WORK AND EXPERIENCE WITH WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY A REED BED SYSTEM
;224
28.1;ABSTRACT;224
28.2;KEYWORDS;224
28.3;INTRODUCTION;224
28.4;EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM - CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION;225
28.5;SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS;226
28.6;REMOVAL EFFICIENCY;226
28.7;HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATIONS;228
28.8;MICROBIOLOGY;228
28.9;PLANT PHYSIOLOGY;228
28.10;SOIL SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS;230
28.11;MASS BALANCE;232
28.12;CONCLUSIONS;233
28.13;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;233
28.14;REFERENCES;233
29;CHAPTER 21. PURIFICATION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE WITH AND WITHOUT FAECES BY VERTICAL INTERMITTENT FILTRATION IN REED AND RUSH BEDS
;234
29.1;ABSTRACT;234
29.2;KEYWORDS;234
29.3;INTRODUCTION;234
29.4;DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF THE REED BED (PLANT I);235
29.5;DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF A HYDROPHYTE SYSTEM (PLANT II);237
29.6;FAECAL SEWAGE AND GREY WATER;238
29.7;SPACE LOADINGS AS BASIS FOR THE DIMENSIONING OF FILTER BEDS;239
29.8;CONCLUSION;239
29.9;REFERENCES;240
30;CHAPTER 22. REED BED TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN ANGLIAN WATER
;242
30.1;ABSTRACT;242
30.2;KEYWORDS;242
30.3;INTRODUCTION;242
30.4;GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION;243
30.5;PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND OPERATION;243
30.6;RBTS CONSTRUCTED IN ANGLIAN WATER;244
30.7;RESULTS;245
30.8;DISCUSSION;251
30.9;CONCLUSIONS;253
30.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;253
30.11;REFERENCES;253
31;CHAPTER 23 . THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS IN SOUTH AFRICA
;254
31.1;Abstract;254
31.2;Introduction;254
31.3;Application of Full-Scale Artificial Wetlands in South Africa;254
31.4;Mpophomeni;255
31.5;Vaal Reefs Reed Beds;256
31.6;Qua Qua;257
31.7;NlCouan ICoua;257
31.8;Namibia;259
31.9;Bothaville;259
31.10;Warmbaths;259
31.11;Sugar Nil I Effluent and Waste Ash Disposal;260
31.12;Acid Nine Drainage (AID) Amelioration;261
31.13;Northern Natal;261
31.14;Conclusions;263
31.15;AcknowIedgements;263
31.16;References;263
32;PART 4. SLUDGE TREATMENT;264
33;CHAPTER 24. SLUDGE DEWATERING AND MINERALISATION IN REED BED SYSTEMS
;266
33.1;ABSTRACT;266
33.2;KEYWORDS;266
33.3;INTRODUCTION;266
33.4;THE CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION OF THE SLUDGE DEWATERING SYSTEM;267
33.5;FULL-SCALE SYSTEMS;268
33.6;RESULTS;270
33.7;CONCLUSION;275
33.8;AKNOWLEDGEMENT;276
33.9;REFERENCE;276
34;CHAPTER 25. SLUDGE DEWATERING AND DRYING IN REED BEDS: AN INTERESTING SOLUTION? GENERAL INVESTIGATION AND FIRST TRIALS IN FRANCE
;278
34.1;ABSTRACT;278
34.2;KEYWORDS;278
34.3;INTRODUCTION;278
34.4;SLUDGE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL IN SMALL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS;279
34.5;LESSONS FROM LITERATURE;280
34.6;CONCLUSIONS;287
34.7;REFERENCES;287
35;CHAPTER 26. USE OF PHRAGMITES IN

SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT;290
35.1;ABSTRACT;290
35.2;KEYWORDS;290
35.3;INTRODUCTION;290
35.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;290
35.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;291
35.6;CONCLUSIONS;296
35.7;REFERENCES;297
36;PART 5. CASE HISTORIES;300
37;CHAPTER 27. WETLANDS TREATMENT REVIVAL IN YORKSHIRE
;302
37.1;ABSTRACT;302
37.2;KEYMGBDS;302
37.3;INTRODUCTION;302
37.4;METHODS
;304
37.5;RESULTS;305
37.6;APPLICATIONS;307
37.7;CONCLUSIONS
;311
37.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;311
37.9;REFERENCES
;311
