Corkum / Riedle Ultrafast Phenomena XVI

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, Palazzo dei Congressi Stresa, Italy, June 9--13, 2008
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-95946-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 1031 Seiten

Ultrafast Phenomena XVI presents the latest advances in ultrafast science, including both ultrafast optical technology and the study of ultrafast phenomena. It covers picosecond, femtosecond and attosecond processes relevant to applications in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Ultrafast technology has a profound impact in a wide range of applications, amongst them biomedical imaging, chemical dynamics, frequency standards, material processing, and ultrahigh speed communications. This book summarizes the results presented at the 16th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena and provides an up-to-date view of this important and rapidly advancing field.

Paul Corkum: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science Group Leader at Steacie of the National Research Council, he is a member of the Royal Societies of London and of Canada. He was the recipient of the Optical Society of America's Charles H. Townes award and the IEEE's Quantum electronics award in 2005. In 2006 he received the American Physical Society's Arthur L. Schawlow Prize. Corkum's research launched attosecond science. After studying the interaction of intense light pulses with atoms and molecules he and his group proposed how atomic and molecular gases can be used to produce attosecond pulses. In 2002 they measured the motion of hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecular ion with a timing precision of 200-attoseconds and a spatial precision of 0.02 Angstroms. In 2004 they demonstrated how attosecond technology can be used to image the highest occupied molecular orbital of Nitrogen. More recently they were able to strobe the attosecond motion of an electron in a hydrogen molecule almost instantaneously as the molecule breaks. Sandro De Silvestri: He is professor at the Department of Physics of Politecnico in Milan, Italy. He is presently director of the European Large Scale Infrastructure 'Center for Ultrafast Science and Biomedical Optics (CUSBO)', within the program of providing access to europen reasearch groups. He is also director of the 'Centre of Ultrafast and Ultraintense Optical Science' (ULTRAS) of CNR-INFM. He is Fellow of the Optical Society of America and he is member of organising committee of several international congress in the field of photonics and ultrafast phenomena. He has made a number of significant contributions to the field of 'Ultrafast Phenomena', extending for a period of about 25 years, in a variety of topics such as: (i) coherent vibrational spectroscopy; (ii) development of techniques for the generation of few optical cycle pulses either with high energy or tunable from near-IR to visible; (iii) study of ultrafast dynamics in organic and quantum confined systems; (iv) carrier envelope phase effects on strong field photoionization and high order harmonic generation; (v) generation of attosecond pulses. Keith Nelson: He is professor at the Department of Chemistry of MIT. His research is aimed at time-resolved optical study and control of condensed matter structural changes and the collective modes of motion through which they occur: (i) phase transitions or other collective structural rearrangements in crystalline solids; (ii) dynamics of the lattice vibrational modes; (iii) interactions between reactive molecular modes and lattice vibrations in reaction dynamics. He has developed femtosecond pulse shaping techniques for multiple-pulse excitation and coherent control of crystal lattice vibrations whose motions are involved in ferroelectric phase transitions, and for generation of ultrahigh-frequency acoustic waves whose motions are involved in structural relaxation of viscoelastic fluids and polymers. He has developed novel methods for recording complete femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy measurements in a single laser shot, with the objective of observing ultrafast, irreversible structural and chemical changes in solids. In the ferroelectric crystals he has studied terahertz (THz) frequency lattice vibrations, by fabricating integrated waveguides and other structures through femtosecond laser machining providing further control over THz waves. He is extending these and other methods and applying them toward study of and control over condensed matter structural changes. Eberhard Riedle: He is professor for experimental physics at the Department for Physics of the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany. His interest and research focuses on the ultrafast dynamics, mechanisms and control of ultrafast chemical reactions, e.g. proton and electron transfer, molecular switches and molecules in zeolites. For these investigations he develops new methods and techniques for the generation and characterisation of extremely short tunable light pulses in the visible, NIR and UV. The research is performed within the framework of the SFB ADLIS in Vienna, the newly founded SFB 749 on 'dynamics and intermediates of molecular transformations', the International Max Planck Research School on Advanced Photon Science (IMPRS-APS) and most importantly the newly founded exclellence cluster 'Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics (MAP)'. In the latter he coordinates the research area ' Molecular dynamics and elementary chemical reactions'. He was deputy chair (2001-2004) and chair (2004-2007) of the Molecular Physics division of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG). Among a large number of meetings he was the responsible local organizer of the 68. Physikertagung der DPG (2004) and local chair for CLEO-Europe/EQEC (2033, 2005,2007). Robert Schoenlein:  He is Staff Scientist at LBNL. His research included the development of a 8 fs pulse novel laser system in the blue-green spectral region, the application to three-pulse photon echo studies of electronic dephasing and vibrational dynamics in semiconductor nanocrystals and ultrafast dynamics of the first step in vision. In 1994 he received the Adolph Lomb Medal from OSA. He initiated a new research direction in ultrafast x-ray science with the first time generation of 300 fs pulses in the hard x-ray regime (30 keV) via Thomson scattering between relativistic electrons from a LINAC and terawatt femtosecond laser pulses. In 2000, Schoenlein and co-workers demonstrated for the first time, the generation of femtosecond synchrotron pulses via laser manipulation of a stored electron beam. This approach serves as the basis for new femtosecond x-ray beamlines now under construction at the Advanced Light Source, BESSY, and the Swiss Light Source. Current research activities are in the application of ultrafast x-ray techniques to investigate atomic and electronic structural dynamics in condensed matter including photoinduced phase transitions in correlated electron systems, ferroelectrics, transition-metal complexes and molecular dynamics in solution.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Corkum, Paul

Riedle, Eberhard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Ultrafast Phenomena XVI;3
1.1;Preface;5
1.2;Contents;6
1.3;Part I_Attosecond and High-Order Harmonic Generation andMeasurement, Atomic and Molecular Physics;30
1.3.1;Sub-100-as soft x-ray pulses;31
1.3.1.1;Introduction;31
1.3.1.2;Experimental Methods;31
1.3.1.3;Results and Discussion;32
1.3.1.4;Conclusions;33
1.3.2;Generation of High-order Harmonics with aNear-IR Self-phase-stabilized ParametricSource;34
1.3.3;QuasiPhaseMatchedHighOrderHarmonicGeneration in the SoftXrayRegime;37
1.3.3.1;Introduction;37
1.3.3.2;Experimental Setup;38
1.3.3.3;Results and Discussion;38
1.3.3.4;Conclusions;39
1.3.4;Phase Matching and Quasi-Phase Matching ofExtreme High-Order Harmonic Generation;40
1.3.5;Comparison of Parallel and PerpendicularPolarized Counterpropagating Light for Quasi-Phase-Matching High Harmonic Generation;43
1.3.5.1;Experimental Methods;44
1.3.5.2;Results and Discussion;44
1.3.5.3;Conclusions;45
1.3.6;Enhanced Harmonic Generation in Gas Jets withExpanding Clusters;46
1.3.6.1;Introduction;46
1.3.6.2;Experiments;46
1.3.6.3;Conclusion and future directions;48
1.3.7;Observation of Elliptically Polarized HighHarmonic Emission from Molecules Driven byLinearly Polarized Light;49
1.3.8;Polarization-Resolved Pump-Probe Spectroscopywith High Order Harmonics;52
1.3.8.1;Introduction;52
1.3.8.2;Experimental Methods;52
