Crouthamel / Adams / Dams Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

2. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8056-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 772 Seiten, Web PDF

Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry covers real life application of the gamma-ray and the devices used in their experimental studies. This book is organized into 9 chapters, and starts with discussions of the various decay processes, the possible interaction mechanisms of gamma radiation with matter, and the intrinsic and extrinsic variables, which affect the observed gamma-ray and X-ray spectra. The subsequent chapters deal with the properties and fabrication of scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors, and proportional gas counters. These chapters present some of the most widely utilized applications of these detectors, with a particular emphasis to the activation analysis. These topics are followed by reviews of the description of basic equipment, such as amplifiers, analyzers, special spectrometer arrangements, and detector shielding. Other chapters describe energy and time resolution and quantitative calibration. The quantitative and qualitative interpretation of the spectra is also explained, along with the calibration of the detectors. The last chapter considers the analytical applications of gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometry in tracer studies, activation analysis, fission product studies, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. This book will be of value to analytical chemists and analytical chemistry researchers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Crouthamel, C. E.

Adams, F.

Dams, R.

Belcher, R.

Freiser, H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION;12
6;PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION;14
7;INTRODUCTION;16
7.1;REFERENCES;18
8;CHAPTER 1. INTRINSIC VARIABLES;20
8.1;1. TYPES OF EMISSION AND DECAY SCHEMES OF UNSTABLE NUCLEI;20
8.2;2. INTERACTION PROCESSES OF RADIATION WITH MATTER;33
8.3;3. GAMMA-RAY DETECTORS;46
8.4;REFERENCES;48
9;CHAPTER 2. SCINTILLATION DETECTORS;50
9.1;1. PRINCIPLES OF SCINTILLATION;50
9.2;2. THE DETECTION OF SCINTILLATIONS;57
9.3;3. SODIUM IODIDE-THALLIUM ACTIVATED CRYSTALS;70
9.4;REFERENCES;86
10;CHAPTER 3. SEMICONDUCTOR GAMMA DETECTORS;88
10.1;1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;88
10.2;2. THE LITHIUM ION DRIFT PROCESS AND THE GERMANIUM-LITHIUM SYSTEM;100
10.3;3. FABRICATION OF LITHIUM DRIFTED DETECTORS;106
10.4;4. GERMANIUM-LITHIUM DRIFTED DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS;122
10.5;5. OTHER SEMICONDUCTOR GAMMA DETECTORS;126
10.6;6. SILICON-LITHIUM DRIFTED DETECTORS;127
10.7;REFERENCES;127
11;CHAPTER 4. PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS AS SPECTROMETERS FOR LOW ENERGY APPLICATIONS;130
11.1;1. PROPORTIONAL GAS COUNTER;130
11.2;2. SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS WITH INTERNAL AMPLIFICATION;135
11.3;REFERENCES;136
12;CHAPTER 5. INSTRUMENTATION;138
12.1;1. AMPLIFICATION EQUIPMENT;139
12.2;2. ANALYZING EQUIPMENT;155
12.3;3. SPECIAL SPECTROMETER ARRANGEMENTS;169
12.4;4. DESIGN OF THE DETECTOR SHIELDING AND ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES OF THE DETECTOR BACKGROUND;189
12.5;REFERENCES;193
13;CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND TIME RESOLUTION;198
13.1;1. SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETER STATISTICS;199
13.2;2. ENERGY RESOLUTION OF GERMANIUM (LITHIUM) DETECTORS;210
13.3;3. ENERGY RESOLUTION OF THE PROPORTIONAL GAS COUNTER;219
13.4;REFERENCES;220
14;CHAPTER 7. CALIBRATION OF THE DETECTORS;222
14.1;1. COMPUTED EFFICIENCY OF SODIUM IODIDE DETECTORS;223
14.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL EFFICIENCY CALIBRATION OF SODIUM IODIDE DETECTORS;228
14.3;3. CALIBRATION OF GERMANIUM DETECTORS;238
14.4;REFERENCES;241
15;CHAPTER 8. GAMMA SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IDENTITY, PURITY, AND QUANTITY OF RADIONUCLIDES;244
15.1;1. SOURCE PREPARATION;244
15.2;2. DETERMINATION OF IDENTITY AND ENERGY CALIBRATION;245
15.3;3. PURITY CONTROL AND EFFECTS COMPLICATING GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA;248
15.4;4. DETERMINATION OF THE PEAK AREA;252
15.5;5. LIMITS OF QUALITATIVE DETECTION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION;253
15.6;6. DATA REDUCTION;255
15.7;REFERENCES;266
16;CHAPTER 9. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS;268
16.1;1. TRACER APPLICATIONS;269
16.2;2. ACTIVATION ANALYSIS;278
16.3;3. FISSION PRODUCT STUDIES;320
16.4;4. WHOLE-BODY COUNTERS, SCANNERS, AND SCINTILLATION CAMERAS;325
16.5;5. ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROMETRY;328
16.6;REFERENCES;332
17;APPENDIX I. X-RAY CRITICAL ABSORPTION AND EMISSION ENERGIES IN KILO ELECTRON VOLTS;338
18;APPENDIX II. A COMPILATION OF GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA (SODIUM IODIDE DETECTOR);344
19;APPENDIX III. A COMPILATION OF GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA (GERMANIUM DETECTOR);492
20;APPENDIX IV. INTRINSIC EFFICIENCIES OF RIGHT CYLINDRICAL SODIUM IODIDE CRYSTALS;676
21;APPENDIX V. INTERNAL CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS;698
22;APPENDIX VI. PHOTON ENERGY, ATOMIC NUMBER, AND HALF-LIFE SEQUENCES OF THE NUCLIDES;702
23;APPENDIX VII. A COMPILATION OF PRECISE GAMMA-RAY ENERGIES OF ISOTOPES PRODUCED BY NEUTRON BOMBARDMENT;752
24;INDEX;772