Curtiss / Whitaker Genie

A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-1761-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten, Web PDF

Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day 'Wild Child reports on the linguistic research carried out through studying and working with Genie, a deprived and isolated, to an unprecedented degree, girl who was not discovered until she was an adolescent. An inhuman childhood had prevented Genie from learning language, and she knew little about the world in any respect save abuse, neglect, isolation, and deprivation. This book is organized into three parts encompassing 11 chapters. Part I provides a case history and background material on Genie's personality and language behavior. This part describes the interaction between the authors and this remarkable girl. Part II details Genie's linguistic development and overall language abilities, specifically her phonological development, as well as receptive knowledge and productive grammatical abilities of syntax, morphology, and semantics. This part also provides a comparison between her linguistic development and the language acquisition of other children. Part III presents a full description of the neurolinguistic work carried out on Genie and discusses the implications of this aspect of the case. This book will prove useful to neurolinguistics and pyscholinguistics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Curtiss, Susan

Whitaker, Harry A

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal–Plant Interactions;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Chapter 1. Natural Variability in Plants and Animals;14
7;Section I: Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation in Plants and Animals;14
7.1;Chapter 2. The Impact of Resource Variation on Population Quality in Herbivorous Insects: A Critical Aspect of Population Dynamics;26
7.1.1;I. Introduction;27
7.1.2;II. Relevance of Population Quality to Population Dynamics;29
7.1.3;III. Criteria for Measurement of Population Quality;35
7.1.4;IV. Resource Variation Effects Population Quality;39
7.1.5;V. The Presence of Time-Delayed Effects on Population Growth;43
7.1.6;References;50
7.2;Chapter 3. Small-Mammal Herbivores in a Patchy Environment: Individual Strategies and Population Responses;56
7.2.1;I. Introduction;57
7.2.2;II. Individuals and Resource Patchiness;60
7.2.3;III. Populations and Habitat Patchiness;65
7.2.4;IV. Interactions between Resource Patchiness and Habitat Patchiness;73
7.2.5;V. Conclusions;79
7.2.6;Acknowledgments;80
7.2.7;References;81
7.3;Chapter 4. Plant Genotype: A Variable Factor in Insect–Plant Interactions;88
7.3.1;I. Introduction: Plant Genotype and Insect Resources;89
7.3.2;II. Ecological Consequences of Plant Variation for Herbivores;90
7.3.3;III. Variable Attack Rates and Natural Selection on Plant Defense;98
7.3.4;IV. Plant Genetic Variation and Animal Pollinators;102
7.3.5;V. Points of Contact in the Study of Selection on Plants by Herbivores and Pollinators;109
7.3.6;Acknowledgments;118
7.3.7;References;118
8;Section II: Resource Distribution, Reproduction, and Population Dynamics;126
8.1;Chapter 5. Nectar Distributions, Pollinator Behavior, and Plant Reproductive Success;126
8.1.1;I. Introduction;127
8.1.2;II. Models of Optimal Nectar Allocation;128
8.1.3;III. Variation in Nectar Rewards;129
8.1.4;IV. Sources of Variation in Nectar Production;131
8.1.5;V. Nectar, Pollinator Behavior, and Potential Effects on Plant Reproductive Success;134
8.1.6;VI. Other Selective Factors and Constraints;138
8.1.7;VII. Completing the Links: Nectar Production, Pollinator Behavior, and Plant Reproductive Success;140
8.1.8;VIII. Conclusions;144
8.1.9;References;145
8.2;Chapter 6. Plant Resources as the Mechanistic Basis for Insect Herbivore Population Dynamics;152
8.2.1;I. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Effects;152
8.2.2;II. Plants Set the Carrying Capacity for Insect Herbivore Populations;154
8.2.3;III. Bottom-Up Effects on Natural Enemies;166
8.2.4;IV. Cascading Effects of Plants through Trophic Webs;171
8.2.5;V. General Hypotheses;178
8.2.6;Acknowledgments;180
8.2.7;References;180
8.3;Chapter 7. Factoring Natural Enemies into Plant Tissue Availability to Herbivores;188
8.3.1;I. Introduction;188
8.3.2;II. Apparent versus Available Plant Resources;190
8.3.3;III. Modeling Modes of Resource Availability;195
8.3.4;IV. Obese Generalizations: To Reduce or Not?;207
8.3.5;Acknowledgments;208
8.3.6;References;208
8.4;Chapter 8. Resource Limitation on Insect Herbivore Populations;212
8.4.1;I. Introduction;213
8.4.2;II. Resource Limitation;214
8.4.3;III. Possible Causes of Resource Limitation;215
8.4.4;IV. Preference, Performance, and Population Dynamics;226
8.4.5;V. Resource Limitation on the Herbivorous Lady Beetle;230
8.4.6;VI. Conclusions;244
8.4.7;Acknowledgments;244
8.4.8;References;245
9;Section III: Resource Distribution and Patterns in Animal-Plant Communities;256
9.1;Chapter 9. Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Regulation of Vertebrate Populations:Lessons from Birds and Fish;256
9.1.1;I. Introduction;257
9.1.2;II. Forest Birds;258
9.1.3;III. Temperate Stream Fishes;268
9.1.4;IV. Temperate Lake Fishes;275
9.1.5;V. Synthesis;283
9.1.6;VI. Summary;287
9.1.7;Acknowledgments;287
9.1.8;References;287
9.2;Chapter 10. Interactions within Herbivore Communities Mediated by the Host Plant: The Keystone Herbivore Concept;300
9.2.1;I. Introduction: Feedback Loops in Communities;301
9.2.2;II. The Routes of Feedback: Four Critical Plant Parameters;303
9.2.3;III. A Definition for Keystone Species;305
9.2.4;IV. Plant-Mediated Interactions in Animal–Plant Communities;305
9.2.5;V. A Case Study: The Search for Keystone Herbivores on the English Oak;318
9.2.6;VI. Discussion and Conclusions;324
9.2.7;Acknowledgments;328
9.2.8;References;328
9.3;Chapter 11. Loose Niches in Tropical Communities: Why Are There So Few Bees and So Many Trees?;340
9.3.1;I. Introduction;340
9.3.2;II. Problems of Niches and Diversity;341
9.3.3;III. Communities Structured around Variable Components;344
9.3.4;IV. Loose and Tight Niches among Specialist Guilds: Orchids, Oil Flowers, and Long-Corolla Flowers;347
9.3.5;V. Component Species, Life Histories, and Behavior;352
9.3.6;VI. Loose Niches and Competition;360
9.3.7;References;363
10;Section IV: Evolutionary Responses to the Distribution of Resources;368
10.1;Chapter 12. How Do Fruit- and Nectar-Feeding Birds and Mammals Track Their Food Resources?;368
10.1.1;I. Introduction;368
10.1.2;II. Resource Variability in Theory and Practice;370
10.1.3;III. Responses by Frugivores and Nectarivores to Resource Variability;378
10.1.4;IV. Conclusions;396
10.1.5;Acknowledgments;397
10.1.6;Appendix;397
10.1.7;References;398
10.2;Chapter 13. Inter- and Intraspecific Morphological Variation in Bumblebee Species and Competition in Flower Utilization;406
10.2.1;I. Introduction;407
10.2.2;II. Materials and Methods;408
10.2.3;III. Results;414
10.2.4;IV. Discussion;425
10.2.5;Acknowledgments;435
10.2.6;Appendix;435
10.2.7;References;436
10.3;Chapter 14. The Thermal Environment as a Resource Dictating Geographic Patterns of Feeding Specialization of Insect Herbivores;442
10.3.1;I. Introduction;443
10.3.2;II. Temperature and Host Plant Distributions;446
10.3.3;III. Patterns of Swallowtail Distributions;453
10.3.4;IV. Environmental Determinants of Insect Distribution Limits;456
10.3.5;V. Testing the Voltinism–Suitability Hypothesis;458
10.3.6;VI. Summary and Conclusions;470
10.3.7;Acknowledgments;471
10.3.8;References;471
11;Author Index;480
12;Subject Index;502
13;Taxnomic Index;508