1.3.8.3;Results and Discussion;53
1.3.8.4;Conclusions;54
1.3.9;Study of quantum-path interferences in thehigh harmonic generation process.;55
1.3.9.1;Introduction;55
1.3.9.2;Experimental Methods;55
1.3.9.3;Results and Discussion;56
1.3.9.4;Conclusions;56
1.3.10;Interference Patterns in the WavelengthDependence of High-Harmonic Generation;58
1.3.10.1;Introduction;58
1.3.10.2;Numerical Model;58
1.3.10.3;Results and Discussion;59
1.3.10.4;Conclusions;60
1.3.11;Generation of Polarization-Shaped UltravioletFemtosecond Pulses;61
1.3.12;All-Optical Quasi-PhaseMatching andQuantum Path Selection of High-OrderHarmonic Generation at 140 eV UsingCounterpropagating Light;64
1.3.12.1;Introduction;64
1.3.12.2;Experimental Methods;64
1.3.12.3;Results and Discussion;65
1.3.13;Ultrafast Molecular and Materials Dynamicsprobed by Coherent X-Rays;67
1.3.14;Plasma-Blue-Shift Spectral Shear Interferometryfor Characterization of Ultimately Short OpticalPulses;70
1.3.15;Spatially resolved Ar* and Ar+* imaging as adiagnostic for capillary based high harmonicgeneration;73
1.3.15.1;Introduction;73
1.3.15.2;Experimental;73
1.3.15.3;Results and Discussion;73
1.3.15.4;Conclusions;75
1.3.16;Internal Momentum State Mapping usingHigh Harmonic Radiation;76
1.3.16.1;1. Introduction;76
1.3.16.2;3. Results and Discussion;76
1.3.16.3;4. Conclusions;78
1.3.17;Attosecond control of electron localization in oneandtwo-color dissociative ionization of H2 and D2;79
1.3.17.1;Introduction;79
1.3.17.2;One-color experiment;79
1.3.17.3;Two-color experiment;80
1.3.18;Simultaneous Description of Electron and NuclearDynamics: A Quantum Approach for Multi-Electron Systems;82
1.3.18.1;Introduction;82
1.3.18.2;Results and Discussion;83
1.3.18.3;Conclusions;84
1.3.19;Attosecond Photoelectron Spectroscopy ofElectron Tunneling in Dissociating HydrogenMolecular Ion;85
1.3.20;Attosecond angular streaking: an ideal techniqueto measure an electron tunneling time?;88
1.3.20.1;Introduction;88
1.3.20.2;Experimental part;89
1.3.20.3;Conclusion and Outlook;90
1.3.21;Probing Dynamics in Polyatomic Molecules UsingHigh Harmonic Generation: the Role of IonizationContinua;91
1.3.21.1;Introduction;91
1.3.21.2;Experimental Methods;91
1.3.21.3;Results and Discussion;92
1.3.21.4;Conclusions;93
1.3.22;High harmonic generation from multiplemolecular orbitals of N2;94
1.3.22.1;Introduction;94
1.3.22.2;Experimental Methods;94
1.3.22.3;Results and Discussion;94
1.3.22.4;Conclusions;96
1.3.23;Ultrafast Multiphoton Crystallography;97
1.3.23.1;Introduction;97
1.3.23.2;Results and Discussion;97
1.3.23.3;Conclusions;99
1.3.24;Direct Measurement of Angle-Dependent SinglePhoton Ionization of N2 and CO2;100
1.3.24.1;Introduction;100
1.3.24.2;Results and Discussion;101
1.3.24.3;Conclusions;102
1.3.25;Field-free unidirectional molecular rotation;103
1.3.26;Attosecond coincidence spectroscopy ofdiatomic molecules;106
1.3.26.1;Introduction;106
1.3.26.2;Experimental Methods;106
1.3.26.3;Results and Discussion;107
1.3.26.4;Conclusions;108
1.3.27;Real-time Evolution of the Valence Orbitals in aDissociating Molecule as Revealed byFemtosecond Photoelectron Spectroscopy;109
1.3.27.1;Introduction;109
1.3.27.2;Experimental Methods;109
1.3.27.3;Results and Discussion;110
1.3.27.4;Conclusions;111
1.3.28;TransientWaveguiding in a RotationallyExcited Molecular Gas;112
1.3.28.1;Introduction;112
1.3.28.2;Experimental Methods;112
1.3.28.3;Results and Discussion;112
1.3.28.4;Conclusions;114
1.3.29;Molecular Recollision Interferometry in HighHarmonic Generation;115
1.3.30;Multi-Electron Dynamics in Molecular HighHarmonic Generation;118
1.3.30.1;Introduction;118
1.3.30.2;MCTDHF;118
1.3.30.3;System and Models;118
1.3.30.4;Results and Discussion;119
1.3.30.5;Conclusions;120
1.3.31;Probing the dynamics of plasma mirrors on theattosecond time scale;121
1.3.31.1;Introduction;121
1.3.31.2;Mutual coherence of harmonic sources generated on plasma mirrors;121
1.3.31.3;Probing the dynamics of the plasma electrons;122
1.3.32;Shaping Entangled Photon Pairs;124
1.3.32.1;Introduction;124
1.3.32.2;Experimental Methods;124
1.3.32.3;Results and Discussion;125
1.3.32.4;Conclusions;126
1.4;Part II_Ultrafast X-ray and Electron Science;127
1.4.1;Ultrafast Structural Dynamics of Polar SolidsStudied by Femtosecond X-Ray Diffraction;128
1.4.1.1;Introduction;128
1.4.1.2;Experimental Techniques;128
1.4.1.3;Lattice dynamics in ferroelectric nanolayers;129
1.4.1.4;Structural dynamics of polar dipole solvation;130
1.4.2;Atomic Motion in Laser Excited Bismuth Studiedwith Femtosecond X-Ray Diffraction;131
1.4.2.1;Introduction;131
1.4.2.2;Experimental Methods;131
1.4.2.3;Results and Discussion;132
1.4.2.4;Acknowledgements.;133
1.4.3;Femtosecond X-ray Diffraction Study of theUltrafast Coupling between Magnetization andStructure in the Ferromagnet SrRuO3;134
1.4.3.1;Introduction;134
1.4.3.2;Experiment;134
1.4.3.3;Results and Discussion;135
1.4.3.4;Conclusion;136
1.4.4;Electron-Phonon Energy Transfer in BismuthObserved by Ultrafast Electron Diffraction;137
1.4.4.1;Introduction;137
1.4.4.2;Experimental Methods;137
1.4.4.3;Ultrafast Heating of Bismuth;138
1.4.5;Atomic View of the Photoinduced Collapse ofGold and Bismuth;140
1.4.5.1;Introduction;140
1.4.5.2;Experimental Methods;140
1.4.5.3;Results and discussion;141
1.4.6;Four-dimensional Visualization of TransitionalStructures in Phase Transformations by ElectronDiffraction;143
1.4.6.1;Introduction;143
1.4.6.2;Ultrafast Electron Crystallography on VO2 Single Crystals;143
1.4.6.3;Visualization of Atomic Motion in Four Dimensions;144
1.4.6.4;Perspectives;145
1.4.7;Ultrashort soft x-ray pulses from a femtosecondslicing source for time-resolved laser pump- x-rayprobe experiments;146
1.4.7.1;Introduction;146
1.4.7.2;The “Femtoslicing” Source;146
1.4.7.3;The Laser Pump- X-Ray Probe Experimental Setup;147
1.4.7.4;Summary;148
1.4.8;Femtosecond X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of aPhotoinduced Spin-Crossover Process;149
1.4.8.1;Introduction;149
1.4.8.2;Light-driven spin crossover at room temperature in solution;149
1.4.8.3;Femtosecond X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy;150
1.4.8.4;Results;150
1.4.8.5;Conclusions;150
1.4.9;Probing Reaction Dynamics of Transition-MetalComplexes in Solution via Time-Resolved SoftX-ray Spectroscopy;152
1.4.9.1;Introduction;152
1.4.9.2;Experimental Methods;153
1.4.9.3;Results and Discussion;153
1.4.9.4;Conclusions;154
1.4.10;Sub-20-fs Optical Pump-X-ray ProbeSpectroscopy beyond the Si K Edge;155
1.4.10.1;Introduction;155
1.4.10.2;Experimental Methods;156
1.4.10.3;Results and Discussion;156
1.4.10.4;Conclusions;157
1.4.11;Capturing Transient Solute Structures in Solutionby Pulsed X-ray Diffraction;158
1.4.11.1;Introduction;158
1.4.11.2;Experimental Methods;158
1.4.11.3;Results and Discussion;159
1.4.11.4;Conclusions;160
1.4.12;Structural kinetics in protein-coated goldnanoparticles probed by time-resolved x-rayscattering;161
1.4.12.1;Introduction;161
1.4.12.2;Experimental Methods;161
1.4.12.3;Results and Discussion;162
1.4.12.4;Conclusions;163
1.4.13;X-ray induced transient optical reflectivityfor fs-X-ray/optical cross-correlationat Free-Electron Lasers;164
1.4.13.1;Introduction;164
1.4.13.2;Experimental Methods;164
1.4.13.3;Conclusions;166
1.4.14;Autocorrelation Experiments with Soft X-ray FELPulses;167
1.4.14.1;Introduction;167
1.4.14.2;Experimental;168
1.4.14.3;Results and Discussion;168
1.4.14.4;Conclusions;169
1.4.15;Ultrafast coherent X-ray diffractive imaging withthe FLASH Free-Electron Laser;170
1.4.15.1;Single pulse diffractive imaging;170
1.4.15.2;Diffractive imaging at FLASH;170
1.4.15.3;Time-resolved Imaging;171
1.4.16;Lensless Microscopy and Holography with 60 nmResolution using Tabletop Coherent Soft X-Rays;173
1.4.16.1;Introduction;173
1.4.16.2;Experimental Setup;173
1.4.16.3;Results and Discussion;174
1.4.17;Nanoscale Heat Transport Probed with UltrafastSoft X-Rays;176
1.4.18;Relativistic attosecond electron pulses from cascadedacceleration using ultra-intense radially polarized laserbeams;179
1.4.18.1;Introduction;179
1.4.18.2;Radially Polarized Laser Beams;179
1.4.18.3;Electron Acceleration With Radially Polarized Laser Beams;179
1.4.18.4;Cascaded Electron Acceleration with Radially Polarized Beams;180
1.4.18.5;Conclusions;181
1.4.19;Attosecond Free Electron Pulsesfor Diffraction and Microscopy;182
1.4.19.1;Introduction;182
1.4.19.2;Attosecond Free Electron Pulses from Synthesized Optical Gratings;182
1.4.19.3;Numerical Simulations and Discussion;183
1.4.19.4;Perspectives;184
1.4.20;Electronically Driven Structural Dynamics of SiResolved by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction;185
1.4.20.1;Introduction;185
