Cozzens / Wetmore Nanotechnology and the Challenges of Equity, Equality and Development

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9615-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 458 Seiten

Reihe: Yearbook of Nanotechnology in Society

Nanotechnology is enabling applications in materials, microelectronics, health, and agriculture, which are projected to create the next big shift in production, comparable to the industrial revolution. Such major shifts always co-evolve with social relationships. This book focuses on how nanotechnologies might affect equity/equality in global society. Nanotechnologies are likely to open gaps by gender, ethnicity, race, and ability status, as well as between developed and developing countries, unless steps are taken now to create a different outcome. Organizations need to change their practices, and cultural ideas must be broadened if currently disadvantaged groups are to have a more equal position in nano-society rather than a more disadvantaged one. Economic structures are likely to shift in the nano-revolution, requiring policymakers and participatory processes to invent new institutions for social welfare, better suited to the new economic order than those of the past.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cozzens, Susan E.

Wetmore, Jameson

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;Note;8
1.2;References;8
2;Introduction;9
2.1;What is Nanotechnology?;10
2.2;Multiple Dimensions of Equity;12
2.3;Inequalities and Inequities;12
2.4;Yearbook Focus and Goals;14
2.5;A Volume of Options;15
2.5.1;Dimensions of Nano Fairness;15
2.5.2;Unequal Structures;16
2.5.3;Equalizing Processes;17
2.5.4;Nanotechnology in the World System;17
2.5.5;Lessons for Action;18
2.6;In Summary;19
2.7;Note ;19
2.8;References;19
3;Contents;21
4;About the Authors;24
5;Part I Dimensions of Nano Fairness;30
5.1;1 Contexts of Equity: Thinking About Organizational and Technoscience Contexts for Gender Equity in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology;31
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;32
5.1.2;1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Equity;33
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 Liberal Feminist Theories;34
5.1.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 An Organizational Perspective;34
5.1.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 Social Psychological Perspectives;36
5.1.2.1.3;1.2.1.3 Demographic Perspectives;36
5.1.2.2;1.2.2 Critical Feminist Perspectives;37
5.1.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Socialist and Multicultural Feminist Perspectives;38
5.1.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Feminist Science/Technology Studies;38
5.1.3;1.3 Convergences Between Theoretical Perspectives;39
5.1.4;1.4 Discussion and Conclusion;44
5.1.5;References;47
5.2;2 Women and Patenting in Nanotechnology: Scale, Scope and Equity;51
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;52
5.2.2;2.2 Context of the Study;52
5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Women in Science and Engineering in the United States;52
5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Patenting as an Indicator of Engagement in Innovation Activity;54
5.2.2.3;2.2.3 Nanotechnology Emergence and Applications;55