Leseproben

2

The Impact of Resource Variation on Population Quality in Herbivorous Insects: A Critical Aspect of Population Dynamics

MaryCarol Rossiter    Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

I. Introduction

A. The Relationship between Individual Quality, Population Quality, and Population Dynamics

B. Thesis and Organization of Chapter

II. Relevance of Population Quality to Population Dynamics

A. General Systems Theory Perspective

B. Support for Inclusion of Population Quality in Models of Population Dynamics

III. Criteria for Measurement of Population Quality

A. Sources of Phenotypic Variation in Population Quality

B. Estimating Population Quality Parameters

C. The Time Scale for Measuring Population Quality

IV. Resource Variation Effects Population Quality

A. Relationship between Food Quality and Population Quality

B. Population Quality Shifts Associated with Density Changes

C. The Influence of Maternal Effects on Population Quality

V. The Presence of Time-Delayed Effects on Population Growth

A. The Maternal-Effects Hypothesis of Population Outbreak

B. Action of Maternal Effects from a General Systems Perspective

C. The Biology of Maternal Effects

D. Testing the Maternal-Effects Hypothesis

References

I Introduction

A The Relationship between Individual Quality, Population Quality, and Population Dynamics

An important, but often overlooked feature of population biology is that environmental variation does not affect an herbivore population per se. It affects the individuals that make up that population. The contribution of an individual to the response of the population (e.g., mortality or fecundity) is determined by the interaction of its genotype and the environment it encounters. In theoretical models, the cumulative phenotypic effect of gene—environment interactions is represented by the average response of the population to each environmental feature included in the model. The use of average response to characterize an interaction between herbivore and environment is parsimonious, concise, and practical. However, it may not be a realistic representation if the variation that contributes to the average response is, itself, the premise for alternative developmental histories that have an additional impact on population growth (or decline) not otherwise expressed in the model.