1.4.20.2;Experimental methods;185
1.4.20.3;Excitation of the [001] acoustic phonon modes;185
1.4.20.4;Non-thermal collapse of the lattice;187
1.4.20.5;References;187
1.4.21;Picosecond electron deflectometry of optical-fieldionized plasmas;188
1.4.21.1;Introduction;188
1.4.21.2;Experimental Methods;188
1.4.21.3;Results and Discussion;188
1.4.21.4;Conclusions;190
1.5;Part III_Correlated Electron Systems, Magnetization and Spin Dynamics;191
1.5.1;Clocking the Collapse of a Mott Gap;192
1.5.2;Coherent OrbitalWaves in Manganites;195
1.5.3;Ultrafast terahertz response driven by photoinducedinsulator to metal transitionin layered organic salt;198
1.5.3.1;Introduction;198
1.5.3.2;Experimental Methods;199
1.5.3.3;Results and Discussion;199
1.5.3.4;Conclusions;200
1.5.4;Photo-induced macroscopic oscillationbetween insulator and metalin layered organic Mott insulator;201
1.5.4.1;Introduction;201
1.5.4.2;Experimental Methods;202
1.5.4.3;Results and Discussion;202
1.5.4.4;Conclusions;203
1.5.5;THz Slow Motion of an Ultrafast Insulator-MetalTransition in VO2: Coherent Structural Dynamicsand Electronic Correlations;204
1.5.5.1;Introduction;204
1.5.5.2;2D multi-THz study of the ultrafast insulator-metal transition;204
1.5.5.3;Qualitative model of the ultrafast phase transition;206
1.5.6;Nonthermal Melting of Orbital Order inLa1/2Sr3/2MnO4 by Coherent Excitation of a Mn-OStretching Mode;207
1.5.7;Ultrafast Gigantic Photo-Response in Charge-Ordered Organic Salt (EDO-TTF)2PF6 on 10-fstime scales;210
1.5.7.1;Introduction;210
1.5.7.2;Experimental Methods;211
1.5.7.3;Results and Discussion;211
1.5.7.4;Conclusions;212
1.5.8;Teasing a Quasiparticle: Ultrafast NonlinearResponse of the Fr¨ohlich Polaron in GaAs;213
1.5.8.1;Introduction;213
1.5.8.2;Experiment;213
1.5.8.3;Discussion;214
1.5.8.4;Conclusions;215
1.5.9;Time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy ofPhotoinduced Insulator-Metal Transition in aColossal Magnetoresistive Manganite;216
1.5.10;X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy on the fs TimeScale: Ultrafast Electron and Spin Dynamicsin Nickel;219
1.5.10.1;Introduction;219
1.5.10.2;Experimental Setup;219
1.5.10.3;Results;219
1.5.10.4;Discussion;221
1.5.11;Ultrafast Photoinduced Ferromagnetic Orderin a Magnetic Semiconductor Heterostructure;222
1.5.11.1;Introduction;222
1.5.11.2;Experimental Methods;222
1.5.11.3;Results and Discussion;223
1.5.11.4;Conclusions;224
1.5.12;Non-equilibrium spin-dynamics of Gd(0001)studied by time-resolved SHG and magnetic lineardichroism in 4f core-level photoemission;225
1.5.13;Ultrafast Spin Control by Charge-separatedStates in Colloidal ZnO Quantum Dots;228
1.5.13.1;Introduction;228
1.5.13.2;Experimental Methods;228
1.5.13.3;Results and Discussion;229
1.5.13.4;Conclusions;230
1.5.14;Ultrafast electronic and spin dynamics in thin ironfilms: electron-magnon and electron-phononinteractions;231
1.5.14.1;Introduction;231
1.5.14.2;Experimental Methods;231
1.5.14.3;Results and Discussion;232
1.5.14.4;Conclusions;233
1.5.15;Laser Induced Alignment of Water Spin Isomers;234
1.5.15.1;Introduction;234
1.5.15.2;Results and Discussion;235
1.5.15.3;Conclusions;236
1.5.16;Memory Effects in Photo-inducedFemtosecond Magnetization Rotation in aFerromagnetic Semiconductor;237
1.5.16.1;Introduction;237
1.5.16.2;Experimental Methods;238
1.5.16.3;Results and Discussion;238
1.5.16.4;Conclusions;239
1.6;Part IV_Physics - Condensed Phase and Low Dimensional Systems;240
1.6.1;Transient Dielectric Function of Fs-Laser ExcitedBismuth;241
1.6.1.1;Introduction;241
1.6.1.2;Experimental;241
1.6.1.3;Conclusions;243
1.6.2;Coherent A1g and Eg Phonons of Antimony;244
1.6.2.1;Introduction;244
1.6.2.2;Experimental Methods;244
1.6.2.3;Results and Discussion;244
1.6.2.4;Conclusions;246
1.6.3;Mode selective Excitation of Coherent Phononsin Bismuth by Femotosecond Pulse Pair;247
1.6.3.1;Introduction;247
1.6.3.2;Experimental Methods;247
1.6.3.3;Results and Discussion;248
1.6.3.4;Conclusions;249
1.6.4;Ultrafast Dynamics of Electron-Hole PlasmaCoupled to Optical Phonons in a ZnO Thin Film;250
1.6.5;Large-amplitude coherent phonons in semimetals;253
1.6.5.1;Introduction;253
1.6.5.2;Experimental Methods;253
1.6.5.3;Results and Discussion;254
1.6.5.4;Conclusions;255
1.6.6;Laser-Induced Undoing of a Peierls Distortion;256
1.6.6.1;Introduction;256
1.6.6.2;Structure of Arsenic;256
1.6.6.3;Method;257
1.6.6.4;Effect of Pressure;257
1.6.6.5;Laser-Induced Phase Transition;258
1.6.6.6;Conclusion;258
1.6.7;Ultrafast dynamics of coherent optical phononsin a-quartz;259
1.6.7.1;Introduction;259
1.6.7.2;Experiment;259
1.6.7.3;Results and Discussion;259
1.6.7.4;Conclusions;261
1.6.8;Influence of Lattice Heating Time on Strain WaveDynamics in InSb;262
1.6.8.1;Introduction;262
1.6.8.2;Experimental Methods;262
1.6.8.3;Results and Discussion;263
1.6.8.4;Conclusions;264
1.6.9;Soft X-Ray Thomson Scattering in Warm DenseMatter at FLASH;265
1.6.9.1;The Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH);265
1.6.9.2;Thomson Scattering in Warm Dense Matter;265
1.6.9.3;Experimental Setup;266
1.6.9.4;Results;267
1.6.10;Magnon-Enhanced Phonon Damping at Gd(0001)and Tb(0001) surfaces;268
1.6.10.1;Introduction;268
1.6.10.2;Experimental Methods and Data Analysis;268
1.6.10.3;Results and Discussion;269
1.6.10.4;Conclusions;270
1.6.11;Ultrafast Coherent Interactions in QuantumWells Studied by Two-Dimensional FourierTransform Spectroscopy;271
1.6.12;Two-quantum Two-dimensional FourierTransform Electronic Spectroscopy of Biexcitonsin GaAs Quantum Wells;274
1.6.12.1;Introduction;274
1.6.12.2;Experimental Methods;274
1.6.12.3;Results and Discussion;275
1.6.12.4;Conclusions;276
1.6.13;Three-Pulse Echo Peak Shift Spectroscopy ofDisordered Semiconductor Quantum Wells andDense Atomic Vapors;277
1.6.14;Coherently controlled ballistic charge currentsin unbiased bulk silicon and single-walledcarbon nanotubes;280
1.6.14.1;Introduction;280
1.6.14.2;Experimental Methods;280
1.6.14.3;Results and Discussion;280
1.6.14.4;Conclusions;282
1.6.15;Ultrafast dynamics of coherent phonons in thealigned single-walled carbon nanotubes;283
1.6.15.1;Introduction;283
1.6.15.2;Experimental Methods;284
1.6.15.3;Results and Discussion;284
1.6.15.4;Conclusions;285
1.6.16;Evidence for electron correlation in (6,5) carbonnanotubes from pump-probe spectroscopy withbroadband pulses;286
1.6.16.1;Introduction;286
1.6.16.2;Experimental Methods;286
1.6.16.3;Results and Discussion;287
1.6.16.4;Conclusions;288
1.6.17;Ultrafast Relaxation of Excited Dirac Fermions inEpitaxial Graphene;289
1.6.17.1;Introduction;289
1.6.17.2;Experimental Methods;290
1.6.17.3;Results and Discussion;291
1.6.17.4;Conclusions;291
1.6.18;Radiationless Transitions and AngularMomentum Transfer in SemiconductorNanocrystals;292
1.6.18.1;Introduction;292
1.6.18.2;Results and Discussion;293
1.6.19;Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in SemiconductorNanowires;295
1.6.19.1;Introduction;295
1.6.19.2;Experimental Methods;295
1.6.19.3;Results and Discussion;296
1.6.19.4;Conclusions;297
1.6.20;Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ingraphite;298
1.6.20.1;Introduction;298
1.6.20.2;Experiment;298
1.6.20.3;Results and Discussion;299
1.6.20.4;Conclusions;300
1.6.21;Exciton Dephasing in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes;301
1.6.21.1;Introduction;301
1.6.21.2;Experimental Methods;301
1.6.21.3;Results and Discussion;302
1.6.21.4;Conclusions;303
1.6.22;On the Absence of Carrier Multiplication in InAsCore/Shell/Shell Nanocrystals;304
1.6.22.1;Introduction;304
1.6.22.2;Experimental Methods;305
1.6.22.3;Results and Discussion;305
1.6.22.4;Conclusions;306
1.6.23;Temporal dynamics of polaritons in a stronglycoupledorganic-semiconductor microcavity;307
1.6.23.1;Introduction;307
1.6.23.2;Experimental Methods;307
1.6.23.3;Discussion and Conclusion;308
1.6.24;Three-Dimensional Electronic Four Wave-MixingSpectroscopy in GaAs Quantum Wells;310
1.6.24.1;Introduction;310
1.6.24.2;Experimental Methods;311
1.6.24.3;Results and Discussion;311
1.6.24.4;Conclusions;312
1.6.25;Ultrafast carrier dynamics in spherical CdSe core/elongated CdS shell nanocrystals;313
1.6.25.1;Introduction;313
1.6.25.2;Experimental Methods;313
1.6.25.3;Results and Discussion;314
1.6.25.4;Conclusions;315
1.6.26;Time-Resolved Optical Studies of InGaAs/GaAsQuantum Wells in High Magnetic Fields;316
1.6.26.1;Introduction;316
1.6.26.2;Experimental Methods;316
1.6.26.3;Results and Discussion;317
1.6.26.4;Conclusions;318
1.6.27;Femtosecond Formation of UltrastrongLight-Matter Interaction;319
1.6.27.1;Introduction: Cavity QED in the ultrastrong coupling regime;319
1.6.27.2;Multi-THz waveguide with semiconductor quantum wells;319