38;CHAPTER 28. PERFORMANCE DATA OF A WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT DERIVED FROM THE ROOT ZONE METHOD SET AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF DETENTION TIMES
;312
38.1;ABSTRACT;312
38.2;KEYWORDS;312
38.3;INTRODUCTION;312
38.4;OBJECTIVES/TASKS;313
38.5;DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT I AND II;313
38.6;DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACER EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED;318
38.7;DEVELOPMENT OF PERMEABILITY VALUES;319
38.8;PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS;320
38.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;323
38.10;REFERENCES;323
39;CHAPTER 29. A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF VEGETATED SUBMERGED BEDS AND FLOATING MACROPHYTES FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT
;324
39.1;ABSTRACT;324
39.2;KEYWORDS;324
39.3;INTRODUCTION;324
39.4;METHODS;325
39.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;325
39.6;CONCLUSIONS;330
39.7;REFERENCES;331
40;CHAPTER 30. REED BED TREATMENT SYSTEMS: EXPERIMENTAL GRAVEL BEDS AT GRAVESEND — THE SOUTHERN

WATER EXPERIENCE;332
40.1;ABSTRACT;332
40.2;KEYWORDS;332
40.3;INTRODUCTION;332
41;PART 6. AGRICULTURAL WASTETREATMENT
;344
42;CHAPTER 31. MEAT PROCESSING EFFLUENT TREATMENT IN SURFACE-FLOW AND GRAVEL-BED CONSTRUCTED WASTEWATER WETLANDS
;346
42.1;ABSTRACT;346
42.2;KEYWORDS;346
42.3;INTRODUC.ON;346
42.4;DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL WETLANDS;347
42.5;PERFORMANCE MONITORING METHODS;349
42.6;GRAVEL-BED WETLAND RESULTS;349
42.7;SURFACE-FLOW WETLAND RESULTS;354
42.8;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;355
42.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;356
42.10;REFERENCES;356
43;CHAPTER 32. THE USE OF REED BEDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EFFLUENTS
;358
43.1;ABSTRACT;358
43.2;KEYWORDS;358
43.3;INTRODUCTION
;358
43.4;AGRICULTURAL EFFLUENTS;359
43.5;DESIGN BASIS OF REED BEDS FOR STRONG EFFLUENTS;360
43.6;THE ' BIRMINGHAM ' REED BEDS
;361
43.7;RESULTS;364
43.8;DISCUSSION;366
43.9;CONCLUSIONS;368
43.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;368
43.11;REFERENCES;368
43.12;ADDENDUM;370
44;CHAPTER 33. USE OF REED-BED SYSTEMS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CONCENTRATED WASTES

FROM AGRICULTURE;372
44.1;ABSTRACT;372
44.2;KEYWORDS;372
44.3;INTRODUCTION;372
44.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;373
44.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;374
44.6;REPERENCES;383
45;PART 7. TREATMENT FOR SMALL POPULATIONS
;384
46;CHAPTER 34. A NEW COMMUNITY APPROACH TO WASTE TREATMENT WITH HIGHER WATER PLANTS
;386
46.1;ABSTRACT;386
46.2;KEYWORDS;386
46.3;INTRODUCTION;386
46.4;DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS;387
46.5;DESIGN PRINCIPLES;388
46.6;PERFORMANCE;390
46.7;PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES;392
46.8;COSTS;392
46.9;ROLES OF DIFFERENT AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES;393
46.10;OPERATIONAL SKILLS AND REQUIREMENTS;393
46.11;THE QUESTION MARKS;394
46.12;THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE OAKLANDS PARK SYSTEMS;395
46.13;THE 1990S - A NEW CONSCIOUSNESS;397
46.14;THE WAY FORWARD;397
46.15;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;398
46.16;REFERENCES;398
47;CHAPTER 35. CONSTRUCTED WETLAND RESEARCH PROGRAMME IN SOUTH AFRICA
;400
47.1;ABSTRACT;400
47.2;KEYWORDS;400
47.3;INTRODUCTION;400
47.4;MACROPHYTE/SUBSTRATE COMBINATIONS AND THEIR ABILITY TO TREAT DOMESTIC WASTEWATER;401
47.5;HYDROPONIC WETLANDS;404
47.6;PILOT-SCALE STUDIES;404
47.7;MACROPHYTE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT;405
47.8;BACTERIAL REMOVAL;407
47.9;CONCLUSION;407
47.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;408
47.11;REFERENCES;408