Gene–environment interactions are responsible for qualitative features of an individual (i.e., life history expression) and for qualitative features of a population (i.e., average life-history expression of the group). The form of the gene–environment interactions, captured by population quality variables, can provide explicit proximal causes for the population dynamics of a species as well as ultimate causes for the population dynamics by virtue of their ability to alter the nature of feedback loops between the herbivore population and its environment.

I shall use general systems theory (Milsum, 1968; Berryman, 1981) as the framework to demonstrate that population quality should be included in the development of population dynamics models, whether the goal is to uncover general ecological processes or predict the population growth of a particular species. In the absence of information on the nature (i.e., the underlying biological mechanism) of a population’s variation in physiological and behavioral adjustments to resource variation, there may be a great reduction in the utility of parameters typically used in the prediction of herbivore population dynamics–population size (N) and a population’s average response to resources or natural enemies (e.g., based on predator–prey, or host quality–fecundity relationships). In this chapter, I shall argue that population quality is a critical variable in the ecological and evolutionary fate of herbivore populations. By extension, population quality is critical to community composition and stability whenever an herbivore population has a significant effect on the fate of other species in the community.

To understand fully the impact of resource variation on the population dynamics of an herbivore and its position in the community, we need, first, to consider the impact of resource variation on the individual. This bottom-up approach argues strongly for the need to consider the basic biology of the organism (genetics, development, behavior) when developing hypotheses about population and community-level phenomena. Individual quality describes the effect of the environment on the expression of a genotype with respect to the success (i.e., fitness) of the individual or lineage. By extension, population quality describes the cumulative impact of individual quality on success (i.e., growth or decline) of a population. Quality does not imply superiority; it merely recognizes that individuals and populations can differ by virtue of innate constitution and experience.

Throughout the history of population studies, mathematical ecologists have stated their awareness of both the importance and the omission of population quality in describing and predicting the fate of populations (e.g., Berryman, 1981; Lomnicki, 1988; Getz and Haight, 1989). With respect to humans, the economist and Nobel laureate T. W. Schultz (1980) thinks the omission arises from a reliance on the quantitative theory of populations, owing considerably to Malthus who “could not have anticipated the substitution by parents of quality for quantity of children” (p. 18). In the study of insects, W. G. Wellington was insightful, and also humorously indignant, that individuals of a population were viewed merely as participants of a count and cast into uniformity, a condition emblazoned with the title “monolithic lump of protoplasm” (Wellington, 1977, p. 2).

Population quality has been slighted for good reason. First, it is not immediately clear what should be measured, that is, which gene–environment interactions alter the probability of survival or reproduction. Second, the effort required to characterize the interaction between environmental heterogeneity and population quality can be staggering (Montgomery, 1990). Fortunately, recent advances in biotechnology and statistical and computing capabilities make such characterization feasible, and the process will become more efficient as collaboration between the sciences of organismal biology and population biology increases (e.g., see Calow and Sibley, 1990).

B Thesis and Organization of Chapter

It is the aim of this chapter to demonstrate that the inclusion of population quality variables in models of herbivore population dynamics can improve their heuristic value and predictive power. This improvement will support the development of successful herbivore control programs that minimize environmental hazard and the development of conservation programs aimed at the preservation of a particular herbivore taxon or entire communities in endangered habitats.

To establish the importance of population quality in herbivore population biology, I have focused primarily on temperate forest insects that experience outbreak. In Section II, I describe the relevance of population quality to population dynamics in terms of general systems theory. This is followed by empirical information that highlights the pitfalls of omitting population quality factors in theoretical and empirical studies of population dynamics. In Section III, the criteria for measuring population quality are provided, followed by a discussion of the conceptual and logistic difficulties of such measurements. Section IV focuses on the contribution of resource variation to the expression of population quality. The resource emphasized is food quality, critical in its own right and often the mediator in other ecological and autecological forces on the herbivore. Environmentally-based maternal effects provide a most remarkable example of the influence of resource variation on population quality. Environmentally-based maternal effects occur when the environmental experience of the parent(s) produces a phenotypic alteration in the offspring. This phenomenon is documented for a number of herbivore species. In Section V, the logic used in the development of the Maternal-Effects Hypothesis of Outbreak is presented with theoretical and empirical support. The chapter ends with a general approach to testing the hypothesis.

II Relevance of Population Quality to Population Dynamics

A A General Systems Theory Perspective

General systems theory provides an excellent framework to investigate the dynamic features of herbivore population behavior (see Berryman, 1981, 1989). To explain the participation of population quality in population dynamics, I shall apply the basic concepts of general systems theory (as outlined in Berryman, 1981) with a simple herbivore example. The components of the herbivore system represented in Figure 1 include...