1.6.27.3;Non-adiabatic formation of intersubband cavity polaritons;320
1.6.28;Ultrafast Bleaching and Gainin a Single Semiconductor Quantum Dot;322
1.6.28.1;Introduction;322
1.6.28.2;Experimental Methods;322
1.6.28.3;Results and Discussion;323
1.6.28.4;Conclusions;324
1.6.29;Probing coherent optical phonons by ExtremeUltraviolet radiation based on high-orderharmonic generation;325
1.6.29.1;Introduction;325
1.6.29.2;Experimental Methods;326
1.6.29.3;Results and Discussion;326
1.6.29.4;Conclusions;327
1.7;Part V_Chemistry - Condensed Phase;328
1.7.1;Real-Time Monitoring of Structural Evolution inCis-Stilbene Photoisomerization b y Ult rafastTime-Domain Raman Spectroscopy;329
1.7.1.1;Introduction;329
1.7.1.2;Experimental;330
1.7.1.3;Results and Discussion;330
1.7.2;Origin of Negative and Dispersive Features inResonance Femtosecond Stimulated RamanSpectroscopy;332
1.7.2.1;Introduction;332
1.7.2.2;Results and Discussion;332
1.7.2.3;Conclusions;334
1.7.3;Reactive Dynamics in Nanoscale Water dropletsConfined in Inverse Micelles;335
1.7.3.1;Introduction;335
1.7.3.2;Experimental Methods;335
1.7.3.3;Results and Discussion;336
1.7.4;Symmetry Dependent Solvation of Donor-Substituted Triarylboranes;338
1.7.4.1;1. Contribution of internal charge mobility to solvation;338
1.7.4.2;2. Solvatochromic shifts in the femtosecond transient absorption spectra;339
1.7.5;Substitution- and Temperature-Effects onHemithioindigo Photoisomerization –The Relevance of Energy Barriers;341
1.7.5.1;Introduction;341
1.7.5.2;Experimental Methods;341
1.7.5.3;Results and Discussion;342
1.7.5.4;Conclusions;343
1.7.6;Vibrational Coherence Decay in Metal Carbonyls:Solvent Dependence of Coherence LifetimesStudied with MDIR;344
1.7.6.1;Introduction;344
1.7.6.2;Experiment;344
1.7.6.3;Results;345
1.7.7;Generation of Narrowband Ultrashort PulsesTunable in the mid-IR and the Application toVibrational Energy Transfer in a ModifiedAmino Acid;347
1.7.7.1;Introduction;347
1.7.7.2;Experimental Methods;347
1.7.7.3;Results and Discussion;348
1.7.8;Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics of J- and HAggregatesof Porphyrin Catechol in AqueousSolution;350
1.7.8.1;Introduction;350
1.7.8.2;Results and Discussion;350
1.7.8.3;Conclusion:;352
1.7.8.4;References:;352
1.7.9;Chirp Effect on Vibrational Wave Packets inLarge Molecules: a Multimode Perspective;353
1.7.9.1;Introduction;353
1.7.9.2;Theory;353
1.7.9.3;Experiment;354
1.7.9.4;Conclusions;355
1.7.9.5;References:;355
1.7.10;Determining Vibrational Huang-Rhys Factors by PhotonEcho Spectroscopy;356
1.7.10.1;Introduction;356
1.7.10.2;Conclusions;358
1.7.11;Observation of High-Frequency CoherentVibrational Motion with Strongly Chirped ProbePulses;359
1.7.12;Coherent Transfer of Molecular Vibrations in theElectronic Excited States;362
1.7.12.1;Introduction;362
1.7.12.2;Experimental Methods;363
1.7.12.3;Results and Discussion;363
1.7.12.4;Conclusions;364
1.7.13;Ultrafast Isomerization Dynamics of BiomimeticPhotoswitches;365
1.7.13.1;Introduction;365
1.7.13.2;Results and discussion;365
1.7.13.3;Conclusions;367
1.7.14;Broadband femtosecond fluorescenceup-conversion and photon echo experiments in theUV;368
1.7.14.1;Introduction;368
1.7.14.2;Results and discussion;368
1.7.14.3;Conclusions;370
1.7.15;Intramolecular Vibrational Energy RedistributionMeasured by Femtosecond Pump-ProbeExperiments in a Hollow Waveguide;371
1.7.16;Femtosecond Fluorescence Spectroscopy of N6,N6-Dimethyladenine: New Explanation of the “DualFluorescence” Dynamics from Decay and RiseTime Measurements at Threshold;374
1.7.16.1;Introduction;374
1.7.16.2;Experimental Method;375
1.7.16.3;Results;375
1.7.16.4;Discussion;376
1.7.17;Assignment of the Excited-State Infrared-Spectrain the Course of the Ring Opening Reaction of aPhotochromic Dihydroazulene;377
1.7.17.1;Introduction;377
1.7.17.2;Materials and Methods;378
1.7.17.3;Results and Discussion;378
1.7.17.4;Conclusions;379
1.7.18;Time-resolved coincidence imaging of ultrafastmolecular dynamics;380
1.7.18.1;Introduction;380
1.7.18.2;Experimental Methods;380
1.7.18.3;Results;381
1.7.18.4;Discussion;382
1.7.19;Ultrafast time and frequency domain vibrationaldynamics of the CaF2/H2O interface;383
1.7.19.1;1. Introduction:;383
1.7.19.2;2. Experimental:;384
1.7.19.3;3. Results and Discussion;384
1.7.19.4;4. Conclusion:;385
1.7.19.5;5. References:;385
1.7.20;Non-Condon vibronic coupling of coherentmolecular vibration in MEH-PPV induced by avisible few-cycle pulse laser;386
1.7.20.1;Introduction;386
1.7.20.2;Experimental Methods;386
1.7.20.3;Results and Discussion;386
1.7.20.4;Conclusions;388
1.7.21;Specific Channel of Energy Dissipation inCarotenoids: Coherent Spectroscopic Study;389
1.7.21.1;Introduction;389
1.7.21.2;Experiments;389
1.7.21.3;Results and Discussion;390
1.7.21.4;Conclusions;391
1.7.22;Coherent phonons in cyanine dye monomers andJ-aggregates;392
1.7.22.1;Introduction;392
1.7.22.2;Experimental Methods;392
1.7.22.3;Results and Discussion;393
1.7.22.4;Conclusions;394
1.7.23;Ultrafast Dynamics in Na-doped water Clusters;395
1.7.23.1;Introduction;395
1.7.23.2;Experimental Methods;395
1.7.23.3;Results and Discussion;396
1.7.23.4;Conclusions;397
1.7.24;Electronic Excitations in Pentacene Films:Singlet versus Triplet Dynamics;398
1.7.24.1;Introduction;398
1.7.24.2;Ultrafast Electronic Dynamics;398
1.7.24.3;Delayed Triplet Formation;399
1.7.24.4;Conclusions;400
1.7.25;Photoreaction from a light generatednon-equilibrium state;401
1.7.25.1;Introduction;401
1.7.25.2;Materials and Methods;402
1.7.25.3;Results and Discussion;403
1.7.25.4;Conclusion;403
1.7.26;Excited-State Nuclear Wavepacket Motion of anUltrafast Inorganic Molecular Switch;404
1.7.26.1;Introduction;404
1.7.26.2;Experimental Methods;405
1.7.26.3;Results and Discussion;405
1.7.26.4;Conclusions;406
1.7.27;Femtosecond Electronic Dynamics via a ConicalFunnel;407
1.7.27.1;Introduction;407
1.7.27.2;Experiment and Results;408
1.7.27.3;Modeling;409
1.7.27.4;Discussion and Conclusion;409
1.7.28;A new technique to measure time-resolvedcircular dichroism : ultrafast conformationaldynamics of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol;410
1.7.28.1;Introduction;410
1.7.28.2;Time-Resolved Circular Dichroism;410
1.7.28.3;Conformational dynamics in excited state Binaphthol;411
1.7.29;Picosecond Time-Resolved Vibrational CircularDichroism Spectroscopy;413
1.7.29.1;Introduction;413
1.7.29.2;Experimental Methods;413
1.7.29.3;Results and Discussion;414
1.7.29.4;Conclusions;415
1.8;Part VI_Chemistry - Advanced Spectroscopy, Molecular Control, HydrogenBonding, Liquids and Interfaces;416
1.8.1;Automated 2D infrared and electronicspectroscopies using pulse shaping;417
1.8.1.1;1. Introduction;417
1.8.1.2;2. Experimental Methods;418
1.8.1.3;3. Results and Discussion;418
1.8.1.4;4. Conclusions;419
1.8.1.5;References;419
1.8.2;Relaxation-Assisted Dual-Frequency Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy: MeasuringDistances and Bond Connectivity;420
1.8.2.1;Introduction;420
1.8.2.2;Results and Discussion;420
1.8.3;Triggered-exchange Two-dimensional InfraredSpectroscopy of Metal Carbonyl PhotodissociationDynamics;423
1.8.3.1;Introduction;423
1.8.3.2;Experimental Methods;423
1.8.3.3;Results and Discussion;424
1.8.3.4;Conclusions;425
1.8.4;Observation of Quantum Coherence in Light-Harvesting Complex II by Two-DimensionalElectronic Spectroscopy;426
1.8.4.1;Introduction;426
1.8.4.2;Experimental Methods;426
1.8.4.3;Results and Discussion;427
1.8.4.4;Conclusions;428
1.8.5;Vibrational Beating in Two-DimensionalElectronic Spectra;429
1.8.6;Double-Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy ofChromophore Aggregates;432
1.8.7;Chain Length Dependence of Two-DimensionalInfrared Spectral Pattern Characteristic to 310-Helix Peptides;435
1.8.7.1;Introduction;435
1.8.7.2;Experimental Methods and Simulations;435
1.8.7.3;Results and Discussion;436
1.8.8;Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy ofGlycine-L-Alanine-Methylamide.;438
1.8.8.1;Introduction;438
1.8.8.2;Experimental;438
1.8.8.3;Results and Discussion;439
1.8.9;How do vibrations change their composition uponelectronic excitation? – EXSY-T2D-IRmeasurements challenge DFT calculations.;441
1.8.9.1;Introduction;441
1.8.9.2;Results and Discussion;442
1.8.9.3;Conclusions;443
1.8.10;Propagation and beam geometry effects on 2DFourier transform spectra of multi-level systems;444
1.8.10.1;Introduction;444
1.8.10.2;Methods;444
1.8.10.3;Results and discussion;445
1.8.10.4;Conclusion;446
1.8.10.5;References;446
1.8.11;Difference 2D-IR spectroscopy on thechromophore in bacteriorhodopsin;447
1.8.11.1;Introduction;447
1.8.11.2;Results;447
1.8.11.3;Conclusion and outlook;449