48;CHAPTER 36. ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS FOR TREATING WASTEWATERS FROM SINGLE HOUSEHOLDS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES
;410
48.1;INTRODUCTION;410
48.2;EARLY RESEARCH;411
48.3;RESEARCH WITH EXPERIMENTAL MICROCOSMS;411
48.4;SUBSEQUENT RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALISATION
;414
48.5;CONCLUSIONS
;415
48.6;REFERENCES;416
49;CHAPTER 37. REED BED TREATMENT FOR SEWER DYKES
;418
49.1;Abstract;418
49.2;Background;418
49.3;Design and Specification;419
49.4;Development and Management of the Reed Bed;420
49.5;Reed Growth;421
49.6;Summary;423
49.7;Acknowledgements;423
50;PART 8. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
;426
51;CHAPTER 38. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT AT AMOCO OIL COMPANY'S MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA, REFINERY
;428
51.1;ABSTRACT;428
51.2;KEYWORDS;428
51.3;INTRODUCTION;428
51.4;SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION;429
51.5;WASTEWATER QUALITY;429
51.6;WILDLIFE HABITAT;431
51.7;CONCLUSION;431
52;CHAPTER 39. TREATABILITY ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY A PORTABLE WETLAND UNIT
;432
52.1;ABSTRACT;432
52.2;KEYWORDS;432
52.3;INTRODUCTION;432
52.4;THE SELECTED INDUSTRIAL WASTE APPLICATION;433
52.5;EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS;434
52.6;RESULTS & DISCUSSION;435
52.7;CONCLUSION;439
52.8;REFERENCES;439
53;CHAPTER 40. APPLICATION OF NATURAL AND ENGINEERED WETLANDS FOR TREATMENT OF LOW-STRENGTH LEACHATE
;440
53.1;ABSTRACT;440
53.2;KETVORDS;440
53.3;INTRODUCTION;440
53.4;APPROACH;443
53.5;PERFORMANCE OF THE PILOT MARSHES WHEN TREATING PERIMETER DITCH LEACHATE;443
53.6;PERFORMANCE OF THE PILOT MARSHES WHEN TREATING LAGOON EFFLUENT;444
53.7;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;446
53.8;ACKNOVLBDGEHENT;447
53.9;REFERENCES;447
54;PART 9. MINING WASTE TREATMENT
;448
55;CHAPTER 41. PURIFICATION OF WASTEWATER FROM A Pb/Zn MINE USING HYDROPHYTES
;450
55.1;ABSTRACT;450
55.2;KEYWORDS;450
55.3;INTRODUCTION;451
55.4;DESCRIPTIONS OF THE STUDY SITE;451
55.5;MATERIALS AND METHODS;452
55.6;RESULTS;453
55.7;DISCUSSION;456
55.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;457
55.9;REFERENCES;457
56;CHAPTER 42. CHEMICAL DIAGENESIS OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS RECEIVING ACIDIC MINE DRAINAGE
;460
56.1;ABSTRACT;460
56.2;KEYWORDS;460
56.3;INTRODUCTION;460
56.4;DESCRIPTION OF STUDY SITES
;461
56.5;SAMPLING A N D ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES;462
56.6;RESULTS;463
56.7;DISCUSSION;468
56.8;CONCLUSIONS;470
56.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;470
56.10;REFERENCES;470
57;CHAPTER 43. IRON AND MANGANESE FRACTIONATION IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS RECEIVING ACID MINE DRAINAGE
;472
57.1;ABSTRACT;472
57.2;KEYWORDS;472
57.3;INTRODUCTION;472
57.4;METHODS AND PROCEDURES;473
57.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;475
57.6;SUMMARY;478
57.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;481
57.8;REFERENCES;481
58;PART 10. MINING WASTE TREATMENT
;482
59;CHAPTER 44. METAL UPTAKE AND ASSOCIATED POLLUTION CONTROL BY TYPHA LATIFOLIA IN URBAN WETLANDS
;484
59.1;ABSTRACT;484
59.2;KEYWORDS;484
59.3;INTRODUCTION;484
59.4;LOCATIONS AND METHODS;485
59.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;485
59.6;MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS;488
59.7;REFERENCES;491
60;CHAPTER 45. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR TREATING ACID DRAINAGE AT TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY COAL FACILITIES
;494
60.1;ABSTRACT;494
60.2;KEYWORDS;494
60.3;INTRODUCTIOM;494
60.4;RESULTS;496
60.5;CONCLUSIONS;502
60.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;502
