Cowper / Derose / Belcher The Analysis of Gases by Chromatography

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8563-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 160 Seiten, Web PDF

Intended to enable trained scientists to equip themselves to successfully perform analyses of complex gas mixtures. The equipment and the considerations governing the choice of carrier gas are described in detail. Selection of methods for use on complex mixtures often involves the choice of more than one column; the separating capabilities of column packing and how they can be used in combinations are described and numerous examples are given. The handling of samples prior to separation and the calculation of results after separation, including calibration, are described. Throughout, special emphasis is given to the differences between gas analysis and the better documented liquid analysis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cowper, C. J.

Derose, A. J.

Belcher, R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Analysis of Gases by Chromatography;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Foreword;6
6;Preface;8
7;Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION;14
7.1;1.1 History;14
7.2;1.2 Differences between Gas and Liquid Analysis;15
7.3;1.3 Process Gas Analysis;16
7.4;1.4 Ideal and Non-Ideal Behaviour;16
7.5;1.5 Units;17
7.6;1.6 Drawing Conventions;18
8;Chapter 2. EQUIPMENT;19
8.1;2.1 Introduction;19
8.2;2.2 Gas Controls;19
8.3;2.3 Sample Introduction;24
8.4;2.4 Columns and Column Ovens;29
8.5;2.5 Detectors;29
8.6;2.6 Auxiliary Devices;45
8.7;2.7 Recorder/Integrator;49
9;Chapter 3. SEPARATION IN THE COLUMN;51
9.1;3.1 Tube Materials and Physical Form;51
9.2;3.2 Adsorbents;52
9.3;3.3 Porous Polymers;63
9.4;3.4 Gas Liquid Columns;65
10;Chapter 4. CHOICE OF CARRIER GAS;66
10.1;4.1 Introduction;66
10.2;4.2 Thermal Conductivity Detector;67
10.3;4.3 Flame Ionisation Detector;68
10.4;4.4 Electron Capture Detector;68
10.5;4.5 Other Detectors;68
10.6;4.6 Carrier Gas Purity;69
10.7;4.7 Mixed Carrier Gases;69
11;Chapter 5. TACTICS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GAS MIXTURES;74
11.1;5.1 Introduction;74
11.2;5.2 Isothermal Analysis;74
11.3;5.3 The Use of two Columns with two Detectors;75
11.4;5.4 Switching Valves;77
11.5;5.5 Pressure Balancing;87
11.6;5.6 Temperature Programming;93
12;Chapter 6. EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS;95
12.1;6.1 Introduction;95
12.2;6.2 Air Components and the Rare Gases;95
12.3;6.3 Natural Gas and Associated Gas;98
12.4;6.4 Refinery Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas;103
12.5;6.5 Synthesis Gas and Fuel Gas;105
12.6;6.6 Flue Gas;106
12.7;6.7 Gaseous Sulphur Compounds;107
12.8;6.8 Gaseous Nitrogen Compounds;109
12.9;6.9 Gaseous Halogen Compounds;110
12.10;6.10 Tracers;113
12.11;6.11 Isotopes;114
12.12;6.12 Miscellaneous Gases;114
13;Chapter 7. GASES IN LIQUIDS;116
13.1;7.1 Introduction;116
13.2;7.2 Gases Liquefied by Pressure;116
13.3;7.3 Gases Liquefied by Temperature;118
13.4;7.4 Dissolved Gases;119
13.5;7.5 Headspace Analysis;124
14;Chapter 8. QUANTIFICATION;125
14.1;8.1 Introduction;125
14.2;8.2 Detector;125
14.3;8.3 Significance of Non–Linear Response;126
14.4;8.4 Peak Area or Peak Height;127
14.5;8.5 Integrators;128
14.6;8.6 Methods of Calculation;129
15;Chapter 9. THE PREPARATION OF STANDARD MIXTURES;132
15.1;9.1 Introduction;132
15.2;9.2 Direct Standards and Derived Standards;132
15.3;9.3 Errors involved in Standard Preparation;132
15.4;9.4 Categories of Methods;133
15.5;9.5 Description of Methods;133
15.6;9.6 Choice of Method;137
16;APPENDIX: THE SAMPLING OF GASES;138
16.1;A.1 Introduction;138
16.2;A.2 Representative Nature of Sample;138
16.3;A.3 Sample - Transfer;140
16.4;A.4 Sample Containers;141
16.5;A.5 Sampling into the Chromatograph;141
17;REFERENCES;144
18;AUTHOR INDEX;154
19;SUBJECT INDEX;158