1.8.12;Coherent Control of Retinal Isomerization inBacteriorhodopsin in the High Intensity Regime;450
1.8.12.1;Introduction;450
1.8.12.2;Experimental Methods;450
1.8.12.3;Results and Discussion;451
1.8.12.4;Conclusions;452
1.8.13;Quantum Control of the Photoinduced WolffRearrangement of Diazonaphthoquinone in theCondensed Phase Using Mid-InfraredSpectroscopy;453
1.8.14;Coherent control of matter waves passing througha conical intersection in ß-carotene;456
1.8.14.1;Introduction;456
1.8.14.2;Experimental Methods;457
1.8.14.3;Conclusions;458
1.8.15;Mode selective single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Ramanscattering;459
1.8.15.1;1. Introduction;459
1.8.15.2;2. Experimental setup;460
1.8.15.3;3. Results and Discussion;460
1.8.15.4;4. References;461
1.8.16;Early Time Vibrationally Hot Ground-StateDynamics in ß-Carotene Investigated with Pump-Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (Pump-DFWM);462
1.8.16.1;Introduction;462
1.8.16.2;Experimental Methods;462
1.8.16.3;Results and Discussion;463
1.8.16.4;Conclusions;464
1.8.17;Surface Femtochemistry: Investigation andOptimization of Bond-Forming ChemicalReactions;465
1.8.18;Coherent Control of the Exciton Dynamics in theFMO Protein;468
1.8.18.1;Introduction;468
1.8.18.2;Experimental Methods;468
1.8.18.3;Results and Discussion;469
1.8.18.4;Conclusions;470
1.8.19;Coherent Control of Population Transfer in anIonic Multilevel System using Phase- andAmplitude-Shaped Femtosecond Pulses;471
1.8.19.1;Introduction;471
1.8.19.2;Experiment and Simulation;472
1.8.19.3;Results and Discussion;472
1.8.20;Coherent control of the efficiency of anartificial light-harvesting complex;474
1.8.20.1;Introduction;474
1.8.20.2;Experimental Methods;474
1.8.20.3;Results and Discussion;475
1.8.20.4;Conclusions;476
1.8.21;Strong Field Coherent Control Using 2D Spatio-Temporal Mapping;477
1.8.21.1;Introduction;477
1.8.21.2;Experimental Methods;477
1.8.21.3;Results and Discussion;477
1.8.22;Control of Excited-State Population andVibrational Coherence with Shaped-Resonant andNear-Resonant Excitation;480
1.8.22.1;Introduction;480
1.8.22.2;Experimental Methods;480
1.8.22.3;Results and Discussion;481
1.8.22.4;Conclusions;482
1.8.23;Pump-push-probe transient spectroscopy ofisolated conjugated oligomers;483
1.8.23.1;Introduction;483
1.8.23.2;Experimental Methods;484
1.8.23.3;Results and Discussion;484
1.8.24;Vibrational Energy Relaxation in Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia Studied by FemtosecondMid-Infrared Spectroscopy;486
1.8.24.1;Introduction;486
1.8.24.2;Results and Discussion;487
1.8.25;Probing Intermolecular Couplings inSimulations of the Two-Dimensional InfraredPhoton Echo Spectrum of LiquidWater;489
1.8.25.1;Introduction;489
1.8.25.2;Theory;489
1.8.25.3;Results and Discussion;490
1.8.25.4;Conclusions;491
1.8.26;Heterogeneous Dynamics of Coupled Vibrations;492
1.8.26.1;Introduction;492
1.8.26.2;Experimental Methods;492
1.8.26.3;Results and Discussion;493
1.8.27;Immobilized water in hydrophobic hydration;495
1.8.27.1;Introduction;495
1.8.27.2;Experiment;495
1.8.27.3;Results and Discussion;495
1.8.27.4;Conclusions;497
1.8.28;Collective Breakdown of H-Bonding in Ice;498
1.8.28.1;Introduction;498
1.8.28.2;Results and Discussion;498
1.8.28.3;Conclusions;500
1.8.29;The Dynamics of Aqueous Hydroxide IonTransport Probed via Ultrafast Vibrational EchoExperiments;501
1.8.29.1;Introduction;501
1.8.29.2;Nonlinear Infrared Spectroscopy of HOD in NaOD Solution;502
1.8.30;Glasslike Behaviour in Aqueous ElectrolyteSolutions;504
1.8.31;Mid-IR-Induced Nuclear Wavepacket Motion of aHydrogen Bonding System: Effects of Mechanicaland Electrical Anharmonic Couplings;507
1.8.31.1;Introduction;507
1.8.31.2;Methods;507
1.8.31.3;Results and Discussion;508
1.8.32;Ultrafast Photodecomposition of DibenzoylPeroxide studied by Time-Resolved InfraredSpectroscopy;510
1.8.32.1;Introduction;510
1.8.32.2;Results and Discussion;511
1.8.33;Electron detachment of OH¯(aq);513
1.8.33.1;Introduction;513
1.8.33.2;Experimental Methods;513
1.8.33.3;Results and Discussion;514
1.8.33.4;Conclusions;515
1.8.34;Pathways of Vibrational Relaxation afterN-H Stretching Excitation in IntermolecularHydrogen Bonds;516
1.8.34.1;Introduction;516
1.8.34.2;Methods;516
1.8.34.3;Results and discussions;517
1.8.35;GHz Longitudinal and Transverse AcousticWaves andStructural Relaxation Dynamics in Liquid Glycerol;519
1.8.35.1;Introduction;519
1.8.35.2;Experimental Method and Results;519
1.8.35.3;Discussion;521
1.8.35.4;References;521
1.8.36;Frequency dependence of the molecularreorientation of liquid water;522
1.8.36.1;Introduction;522
1.8.36.2;Experiment;522
1.8.36.3;Results and Discussion;522
1.8.36.4;Discussion and Conclusion;524
1.8.37;Ultrafast Temperature Jumps in Liquid WaterStudied by Infrared-Pump and X-ray Absorption-Probe Spectroscopy;525
1.8.38;Influence of the Environment on ReactionDynamics: Excited State Intramolecular ProtonTransfer in the Gas Phase and in Solution;528
1.8.38.1;Unified probe process in the gas phase and in solution;528
1.8.38.2;Mechanism of the excited state intramolecular proton transfer: Transfertime and coherent wavepacket motion;529
1.8.38.3;Internal conversion through a conical intersection;530
1.8.39;Ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy of a molecularmonolayer;531
1.8.39.1;Introduction;531
1.8.39.2;Experimental Method;531
1.8.39.3;Results and Discussion;532
1.8.39.4;Conclusions;533
1.8.40;Frozen Dynamics and Insulation of Water at theLipid Interface;534
1.8.40.1;Introduction;534
1.8.40.2;Results and Discussion;534
1.8.40.3;Conclusions;536
1.8.41;Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of interfacial water;537
1.8.41.1;Introduction;537
1.8.41.2;Experimental Methods;537
1.8.41.3;Results and Discussion;538
1.8.41.4;Conclusions;539
1.8.42;Ultrafast Dynamics at Liquid InterfacesInvestigated with Femtosecond Time-ResolvedMultiplex Electronic Sum-Frequency Generation(TR-ESFG) Spectroscopy;540
1.8.42.1;Introduction;540
1.8.42.2;Experimental Methods;540
1.8.42.3;Results and Discussion;541
1.8.43;Femtosecond spectral phase shaping for CARSspectroscopy and imaging;543
1.8.43.1;Introduction;543
1.8.43.2;Setup;543
1.8.43.3;Spectroscopy;544
1.8.43.4;Conclusions;545
1.9;Part VII_Biological Systems, Molecular Light Harvesting andCharge-Transfer Complexes;546
1.9.1;Energy transfer along a poly(Pro) - peptide;547
1.9.1.1;Introduction;547
1.9.1.2;Materials and Methods;547
1.9.1.3;Results and Discussion;548
1.9.1.4;Conclusions;549
1.9.2;Energy transport in peptide helices around theglass transition;550
1.9.2.1;Introduction;550
1.9.2.2;Results and Discussion;550
1.9.2.3;Conclusions;552
1.9.3;Ultrafast Vibrational Dynamics of Adenine-Thymine Base Pairs in Hydrated DNA;553
1.9.3.1;Introduction;553
1.9.3.2;Experimental Methods;553
1.9.3.3;Results and Discussion;555
1.9.4;Ultrafast Vibrational Dynamics in the AppA BlueLight Sensing Protein;556
1.9.4.1;Introduction;556
1.9.4.2;Experimental Methods;557
1.9.4.3;Results and Discussion;557
1.9.5;Direct observation of ligand transfer and bond formationin cytochrome c oxidaseusing mid-infrared chirped-pulse upconversion;559
1.9.5.1;Introduction;559
1.9.5.2;Experimental approach: mid-infrared chirped-pulse upconversion;559
1.9.5.3;Results and Discussion;560
1.9.6;Tryptophan Residues as Natural UltrafastVoltmeters in Retinal Proteins;562
1.9.7;Interrogating Fiber Formation Kinetics withAutomated 2D-IR Spectroscopy;565
1.9.7.1;1. Introduction;565
1.9.7.2;2. Experimental Methods;565
1.9.7.3;3. Results and Discussion;566
1.9.7.4;4. Conclusions;567
1.9.7.5;References;567
1.9.8;Coherent Control of Chirality-Induced 2DElectronic Spectroscopy Signals;568
1.9.9;Two-Photon Two-Color Generation ofZeaxanthin Radical Cation in CP29 LightHarvesting Complex;571
1.9.9.1;Introduction;571
1.9.9.2;Experimental Methods;572
1.9.9.3;Results and Discussion;572
1.9.9.4;Conclusions;573
1.9.10;Rebinding of Proximal Histidine in theCytochrome c' from Alcaligenes xylosoxidansActs as a Molecular Trap for Nitric Oxide;574
1.9.10.1;Introduction;574
1.9.10.2;Experimental Methods;574
1.9.10.3;Results and Discussion;575
1.9.10.4;Conclusions;576
1.9.11;Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of theLow-Light Adapted Light Harvesting Complex 4;577
1.9.11.1;Introduction;577
1.9.11.2;Experimental Methods;577
1.9.11.3;Results and Discussion;578
1.9.11.4;Conclusions;579
1.9.12;Three-Pulse Photon Echo Spectroscopy as a Probeof Flexibility and Conformational Heterogeneityin Protein Folding;580
1.9.12.1;Introduction;580
1.9.12.2;Methods;581
1.9.12.3;Results and Discussion;581
1.9.13;Ultrafast Rebinding of CO to CarboxymethylCytochrome c Probed by FemtosecondVibrational Spectroscopy;583