5.2.2.4;2.2.4 Interdisciplinarity, Collaborative Research Behavior, and Gender;57
5.2.3;2.3 Patent Data Source, Inventor Gender Identification, and Team Classification;59
5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Nanotechnology Patent Database;59
5.2.3.2;2.3.2 Inventor Gender;59
5.2.3.3;2.3.3 Assignment of Patent Inventor Team Gender Categories;61
5.2.4;2.4 Analysis and Findings;62
5.2.4.1;2.4.1 Descriptive Results;62
5.2.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 Patent Counts;62
5.2.4.1.2;2.4.1.2 Research Collaboration;63
5.2.4.1.3;2.4.1.3 Technical Focus;64
5.2.4.1.4;2.4.1.4 Patent Comprehensiveness;66
5.2.4.1.5;2.4.1.5 Assignee Organization;67
5.2.4.2;2.4.2 Econometric Results;68
5.2.5;2.5 Conclusion and Discussion;69
5.2.6;Notes;71
5.2.7;References;71
5.3;3 Potential Implications for Equity in the Nanotechnology Workforce in the U.S.;75
5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;76
5.3.2;3.2 Nanotechnology Industry and Workforce Growth;77
5.3.3;3.3 Issues in Science and Engineering Education in the U.S. and Implications for the Nanotechnology Workforce;79
5.3.3.1;3.3.1 Supply and Demand of S&E Workers;79
5.3.3.2;3.3.2 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in S&E Education and Employment;79
5.3.3.3;3.3.3 Nanotechnology Education and Training;80
5.3.4;3.4 Technology, Technological Changes and Wage Inequality in the U.S.;81
5.3.5;3.5 Potential Labor Market Effects;82
5.3.5.1;3.5.1 Employment in High Technology Industries;83
5.3.5.2;3.5.2 Effects of Education on Employment;85
5.3.5.3;3.5.3 Effects of Education and Race on Employment;90
5.3.5.4;3.5.4 Potential Implications for Wages;92
5.3.6;3.6 Conclusions;93
5.3.7;Notes;94
5.3.8;References;95
5.4;4 Exploring Societal Impact of Nanomedicine Using Public Value Mapping;97
5.4.1;4.1 Introduction;98
5.4.2;4.2 Public Values and Emerging Nanotechnology;100
5.4.3;4.3 The PVM Nanomedicine Case Study: A Focus on Equity;102
5.4.4;4.4 The Method for Analysis of Value Discourse in Nanomedicine Stakeholder Communities;103
5.4.5;4.5 The Public Values Failure Assessment;107
5.4.5.1;4.5.1 Interest Aggregation or Articulation Criterion;107
5.4.5.2;4.5.2 Imperfect Monopolies Criterion;110
5.4.5.3;4.5.3 Benefit Hoarding Criterion;110
5.4.5.4;4.5.4 Scarcity of Providers Criterion;110
5.4.5.5;4.5.5 Short Time Horizon Criterion;111
5.4.5.6;4.5.6 Conservation of Resources Criterion;111
5.4.5.7;4.5.7 Threats to Human Dignity and Subsistence Criterion;111
5.4.6;4.6 Conclusion;112
5.4.7;References;114
5.5;5 Ableism and Favoritism for Abilities Governance, Ethics and Studies: New Tools for Nanoscale and Nanoscale-enabled Science and Technology Governance;117
5.5.1;5.1 Introduction;118
5.5.2;5.2 Setting the Stage;119
5.5.2.1;5.2.1 What Meaning of Nanotechnology Does This Paper Use?;119
5.5.2.2;5.2.2 Creating Ethicists that Could Inform Policy;119
5.5.2.3;5.2.3 Ableism and Favoritism for Abilities;120
5.5.3;5.3 The Challenges Today and to Come: The World of Ableism;122
5.5.3.1;5.3.1 Ableism and Nanoscale Science and Technologies;122
5.5.3.2;5.3.2 Ability Security and Self-Identity Security;123
5.5.3.3;5.3.3 Ability Equality and Equity;125
5.5.4;5.4 Favoritism for Abilities and Ableism: The way Forward;128
5.5.4.1;5.4.1 Ableism Ethics;129
5.5.4.2;5.4.2 Ability Studies;129
5.5.4.3;5.4.3 Ableism Foresight;129
5.5.4.4;5.4.4 Ableism Governance;130
5.5.5;5.5 Conclusion;130