60.7;REFERENCES;502
61;PART 11. DESIGN GUIDELINES
;504
62;CHAPTER 46. THE DESIGN OF WETLANDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
;506
62.1;ABSTRACT;506
62.2;BACKGROUND;506
62.3;BYRON BAY;507
62.4;THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT;508
62.5;PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS;508
62.6;TREATMENT SELECTION;510
62.7;RESEARCH PROJECT;512
62.8;CONCLUSION;514
62.9;REFERENCES;514
63;CHAPTER 47. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT — ENGINEERING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
;516
63.1;ABSTRACT;516
63.2;INTRODUCTION;516
63.3;FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EFFICIENCY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT;516
63.4;POLLUTANT REMOVAL CAPACITY OF WETLAND SYSTEMS;518
63.5;WETLAND IMPLEMENTATION;521
63.6;WETLAND APPURTENANCES AND OTHER PHYSICAL FEATURES;524
63.7;MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WETLAND SYSTEMS;526
63.8;REFERENCES;527
64;CHAPTER 48. WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CONSTRUCTED REED BEDS IN DENMARK — STATE OF THE ART;530
64.1;ABSTRACT;530
64.2;KEYWORDS;530
64.3;INTRODUCTION;531
64.4;DESIGN AND TREATMENT PERFORMANCE;531
64.5;CONCLUSIONS;538
64.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;538
64.7;REFERENCES;539
65;CHAPTER 49. TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE IN EMERGENT HELOPHYTE BEDS — GERMAN EXPERIENCES AND ATV-GUIDELINES . 262
;540
65.1;ABSTRACT;540
65.2;KEYWORDS;540
65.3;INTRODUCTION;540
65.4;GENERAL EXPERIENCES;542
65.5;ATV-GUIDELINES . 262;545
65.6;REFERENCES;550
66;PART 12. POSTERS
;552
67;CHAPTER 50. REED BED TREATMENT OF WASTEWATERS IN A PILOT-SCALE FACILITY
;554
67.1;ABSTRACT;554
67.2;KEYWORDS;554
67.3;NTRODUCTION;554
67.4;EXPERIMENTAL;555
67.5;RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS;555
67.6;REFERENCES;557
68;CHAPTER 51. DESIGN OF THE FORT DEPOSIT, ALABAMA, CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS TREATMENT SYSTEM
;558
68.1;INTRODUCTION;558
68.2;CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS SELECTION AND SIZING;558
68.3;PLANT COMMUNITY;560
68.4;WETLANDS CONFIGURATION;560
68.5;PRELIMINARY TREATMENT;561
68.6;POST TREATMENT;561
68.7;REFERENCES;561
69;CHAJPTER 52. SEWAGE TREATMENT BY PLANTED SOIL FILTERS
;562
69.1;INTRODUCTION;562
69.1.1;PILOT PLANT GERMERSWANG;562
69.1.2;PLANTED SOIL FILTER AT SEE;564
69.1.3;CONCLUSIONS;565
69.1.4;REFERENCES;565
70;CHAPTER 53. PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS OF OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS
;566
70.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;570
70.2;REFERENCES;570
71;CHAPTER 54. THE PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS OF WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS — A DISCUSSION
;572
71.1;Introduction;572
71.2;Perfonnance;572
71.3;Rate Limitations;573
71.4;Natural Ecology;574
71.5;Costs;574
71.6;REFERENCES
;574
72;CHAPTER 55. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF GRAVEL BED HYDROPONIC (GBH) SYSTEMS FOR SECONDARY AND TERTIARY SEWAGE TREATMENT
;576
72.1;ABSTRACT;576
72.2;KEYWORDS;576
72.3;INTRODUCTION;576
72.4;FACTORS DETERMINING THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GBH SYSTEMS;576
72.5;ESTABLISHMENT, OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE;578
72.6;SUMMARY;579
72.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;579
72.8;REFERENCES;579
73;CHAPTER 56. POTENTIAL YIELD AND NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY HARVESTING OF PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA IN A WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEM;580
73.1;ABSTRACT;580
73.2;INTRODUCTION;580
73.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;580
73.4;RESULTS;581