1.9.13.1;Introduction;583
1.9.13.2;Experimental Methods;583
1.9.13.3;Results and Discussion;584
1.9.14;Real-time observation of the bond lengthmodulation of carbon double bond during thephotoisomerization of bacteriorhodopsin;586
1.9.14.1;Introduction;586
1.9.14.2;Results and Discussion;587
1.9.15;Electron Transfer in Photosynthetic ReactionCenters: Optimization in Model and Nature;589
1.9.15.1;Introduction;589
1.9.15.2;Setup of Rate Equations for the Genetic Algorithm;589
1.9.15.3;Results and Discussion;590
1.9.15.4;Conclusions;591
1.9.16;Coherently Controlled Release of Drugs inOphthalmology;592
1.9.16.1;Introduction;592
1.9.16.2;Experimental Methods;592
1.9.16.3;Results and Discussion;593
1.9.16.4;Conclusions;594
1.9.17;Light Harvesting, Energy Transfer andPhotoprotection in the Fucoxanthin-ChlorophyllProteins of Cyclotella meneghiniana;595
1.9.17.1;Introduction;595
1.9.17.2;Experimental Methods;595
1.9.17.3;Results and Discussion;596
1.9.17.4;Conclusions;597
1.9.18;Primary Reaction Dynamics of Green AbsorbingProteorhodopsin WT and D97N Mutant Observedby fs Infrared and Visible Spectroscopy;598
1.9.18.1;Introduction;598
1.9.18.2;Experimental Methods;598
1.9.18.3;Results and Discussion;599
1.9.18.4;Conclusion;600
1.9.19;Photodynamics of a Collagen Model Peptide;601
1.9.19.1;Introduction;601
1.9.19.2;Experimental Methods;601
1.9.19.3;Results and Discussion;602
1.9.19.4;Conclusion;603
1.9.20;Ultrafast Charge Migration FollowingIonization in Oligopeptides;604
1.9.20.1;Introduction;604
1.9.20.2;Methodology;604
1.9.20.3;Results and Discussion;605
1.9.21;Probing Photodynamics of Retinal ProtonatedSchiff-Base with 7 fs Impulsive VibrationalSpectroscopy;607
1.9.21.1;Introduction;607
1.9.21.2;Experimental;607
1.9.21.3;Results;608
1.9.21.4;Discussion and Conclusion;609
1.9.22;The 2DIR Spectroscopy on C-D Modes of Leucined10Side Chain;610
1.9.22.1;Introduction;610
1.9.22.2;Results and Discussion;610
1.9.23;A Time-resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy Studyon Adenine/Thymine Based Nucleic Acid Systems;613
1.9.23.1;Introduction;613
1.9.23.2;Results and Discussion;613
1.9.24;Mapping Parallel Pathways of Energy Flow inLHCII with Broadband 2D ElectronicSpectroscopy;616
1.9.24.1;Introduction;616
1.9.24.2;Experimental Methods;616
1.9.24.3;Results and Discussion;617
1.9.25;Dissecting Exciton Dynamics Pathways inElectronic Multidimensional Spectroscopy byPulse Polarizations;619
1.9.25.1;Introduction;619
1.9.25.2;Signatures of density matrix coherences;620
1.9.25.3;Results and Discussion;620
1.9.26;Photoselection Polarization Experiments RevealUltrafast Electron Hopping Between DistinctAromatic Residues in the Flavoprotein DNAPhotolyase;622
1.9.26.1;Introduction;622
1.9.26.2;Experimental Methods;623
1.9.26.3;Results and Discussion;623
1.9.26.4;Conclusions;624
1.9.27;Quantum Coherence Accelerating PhotosyntheticEnergy Transfer;625
1.9.27.1;Introduction;625
1.9.27.2;Experimental Methods;625
1.9.27.3;Results and discussion;626
1.9.27.4;Conclusions;627
1.9.27.5;References;627
1.9.28;Ultrafast dynamics of light-harvesting function ofß-carotene in carbon nanotube;628
1.9.28.1;Introduction;628
1.9.28.2;Experimental Methods;628
1.9.28.3;Results and Discussion;629
1.9.28.4;Conclusions;630
1.9.29;Direct Femtosecond Observation of Tight andLoose Ion Pairs upon Photoinduced BimolecularElectron Transfer;631
1.9.30;Ultrafast Dynamics of Dansylated POPAMDendrimers and Energy Transfer in their DyeComplexes;634
1.9.30.1;Introduction;634
1.9.30.2;Experimental;635
1.9.30.3;Results and Discussion;635
1.9.30.4;Conclusions;636
1.9.31;Electron Transfer in a Donor/Acceptor SystemCoupled to the Surface of Metal Oxide NanoporousFilms: Direct vs. Surface ConfinedElectron Transfer;637
1.9.31.1;Introduction;637
1.9.31.2;Experimental Methods;638
1.9.31.3;Results and Discussion;638
1.9.31.4;Conclusions;639
1.9.32;Aqueous Proton Transfer Pathways inBimolecular Acid-Base Neutralization;640
1.9.33;The solvated electron dynamics in aqueousbromide studied by three-pulse-spectroscopy;643
1.9.33.1;Introduction;643
1.9.33.2;Experimental Methods;643
1.9.33.3;Results and Discussion;643
1.9.33.4;References;645
1.9.34;Naphthalene Bisimides: on the Way to UltrafastOpto-electronic Devices;646
1.9.34.1;Naphthalene bisimides as candidates for opto-electronics;646
1.9.34.2;Ultrafast processes in the naphthalene bisimides;647
1.9.35;Ultrafast Charge Photogeneration in MEH-PPVCharge-Transfer Complexes;649
1.9.35.1;Introduction;649
1.9.35.2;Results and Discussion;649
1.9.35.3;Conclusions;651
1.9.36;Photomodulation of Interfacial Electron Transferby Optical Switches;652
1.9.36.1;Introduction;652
1.9.36.2;Experimental Methods;653
1.9.36.3;Results and Discussion;653
1.9.36.4;Conclusions;654
1.9.37;Two-color two-dimensional Fourier transformspectroscopy of energy transfer;655
1.9.37.1;Introduction;655
1.9.37.2;Experimental Setup.;656
1.9.38;Electron Injection Dynamics of PeryleneDerivatives into ZnO and TiO2 Particle Films;658
1.9.38.1;Introduction;658
1.9.38.2;Results and Discussion;659
1.9.38.3;Conclusions;660
1.10;Part VIII_THz Science and Technology, Nano-Optics and Plasmonics;661
1.10.1;Dynamic Metamaterials at Terahertz Frequencies;662
1.10.1.1;Introduction;662
1.10.1.2;Results and Discussion;663
1.10.2;Effect of Spin-Polarized Electrons on THzEmission from Photoexcited GaAs(111);665
1.10.2.1;Background and Introduction;665
1.10.2.2;Experimental Methods;666
1.10.2.3;Results and Discussion;666
1.10.3;Nonlinear Lattice Response Observed ThroughTerahertz SPM;668
1.10.3.1;Introduction;668
1.10.3.2;Experimental Methods;668
1.10.3.3;Results and Discussion;669
1.10.3.4;Conclusions;670
1.10.4;Ultrafast Electron Cascades Driven by IntenseFemtosecond THz Pulses;671
1.10.4.1;Introduction;671
1.10.4.2;Experimental Methods;671
1.10.4.3;Results and Discussion;671
1.10.4.4;Conclusions;673
1.10.5;Rabi Oscillations in a Shallow Donor SystemDriven by Intense THz Radiation;674
1.10.5.1;Introduction;674
1.10.5.2;Experiment;674
1.10.5.3;Results and Discussion;675
1.10.5.4;Conclusion;676
1.10.6;Nonlinear optical effects in germanium in the THzrange: THz-pump - THz-probe measurement ofcarrier dynamics;677
1.10.6.1;Introduction;677
1.10.6.2;Experimental Methods;677
1.10.6.3;Results and Discussion;678
1.10.6.4;Conclusions;679
1.10.7;Terahertz Nonlinear Response and CoherentPopulation Control of Dark Excitons in Cu2O;680
1.10.7.1;Introduction;680
1.10.7.2;Formation and cooling dynamics of 1s para excitons in Cu2O;680
1.10.7.3;Terahertz nonlinear control of the internal quantum state of excitons;681
1.10.8;Impact Ionization in InSb studied by THz-Pump-THz-probe spectroscopy;683
1.10.8.1;Introduction;683
1.10.8.2;Experimental Methods;683
1.10.8.3;Results and Discussion;684
1.10.8.4;Conclusions;685
1.10.9;Single Shot Linear Detection of THzElectromagnetic Fields on the Fs to Ps Scale;686
1.10.9.1;Electro-Optic Sampling for THz Spectroscopy and e- Bunch Monitoring;686
1.10.9.2;EO Sampling by Supercontinuum Encoding with Balanced Detection;687
1.10.9.3;Kerr Effect with an Optical Pulse as Fs Reference;687
1.10.9.4;Monitoring of Electron Bunches on the Ps Scale;688
1.10.9.5;Conclusion;688
1.10.10;Intense THz Pulses and 11-fs Electro-opticSampling with a Multi-BranchEr:fiber/Ti:sapphire Hybrid Amplifier;689
1.10.10.1;Introduction;689
1.10.10.2;Multi-branch Er:fiber – Ti:sapphire hybrid laser;689
1.10.11;Frequency selective surface sensor for terahertzbio-sensing applications;692
1.10.11.1;Introduction;692
1.10.11.2;Surface sensor design and fabrication;692
1.10.11.3;Experimental set-up;693
1.10.11.4;Results and discussion;693
1.10.11.5;Conclusion;694
1.10.12;Single cycle THz pulses in 1D and 2D photoniccrystal structures;695
1.10.12.1;Introduction;695
1.10.12.2;Experiment and Simulation;695
1.10.12.3;Results and Discussion;696
1.10.12.4;Conclusions;697
1.10.13;Terahertz wave from coherent LO phonon in aGaAs/AlAs multiple quantum well under anelectric field;698
1.10.13.1;Introduction;698
1.10.13.2;Experimental Methods;698
1.10.13.3;Results and Discussion;699
1.10.13.4;Conclusions;700
1.10.14;Improved Fast Scanning TeraHz Pulse System;701
1.10.14.1;Introduction;701
1.10.14.2;Experimental Method and Results;701
1.10.15;Ultrafast photoemission electron microscopy:imaging light with electrons on femto-nano scale;704
1.10.15.1;Introduction;704
1.10.15.2;Experimental method;704
1.10.15.3;Results;704
1.10.15.4;Summary;706
1.10.16;Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in QuantumWellStates of Pb/Si(111) Investigated byTwo-Photon Photoemission;707
1.10.17;Direct Visualization of Electron Emissionduring Femtosecond Laser Ablation;710