5.5.6;Note;131
5.5.7;References;131
5.6;6 i Will Go Further;133
6;Part II Uneven Structures;135
6.1;7 Nanotechnology and the Extension and Transformation of Inequity;136
6.1.1;7.1 Introduction;137
6.1.2;7.2 Acknowledging the Social and Economic Values Shaping Nanotechnology's Development Trajectory;138
6.1.3;7.3 The Economic, Social and Political Context of Nanotechnology Development;139
6.1.4;7.4 Potential for Nanotechnology to Exacerbate Existing Inequity;140
6.1.5;7.5 Nanotechnology Decision Making and Policy Development Entrenches Existing Inequities;142
6.1.6;7.6 Discordant Standards Between Innovation and Regulatory Policies Support Industry Development, While Leaving the Public Exposed to Risks/Costs;145
6.1.7;7.7 Intrinsic Properties of Nanotechnology Make it More Likely to Expand Inequity;146
6.1.8;7.8 Conclusion;148
6.1.9;Notes;149
6.1.10;References;149
6.2;8 Nanotechnology and the Sixth Technological Revolution;154
6.2.1;8.1 Introduction;155
6.2.2;8.2 Technological Revolutions and Techno-economic Paradigms;156
6.2.3;8.3 Technological Revolutions Through Time;159
6.2.4;8.4 Imagining the Future of Nanotechnology;163
6.2.5;8.5 Inequality in Changing Technological Revolutions;166
6.2.6;8.6 Concluding Comments on Technological Revolutions and Nanotechnology;168
6.2.7;References;169
6.3;9 Innovation, Growth, and Inequality: Plausible Scenarios of Wage Disparities in a World with Nanotechnologies;171
6.3.1;9.1 Economic Theory, Technological Change, and Wage Disparities;173
6.3.2;9.2 General Purpose Technologies and Nanotechnologies;178
6.3.3;9.3 Implications for Governance;182
6.3.3.1;9.3.1 Anticipatory, Not Predictive Governance;182
6.3.3.2;9.3.2 Modeling, Anticipation, and Governance;185
6.3.3.3;9.3.3 Towards Scenarios of Wage Inequality;186
6.3.4;9.4 Concluding Remarks;187
6.3.5;Notes;187
6.3.6;References;188
6.4;10 Metropolitan Development of Nanotechnology: Concentration or Dispersion?;191
6.4.1;10.1 Introduction;192
6.4.2;10.2 The Spatial Distribution of Nanotechnology: Similar or Different from Other Technologies?;192
6.4.3;10.3 Nanodistricts: Measurement and Results;196
6.4.4;10.4 Conclusions;202
6.4.5;References;205
6.5;11 The Role of Organized Workers in the Regulation of Nanotechnologies;207
6.5.1;11.1 Introduction;208
6.5.2;11.2 The Context Surrounding the Regulation of Nanotechnologies;208
6.5.3;11.3 The Main Actors in the Regulation of Nanotechnologies;209
6.5.3.1;11.3.1 Governments;210
6.5.3.2;11.3.2 Capitalists;211
6.5.3.3;11.3.3 Workers;212
6.5.3.4;11.3.4 Non-governmental Organizations;213
6.5.3.5;11.3.5 Other Actors;214
6.5.4;11.4 The Role of Workers in the Regulatory Agenda of Nanotechnologies;214
6.5.4.1;11.4.1 Early Warnings;214
6.5.4.2;11.4.2 Perceived vs. Real Risk;215
6.5.4.3;11.4.3 Starting to Take Action;216
6.5.4.4;11.4.4 Summary;218
6.5.5;11.5 What is at Play Within the Discussion on the Regulation of Nanotechnologies?;218
6.5.6;11.6 Conclusion;220
6.5.7;Notes;220
6.5.8;References;221
6.6;12 ETUC Resolution on Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials;225
7;Part III Equalizing Processes;232
7.1;13 Materializing Nano Equity: Lessons from Design;233
7.1.1;13.1 Introduction;234
7.1.2;13.2 Background: Nano Products and the Market;235
7.1.3;13.3 Appropriate Technology Design;237
7.1.4;13.4 Gender, Race, and Physical Ability in Design;239