73.5;DISCUSSION;582
73.6;REFERENCES;583
74;CHAPTER 57. WETLANDS ISSUES OF THE FLAT WOODS COAL LEASE AND CARYVILLE INDUSTRIAL PARK II
;584
74.1;BACKGROUND;584
74.2;DISCUSSION;584
74.3;REFERENCES;586
75;CHAPTER 58. REED BED TREATMENT AS A WASTEWATER (POST) TREATMENT ALTERNATIVE IN THE POTATO STARCH INDUSTRY
;588
75.1;INTRODUCTION;588
75.2;HORIZONTAL FLOW REED BEDS;588
75.3;VERTICAL FLOW REED BEDS;590
75.4;CONCLUSIONS;590
76;CHAPTER 59. COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON INTERMITTENTLY CHARGED AND CONTINUOUSLY FED HELOPHYTE BEDS FOR DOMESTIC WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
;592
76.1;INTRODUCTION;592
76.2;CONSTRUCTION OF THE TREATMENT PLANT;592
76.3;SUMMARY OF THE GAUGING RESULTS (MARCM - NOVEMBER 1989);594
76.4;CONCLUSIONS;594
76.5;FURTHER PROJECTS;595
77;CHAPTER 60. TREATING POULTRY ABATTOIR AND PIGGERY EFFLUENTS IN GRAVEL TRENCHES
;596
77.1;INTRODUCTION;596
77.2;EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS;596
77.3;SUMMARY;599
77.4;FURTHER READING;599
78;CHAPTER 61. USE OF REED BEDS FOR DEWATERING SLUDGE IN THE USA
;600
78.1;INTRODUCTION;600
78.2;REED BEDS;600
78.3;RESULTS OF SURVEY;602
78.4;FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS;603
78.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;603
78.6;REFERENCES;603
79;CHAPTER 62. CONSTRUCTED UPLAND–WETLAND WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
;604
80;CHAPTER 63. THE HYDRO-BOTANIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EFFLUENT
;608
80.1;INTRODUCTION;608
80.2;DESIGN PRINCIPLES;608
80.3;THE PILOT STUDY;609
80.4;PREUMINARY OBSERVATIONS;611
80.5;CONCLUSIONS;611
80.6;REFERENCES;611
81;CHAPTER 64. WETLAND CONTROL OF SEWAGE POINT SOURCES OF NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE, SLAPTON, S. DEVON, UK
;612
81.1;Abstract;612
81.2;Introduction;612
81.3;Research strategy and methods;612
81.4;Results;614
81.5;Implications for management;614
81.6;References;614
82;CHAPTER 65. PHOSPHATE RETENTION IN THE KIS-BALATON PROTECTION SYSTEM — A RECONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR EUTROPHICATION MANAGEMENT OF LAKE BALATON (HUNGARY)
;616
82.1;COPRECIPITATION WITH CALCITE;617
82.2;ADSORPTION OP PHOSPHATE;617
82.3;HIGHER AQUATIC MACROPHYTES, PERIPHYTES;618
82.4;PLANKTONIC MICROORGANISMS
;618
82.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;619
83;CHAPTER 66. ARTIFICIAL REED BEDS AS POST TREATMENT FOR ANAEROBIC EFFLUENTS — URBAN SANITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES;620
83.1;Introduction
;620
83.2;Urban Sanitation bv Anaerobic Treatment;620
83.3;Artificial Reed Beds as Post Treatment;622
83.4;Summary
;623
83.5;References;623
84;CHAPTER 67. HYDRAULICS, ROOT DISTRIBUTION AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN EXPERIMENTAL WETLAND SYSTEMS
;624
84.1;INTRODUCTION;624
84.2;METHODS;624
84.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;625
84.4;REFERENCES;627
85;CHAPTER 68. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM UTILIZING THE EDAPHIC-PHYTODEPURATION TECHNIQUE
;628
85.1;1. Introduction
;628
85.2;2. Objective and working method
;629
85.3;3. Results obtained and conclusions;631
85.4;4. References;631
86;CHAPTER 69. OPTIMIZING STRATEGIES IN HYDROPHYTE SYSTEMS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT
;632
86.1;Summary;632
86.2;Introduction;632
86.3;Experimental design and oireliminarv results;632
86.4;Important design criteria;633
86.5;References;635
87;CHAPTER 70. THE USE OF VEGETATED DITCHES FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; A TOOL FOR NATURE CONSERVATION IN WETLAND AREAS
;636
87.1;Introduction;636
87.2;Site description and methods
;636
87.3;Results
;638
87.4;Discussion;638
87.5;Conclusion;639
87.6;Literature;639
88;KEYWORD INDEX;640