1.10.18;Attosecond Nanoplasmonic Field Microscope;713
1.10.18.1;1. Introduction;713
1.10.18.2;2. Calculations and Results;714
1.10.18.3;3. Conclusions;715
1.10.18.4;References;715
1.10.19;Coherent Control of Surface Plasmon PropagationDirections;716
1.10.19.1;Introduction;716
1.10.19.2;Experimental Methods;716
1.10.19.3;Results and Discussion;717
1.10.19.4;References;718
1.10.20;Ultrafast Laser-Induced Electron Emission fromField Emission Tips;719
1.10.20.1;Introduction;719
1.10.20.2;Experimental Methods;719
1.10.20.3;Emission Mechanisms;720
1.10.20.4;High Current Field Emitters;720
1.10.20.5;Conclusion;721
1.10.21;Simultaneous Spatial and Temporal Control ofNanooptical Fields;722
1.10.21.1;Introduction;722
1.10.21.2;Experiment;722
1.10.21.3;Results and Discussion;723
1.10.21.4;Summary;724
1.10.22;Nano-Confined Light and Electron SourcesDriven by Few-Cycle Optical Pulses;725
1.10.22.1;Introduction;725
1.10.22.2;Experimental Methods;725
1.10.22.3;Results and Discussion;726
1.10.23;Nonlinear Optical Responseof Metal Nanoantennas;728
1.10.23.1;Introduction;728
1.10.23.2;Experimental Methods;729
1.10.23.3;Results and Discussion;729
1.10.23.4;Outlook;730
1.10.24;Near-Field Imaging of Single-Cycle THz PulsesTransmitted Through Sub-WavelengthMetallic Slit Structures;731
1.10.24.1;Introduction;731
1.10.24.2;Experiment and Simulation;731
1.10.24.3;Results;732
1.10.24.4;Conclusion and Outlook;733
1.10.25;Nanoscale Optical Microscopy in the VectorialFocusing Regime;734
1.10.25.1;Introduction;734
1.10.25.2;Experiment;735
1.10.25.3;Results and Discussion;735
1.10.25.4;Conclusions;736
1.10.26;Ultrafast Wide-Field Fluorescence Microscopy;737
1.10.26.1;Introduction;737
1.10.26.2;Experimental Method;737
1.10.26.3;Results and Discussion;738
1.10.26.4;Conclusions;739
1.10.27;Measurement of Dispersion Properties of SilverNanowires Used as Plasmon Waveguides;740
1.10.27.1;Introduction;740
1.10.27.2;Experimental Methods;740
1.10.27.3;Results and Discussion;741
1.10.27.4;Conclusions and Future Work;742
1.11;Part IX_Novel Pulsed Sources: oscillators, amplifiers, nonlinear mixing;743
1.11.1;Pulse energies exceeding 20 mJ directly from afemtosecond Yb:YAG oscillator;744
1.11.1.1;Introduction;744
1.11.1.2;Experiment;744
1.11.1.3;Results and Conclusion;745
1.11.2;Fundamentally Mode-locked 3 GHz FemtosecondErbium Fiber Laser;747
1.11.2.1;Introduction;747
1.11.2.2;Design Considerations;748
1.11.2.3;Experimental Setup;748
1.11.2.4;Conclusions;749
1.11.3;Ultrabroadband Er:fiber Systemsand Applications;750
1.11.3.1;Introduction;750
1.11.3.2;Systems Performance and Applications;750
1.11.3.3;Conclusions;752
1.11.4;Compact high Power Ytterbium based fs-Oscillator-Amplifier System;753
1.11.4.1;Introduction;753
1.11.4.2;Setup;753
1.11.4.3;Results;754
1.11.5;Fiber laser pumped high average power singlecycleTHz pulse source;756
1.11.5.1;Introduction;756
1.11.5.2;Experimental Methods;756
1.11.5.3;Results and Discussion;757
1.11.5.4;Conclusions;758
1.11.6;Millijoule Pulse Energy High Repetition RateFemtosecond Fiber CPA System: Results,Micromachining Application and Scaling Potential;759
1.11.6.1;Introduction;759
1.11.6.2;Experimental Setup and Results;759
1.11.6.3;Conclusions;761
1.11.7;Femtosecond thin disk lasers with >10 µJ pulseenergy for high field physics at multi-megahertzrepetition rates;762
1.11.7.1;Introduction and motivation;762
1.11.7.2;Femtosecond thin disk laser;762
1.11.7.3;Photoelectron imaging spectroscopy (PEIS);763
1.11.7.4;Summary and conclusions;764
1.11.8;Ultra-high intensity-High Contrast 300-TW laserat 0.1 Hz repetition rate.;765
1.11.8.1;1. Introduction;765
1.11.8.2;2. Laser design;765
1.11.8.3;3. Experimental results;766
1.11.8.4;4. Conclusion;767
1.11.9;Highly Efficient, Low-Cost Diode-PumpedFemtosecond Cr3+:LiCAF Lasers;768
1.11.9.1;Introduction;768
1.11.9.2;Experimental Setup;769
1.11.9.3;Results and Discussion;769
1.11.9.4;Conclusions;770
1.11.10;Environmentally stable 200-fs Yb-doped fiberlaser with dispersion compensation by photoniccrystal fiber;771
1.11.10.1;1. Introduction;771
1.11.10.2;2. Photonic crystal fiber;771
1.11.10.3;3. Environmentally stable mode-locked laser;772
1.11.10.4;4. Conclusions;773
1.11.11;Noncollinear Optical Parametric AmplificationPumped by the Third Harmonics ofa Ti:sapphire Laser;774
1.11.11.1;Introduction;774
1.11.11.2;Experiments;774
1.11.11.3;Results and Discussion;775
1.11.11.4;Conclusion;776
1.11.12;Sub-10 fs Pulse Generation in Vacuum UltravioletUsing Chirped Four Wave Mixing in HollowFibers;777
1.11.12.1;Introduction;777
1.11.12.2;Results and Discussion;778
1.11.12.3;Conclusions;779
1.11.13;Generation of High Energy Pulses from a FiberbasedFemtosecond Oscillator;780
1.11.13.1;Introduction;780
1.11.13.2;Experimental Methods;780
1.11.13.3;Results and Discussion;781
1.11.13.4;Conclusions;782
1.11.14;Femtosecond passively mode-locked fiber lasersusing saturable Bragg reflectors;783
1.11.14.1;Introduction;783
1.11.14.2;Experimental Results;783
1.11.14.3;Linear soliton laser;783
1.11.14.4;Stretched-pulse laser;784
1.11.14.5;Discussion and conclusion;785
1.11.15;Noncollinear optical parametric amplification ofcw light, continua and vacuum fluctuations;786
1.11.15.1;Influence of the seed light on the output of parametric amplifiers;786
1.11.15.2;Amplification of cw light in femtosecond and picosecond pumped NOPAs;786
1.11.15.3;Comparison of cw-, continuum- and OPG-seeded NOPAs in the fs-regime;787
1.11.16;Modeling of Octave-Spanning Sub-Two-CycleTitanium:Sapphire Lasers: Simulation andExperiment;789
1.11.16.1;Introduction;789
1.11.16.2;Laser Model;789
1.11.16.3;Experimental Setup;790
1.11.16.4;Pulse Dynamics in the Laser;790
1.11.16.5;Conclusions;791
1.11.17;Ultra-Broadband Infrared Pulses from aPotassium-Titanyl Phosphate Optical ParametricAmplifier for VIS-IR-SFG Spectroscopy;792
1.11.18;Chirped-pulse Raman amplification fortwo-color high-intensity laser experiments;795
1.11.18.1;Introduction;795
1.11.18.2;Results and Discussion;796
1.11.19;Generation of Broadband mid-infrared Pulsesfrom an Optical Parametric Amplifier;798
1.11.19.1;References;800
1.11.20;Optimized 2-micron Optical Parametric ChirpedPulse Amplifier for High Harmonic Generation;801
1.11.21;Generation of sub-20-fs, two-colordeep-ultraviolet pulses by four-wave mixingthrough filamentation in gases;804
1.11.22;Efficient ultrafast four-wave opticalparametric amplification in condensed bulkmedia;807
1.11.22.1;Introduction;807
1.11.22.2;Experimental Methodology;807
1.11.22.3;Results and Discussion;808
1.11.22.4;Conclusions;809
1.11.23;Cascaded four-wave mixing technique for highpowerfew-cycle pulse generation;810
1.11.23.1;Introduction;810
1.11.23.2;Experimental setup and results;811
1.11.23.3;Conclusions;812
1.11.24;2 MHz repetition rate - 15 fs fiber amplifierpumped optical parametric amplifier;813
1.11.24.1;Introduction;813
1.11.24.2;Experiment and Results;813
1.11.24.3;Scaling Considerations;815
1.11.24.4;Conclusions;815
1.11.25;Octave-wide tunable NOPA pulses at up to 2 MHzrepetition rate;816
1.11.25.1;Complete spectral coverage for ultrafast spectroscopy;816
1.11.25.2;Octave-wide tunability with femtosecond UV pumping;817
1.11.25.3;Investigation of phase dependencies in optical parametric amplification;817
1.11.26;Asymptotic pulse shapes and pulseself-compression in femtosecond filaments;819
1.11.27;Efficient and Highly Coherent Extreme-Ultraviolet High-Harmonic Source;822
1.11.27.1;Introduction;822
1.11.27.2;Experimental Methods;822
1.11.27.3;Results and Discussion;823
1.11.27.4;Conclusions;824
1.11.27.5;References;824
1.11.28;Single-stage Pulse Compression and High-EnergySupercontinuum generation from a Chirped-pulseoscillator;825
1.11.28.1;Introduction;825
1.11.28.2;Experimental setup;826
1.11.28.3;Results and Discussion;826
1.11.29;An All-Optical Synchrotron Light Source;828
1.11.29.1;Introduction and Motivation;828
1.11.29.2;Results and Prospects;829
1.11.30;Compression of an Ultraviolet Pulse by MolecularPhase Modulation and Self-Phase Modulation;831
1.11.30.1;Introduction;831
1.11.30.2;Experimental Methods;831
1.11.30.3;Results and Discussion;832
1.11.30.4;Conclusions;833
1.11.31;Temporal Optimization of UltrabroadbandOptical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification;834
1.11.32;Third Harmonic X-waves Generation byFilamentation of Infrared Femtosecond LaserPulses in Air;837
1.11.32.1;Introduction;837
1.11.32.2;Experimental Methods;837
1.11.32.3;Results and Discussion;838
1.11.32.4;Conclusions;839
1.11.33;Generation and control of coherent conical pulsesin seeded optical parametric amplification;840
1.11.33.1;Introduction;840
1.11.33.2;Experimental Methods;841
1.11.33.3;Results and Discussion;841