7.1.5;13.5 Participatory Design;244
7.1.6;13.6 Materialized Inequity and Design Alternatives;246
7.1.7;13.7 Conclusion: Lessons for Nanotechnology Development;249
7.1.8;Notes;250
7.1.9;References;252
7.2;14 Public Perceptions of Fairness in NBIC Technologies;255
7.2.1;14.1 Introduction;256
7.2.2;14.2 Citizen Participation and Equity;257
7.2.3;14.3 The NCTF Process;259
7.2.4;14.4 Survey Data;260
7.2.5;14.5 Equity and Internet Sessions;263
7.2.6;14.6 Final Reports;268
7.2.7;14.7 Conclusions;270
7.2.8;Note;272
7.2.9;References;272
7.3;15 Equity and Participation in Decisions: What Can Nanotechnology Learn from Biotechnology in Kenya?;274
7.3.1;15.1 Introduction;275
7.3.2;15.2 Distribution of Access;277
7.3.3;15.3 Institutional Structuring;282
7.3.4;15.4 Conclusion;287
7.3.5;Notes;289
7.3.6;References;290
7.4;16 Nanotechnology: How Prepared Is Uganda?;293
8;Part IV Nanotechnology and the World System;296
8.1;17 Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risks for Developing Countries;297
8.1.1;17.1 Introduction;298
8.1.2;17.2 Opportunities – Nanotechnology and Development;299
8.1.2.1;17.2.1 Water;299
8.1.2.2;17.2.2 Energy;301
8.1.2.3;17.2.3 Health;302
8.1.2.4;17.2.4 Food and Agriculture;302
8.1.2.5;17.2.5 Risks and Cross-Cutting Issues;302
8.1.2.6;17.2.6 Environmental, Human Health, and Safety Risks;303
8.1.2.7;17.2.7 Socioeconomic Issues;303
8.1.2.8;17.2.8 Ethics;306
8.1.2.9;17.2.9 Intellectual Property Rights and Access;307
8.1.2.10;17.2.10 Public Participation and Engagement;307
8.1.2.11;17.2.11 Governance;308
8.1.3;17.3 Conclusion;308
8.1.4;Notes;309
8.1.5;References;309
8.2;18 Science Policy and Social Inclusion: Advances and Limits of Brazilian Nanotechnology Policy;311
8.2.1;18.1 Introduction;312
8.2.2;18.2 Brazilian NN Policy: Building National Capabilities;313
8.2.3;18.3 Will Nanotechnology Help to Reduce Social Inequalities? Policy Limits and Possibilities;319
8.2.3.1;18.3.1 The Need to Embed Social Goals;319
8.2.3.2;18.3.2 Including More Groups in the Discussion;320
8.2.3.3;18.3.3 Assessing the Social Implications of Technological Change;322
8.2.4;18.4 Final Remarks;323
8.2.5;Notes;324
8.2.6;References;326
8.3;19 The Potential of Nanotechnology for Equitable Economic Development: The Case of Brazil;328
8.3.1;19.1 Introduction;329
8.3.2;19.2 Nanotechnology Research, Equality and Equity;331
8.3.3;19.3 Patterns of Nanotechnology Research in Brazil;335
8.3.4;19.4 Equality and Equity Assessment;342
8.3.5;19.5 Concluding Remarks;344
8.3.6;Notes;345
8.3.7;References;346
8.4;20 Open Access Nanotechnology for Developing Countries: Lessons from Open Source Software;349
8.4.1;20.1 Introduction;350
8.4.2;20.2 Nanotechnologies and Developing Countries;351
8.4.3;20.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Nanotechnology;352
8.4.4;20.4 The Open Access Approach;353
8.4.5;20.5 The Feasibility of Open Access;354
8.4.6;20.6 Open Access Nanotechnology;357
8.4.7;20.7 Implications for Open Access Nanotechnologies in Developing Countries;358
8.4.8;20.8 Conclusion;362
8.4.9;Notes;363
8.4.10;References;364
8.5;21 Southern Roles in Global Nanotechnology Innovation: Perspectives from Thailand and Australia;366
8.5.1;21.1 Introduction;367
8.5.2;21.2 Methods;367
8.5.3;21.3 Understanding the Nano-Divide and its Constructs;372
8.5.4;21.4 The South Left Behind;374
8.5.5;21.5 New Opportunities;383