1.11.33.4;Conclusions;842
1.11.34;Generation of Ultrashort O ptical Pu lses Us ingMultiple Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman ScatteringSignals in a Crystal and Observation of theRaman Phase;843
1.11.34.1;Introduction;843
1.11.34.2;Experimental Setup and Results;843
1.11.34.3;Discussion;844
1.11.34.4;Conclusions;845
1.11.34.5;References;845
1.11.35;Generation of High-power Visible and UV/VUVSupercontinua and Self-compressed Single-cyclePulses in Metal-dielectric HollowWaveguides;846
1.12;Part X_Frequency Combs andWaveform Synthesis;849
1.12.1;CEO-Phase Stabilized Few-Cycle FieldSynthesizer;850
1.12.1.1;Introduction;850
1.12.1.2;Field Synthesizer;850
1.12.1.3;Results and Discussion;851
1.12.1.4;Conclusions;852
1.12.2;High-power, mHz linewidth Yb:fiber opticalfrequency comb for high harmonic generation;853
1.12.2.1;Introduction;853
1.12.2.2;Experimental Methods and Results;854
1.12.2.3;Conclusions;855
1.12.3;High Harmonic Frequency Combs for HighResolution Spectroscopy;856
1.12.3.1;Introduction;856
1.12.3.2;Experimental Methods;856
1.12.3.3;Results and Discussion;857
1.12.3.4;Conclusions;858
1.12.4;Ultrafast double pulse parametric amplificationfor precision Ramsey metrology;859
1.12.4.1;Introduction;859
1.12.4.2;Phase-stable double pulse NOPCPA;860
1.12.4.3;Results;861
1.12.5;Towards Versatile Coherent Pulse Synthesis usinga Femtosecond Laser and Synchronously PumpedOptical Parametric Oscillator;862
1.12.5.1;Introduction;862
1.12.5.2;Experiment;862
1.12.5.3;Results;863
1.12.5.4;Conclusions;864
1.12.6;Frequency comb spectroscopy on calcium ionsin a linear Paul trap;865
1.12.6.1;Introduction;865
1.12.6.2;Experimental methods;865
1.12.6.3;Trapping and laser cooling of calcium ions.;865
1.12.6.4;Spectroscopy on calcium ions;866
1.12.6.5;Results and Discussion;867
1.12.6.6;Conclusions;867
1.12.7;Generation of octave-spanning Raman combstabilized to an optical frequency standard;868
1.12.7.1;Introduction;868
1.12.7.2;Experimental Methods;868
1.12.7.3;Results and Discussion;869
1.12.8;Tunable, octave-spannning supercontinuumdriven by X-Waves formation in condensedKerr media.;871
1.12.9;Toward Ultrafast Optical Waveform Synthesiswith a Stabilized Ti:Sapphire Frequency Comb;874
1.12.9.1;Introduction;874
1.12.9.2;Setup;874
1.12.9.3;Results;876
1.12.9.4;Conclusion;876
1.12.9.5;References;876
1.12.10;Multimillijoule Optically Synchronized andCarrier-Envelope-Phase-Stable ChirpedParametric Amplification at 1.5 µm;877
1.12.11;5-fs multi-mJ CEP-locked parametric chirpedpulseamplifier at 1 kHz;880
1.12.11.1;Introduction;880
1.12.11.2;Gain spectra with several pump wavelengths;880
1.12.11.3;Experiment;881
1.12.11.4;Conclusions;882
1.12.12;Sub-two-cycle pulses at 1.6 µm from an opticalparametric amplifier;883
1.12.12.1;References;885
1.12.13;Carrier envelope offset control of broadRaman sidebands by locking two pump laserfrequencies to a single optical cavity;886
1.12.13.1;Introduction;886
1.12.13.2;Experimental Methods;887
1.12.13.3;Results and Discussion;887
1.12.14;Cancellation of the coherent accumulation inrubidium atoms excited by a train offemtosecond pulses;889
1.12.14.1;Introduction;889
1.12.14.2;Experimental Methods;890
1.12.14.3;Results and Discussion;890
1.12.14.4;Conclusions;891
1.13;Part XI_Optics, Optoelectronics, Measurement, Diagnostics andInstrumentation;892
1.13.1;Sub-10-fs XUV Tunable Pulses at the Output of aTime-Delay-Compensated Monochromator;893
1.13.1.1;Introduction;893
1.13.1.2;Experimental Results;893
1.13.1.3;Conclusions;895
1.13.2;First Step Towards a Femtosecond VUVMicroscope: Zone Plate Optics asMonochromator for High-Order Harmonics.;896
1.13.2.1;Introduction;896
1.13.2.2;Experimental Set-up;896
1.13.2.3;Results;897
1.13.2.4;Conclusions;898
1.13.3;Measurement of Electron Pulse Duration byAttosecond Streaking;899
1.13.3.1;Introduction;899
1.13.3.2;Proposed Experiment;899
1.13.3.3;Numerical Results;900
1.13.3.4;Conclusion;901
1.13.4;Nanoscale Spatial Effects of Pulse Shaping;902
1.13.4.1;Introduction;902
1.13.4.2;Spatio-temporal coupling;902
1.13.4.3;Spatial shaping effects in a focus;903
1.13.4.4;Conclusions;904
1.13.5;Designer Femtosecond Pulse Shaping UsingGrating-Engineered Quasi-Phasematching inLithium Niobate;905
1.13.5.1;Introduction;905
1.13.5.2;Crystal design and experiment;905
1.13.5.3;Results and discussion;907
1.13.5.4;Conclusions;907
1.13.6;Direct Measurement of Spectral Phase forUltrashort Laser Pulses Based on IntrapulseInterference;908
1.13.6.1;Introduction;908
1.13.6.2;Experimental Methods;908
1.13.6.3;Results and Discussion;909
1.13.6.4;Measurements with an adaptive pulse shaper;909
1.13.6.5;Measurements without an adaptive pulse shaper;910
1.13.6.6;Conclusions;910
1.13.7;Two Dimension Spatial Light Modulator with anOver-Two-Octave Bandwidth for High-PoweredMonocycle Optical Pulses;911
1.13.7.1;1. Introduction;911
1.13.7.2;2. Structure of 2D-SLM;911
1.13.7.3;3. Optical damage of 4-f phase compensator with 2D·UV-LC-SLM;911
1.13.7.4;4. Feedback chirp compensation experiment in the near-infrared (NIR)region;912
1.13.7.5;5. Feedback chirp compensation experiment in the UV region;912
1.13.7.6;6. Conclusions;912
1.13.7.7;References;913
1.13.8;Vector Pulse Shaper Assisted Short PulseCharacterization;914
1.13.8.1;Introduction;914
1.13.8.2;Experiment and Simulation;914
1.13.8.3;Results and Discussion;915
1.13.9;Femtosecond Spectral Interferometry withAttosecond Accuracy by Correction forSpectrometer Resolution Asymmetry;917
1.13.9.1;Introduction;917
1.13.9.2;Experiment;917
1.13.9.3;Analysis;918
1.13.9.4;Results and Conclusions;918
1.13.10;Spatial phase control and applications of highorderharmonics;920
1.13.10.1;Introduction;920
1.13.10.2;EUV spatial phase shaping;920
1.13.10.3;Applications of high-order harmonic based source;921
1.13.10.4;Conclusions;922
1.13.11;A New Generalized Projections Algorithm GearedTowards Sub-100 Attosecond PulseCharacterization;923
1.13.11.1;Introduction;923
1.13.11.2;Methods;923
1.13.11.3;Results;924
1.13.11.4;Conclusion;925
1.13.12;Characterization of Mid-Infrared Pulses by Time-Encoded Arrangement;926
1.13.12.1;Introduction;926
1.13.12.2;TEA SPIDER;926
1.13.12.3;Conclusions;928
1.13.13;Intensity and phase measurements of thespatiotemporal electric field of focusingultrashort pulses;929
1.13.13.1;Introduction;929
1.13.13.2;Experimental Results;930
1.13.14;Polarization, ionization and spatial gates in singleattosecond pulse generation;932
1.13.14.1;Introduction;932
1.13.14.2;Results and Discussion;933
1.13.15;All dispersive mirrors compressor for femtosecond lasers;935
1.13.15.1;Introduction;935
1.13.15.2;High dispersive chirped mirrors;936
1.13.15.3;Conclusions;937
1.13.16;Optical Mapping of Attosecond IonizationDynamics by Few-Cycle Light Pulses;938
1.13.17;Polarization, Phase and Amplitude Controland Characterization of Ultrafast Laser Pulses;941
1.13.18;Silicon-Chip-Based Single-Shot Ultrafast OpticalOscilloscope;944
1.13.18.1;Introduction;944
1.13.18.2;Time-to-Frequency Conversion;944
1.13.18.3;Silicon-Chip-Based Ultrafast Optical Oscilloscope;945
1.13.19;Time-resolved off-axis digital holography forcharacterization of ultrafast phenomena in water;947
1.13.19.1;Introduction;947
1.13.19.2;Method;947
1.13.19.3;Results and Discussion;948
1.13.19.4;Conclusions;949
1.13.20;3 GHz RF Streak Camera for Diagnosis of sub-100 fs, 100 keV Electron Bunches;950
1.13.21;Simulations of Frequency-Resolved OpticalGating for measuring very complex pulses;953
1.13.21.1;Introduction;953
1.13.21.2;Conclusions;955
1.13.21.3;References:;955
1.13.22;Electron density gradient measurement for laserwakefield accelerator;956
1.13.22.1;Introduction;956
1.13.22.2;Experimental Setup;956
1.13.22.3;Results and Discussion;957
1.13.23;10-femtosecond Precision, Long-term StableTiming Distribution Over Multiple Fiber Links;959
1.13.24;Two-dimensional pulse shapers capable ofmore than phase & amplitude modulation;962
1.13.24.1;Introduction;962
1.13.24.2;Polarization control along with phase & amplitude modulation usingmulti-pass 2D LC-SLM;962
1.13.24.3;Full control over optical e-field superposition of w +2w pulses;963
1.13.25;Adaptive Phase Shaping in a Fiber Chirped PulseAmplification System;965
1.13.25.1;Introduction;965
1.13.25.2;Experimental Details;965
1.13.25.3;Results;967
1.13.25.4;Conclusions;967
1.13.26;Two-dimensional Fourier transform electronicspectroscopy with a pulse-shaper;968
1.13.26.1;Introduction;968
1.13.27;Probing Anomalous Spectral Diffusion andExciton Fluctuations by CoherentMultidimensional Spectroscopy;971
1.13.27.1;1. Introduction;971
1.13.27.2;2. Anomalous relaxation and 2D lineshapes;971
1.13.27.2.1;2.1. Stationary ensembles (1