8.5.5.1;21.5.1 Availability and Demand of Human Resources;386
8.5.5.2;21.5.2 Infrastructure;387
8.5.5.3;21.5.3 International Knowledge;388
8.5.5.4;21.5.4 Research and Development Costs;389
8.5.5.5;21.5.5 Comparative Advantage;390
8.5.5.6;21.5.6 Private Sector Support;390
8.5.6;21.6 Conclusion;391
8.5.7;Notes;392
8.5.8;References;393
8.6;22 How Can Nanotechnologies Fulfill the Needs of Developing Countries?;396
8.6.1;22.1 Nanotechnologies and Developing Countries;397
8.6.2;22.2 How Can Nanotechnologies Deliver Public Value?;398
8.6.3;22.3 Nanodialogues in Zimbabwe;399
8.6.4;22.4 Balancing Risk and Opportunity;406
8.6.5;22.5 Future Directions;407
8.6.6;References;408
8.7;23 Technical Education and Indian Society: The Role of Values;409
8.7.1;23.1 Introduction;410
8.7.2;23.2 The Case of Nanotechnology;410
8.7.3;23.3 Values and Direction in Indian Technical Education;411
8.7.4;23.4 Embedding Values in Technologies and Education;413
8.7.5;23.5 Difficulties in Imparting Value Education;414
8.7.5.1;23.5.1 What Should an Ideal Life Be?;414
8.7.5.2;23.5.2 Balancing the External and Internal Demands of an Individual;415
8.7.5.3;23.5.3 Spirit of Exploration;416
8.7.5.4;23.5.4 The Tasks;417
8.7.6;23.6 The Views of Mahatma Gandhi;418
8.7.7;23.7 The Views of Norbert Wiener;419
8.7.8;23.8 From IITK to Paralakhemundi;420
8.7.9;23.9 Conclusion;421
8.7.10;Notes;421
8.7.11;References;422
9;Part V Lessons for Action;423
9.1;24 Keeping the Dream Alive: What ELSI-Research Might Learn from Parliamentary Technology Assessment;424
9.1.1;24.1 Introduction;425
9.1.2;24.2 New Big Socio-Technical Visions;425
9.1.3;24.3 Technology Assessment: Investigation, Interaction, Intervention;427
9.1.4;24.4 Focus on Intervention;428
9.1.5;24.5 Need for Scientific Investigation and Reflection;429
9.1.6;24.6 Need for Upstream Reflection and Construction;429
9.1.7;24.7 Need for Upstream Public Participation;430
9.1.8;24.8 Emerging Publics;431
9.1.9;24.9 Engage Engaged Publics;432
9.1.10;24.10 Need for Connecting to the Real World;433
9.1.11;24.11 Conclusions;434
9.1.12;Notes;434
9.1.13;References;435
9.2;25 Nanotech Ethics and the Policymaking Process: Lessons Learned for Advancing Equity and Equality in Emerging Nanotechnologies;437
9.2.1;25.1 Introduction;438
9.2.2;25.2 Strategies for Action;439
9.2.2.1;25.2.1 Focus on Issue Framing and Agenda Setting;439
9.2.2.2;25.2.2 Employ Diverse Empirical Research Methodologies;440
9.2.2.3;25.2.3 Develop Pro-Poor, Proof of Concept Technical Applications;441
9.2.2.4;25.2.4 Build Public and Policymaking Constituencies;442
9.2.2.5;25.2.5 Explicitly Communicate Anticipated Equity and Equality Impacts;443
9.2.3;25.3 Conclusion;444
9.2.4;References;444
9.3;26 Building Equity and Equality into Nanotechnology;447
9.3.1;26.1 Inventory Your Vertical and Horizontal Inequalities;448
9.3.2;26.2 Add a Better Life Dimension to the Criteria for National Nanotechnology Priorities;450
9.3.3;26.3 Listen to Disadvantaged Groups;451
9.3.4;26.4 Pay Attention to Production, Sales, and Service Jobs;452
9.3.5;26.5 Set the Conditions for Widespread Commercialization;453
9.3.6;26.6 Spread Risks Evenly;454
9.3.7;26.7 Consider Who Is Paying the Costs of Regulation;456
9.3.8;26.8 Consider Global Relationships;457
9.3.9;26.9 Experiment with Re-Distributional Policy and Program Designs;458
9.3.10;Notes;459
9.3.11;References;459
10;Index;461