Dance / Ashhurst / Green Radioistope Experiments for Schools and Colleges

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2701-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 212 Seiten, Web PDF

Radioisotope Experiments for Schools and Colleges describes some radioisotope experiments to delineate atomic events and to provide evidence of the particulate nature of matter. This book is divided into nine chapters, and starts with a discussion on the fundamental of radioisotope, including radioactivity, atomic structure, decay kinetics, radiation-matter interaction, gamma radiation, and isotope production. The subsequent chapters deal with the nuclear radiation measurement methods and the occurrence of natural radioisotopes. These topics are followed by a review of the effect of radiation from external and internal sources on biological tissues. This book also provides demonstration experiments during elementary lectures on radioactivity or, in some cases, by individual pupils and do not involve any accurate measurement. The concluding chapters are devoted to specific experiments using naturally occurring radioisotopes, and sealed and unsealed artificially produced isotopes. This book is of value to physics teachers and students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dance, J. B.

Ashhurst, W.

Green, L. L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Radioisotope Experiments for Schools and Colleges;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Acknowledgements;13
7;CHAPTER 1. Fundamentals;14
7.1;The Discovery of Radioactivity;14
7.2;Atomic Structure;15
7.3;Types of Radioactive Change;17
7.4;Decay Kinetics;20
7.5;The Interaction of Radiation with Matter;23
7.6;Bremsstrahlung;25
7.7;Gamma Radiation;26
7.8;Isotope Production;28
8;CHAPTER 2. The Measurement of Nuclear Radiation;29
8.1;Geiger Counte;29
8.2;Scintillation Detectors;37
8.3;Semiconductor Detectors;38
8.4;Scalers;38
8.5;Resolving Time;40
8.6;Background Counts;42
8.7;Ratemeters;43
8.8;Absolute and Relative Counting;44
8.9;Absorption Measurements;45
8.10;Self-absorption;49
8.11;The Pocket Dosimeter;60
8.12;The Quartz Fibre Ionisation Chamber;60
8.13;The Pulse Electroscope;63
9;CHAPTER 3. Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes;64
9.1;Natural Radioactive Series;64
9.2;Branching Chains;71
9.3;Uranium Compounds;71
9.4;Thorium;73
9.5;The Emanations;73
9.6;Other Natural Radioisotopes;75
10;CHAPTER 4. Health Physics;76
10.1;Radiation and Contamination;76
10.2;Dose Units;77
10.3;Maximum Permissible Doses;79
10.4;Dose Rate Calculations;80
10.5;Beta and Gamma Dose Rates;84
10.6;Precautions in the Use of Closed Sources;85
10.7;Measurement of Gamma Dose Rate;85
10.8;Contamination;86
10.9;Precautions in the Use of Unsealed Isotopes;87
10.10;Monitoring;88
10.11;Maximum Permissible Levels;89
10.12;Film Badge Service;90
11;CHAPTER 5. Some Practical Considerations;91
11.1;Sources;91
11.2;Purchasing Unsealed Isotopes;92
11.3;Geiger Counting Equipment;94
11.4;Types of Detector;96
11.5;Photographic Techniques;100
11.6;Half-life Experiments;100
11.7;Half-life Graphs;101
11.8;Half-life from a Growth Curve;103
11.9;Carriers;105
11.10;Solvent Extraction;106
11.11;Ion Exchange;107
11.12;Electro-deposition;107
11.13;Preparation of Solid Samples;108
12;CHAPTER 6.Some Demonstration Experiments;110
12.1;Experiment 6.1. Becquerel's Discovery;110
12.2;Experiment 6.2. Distinction between Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation;112
12.3;Experiment 6.3. Deflection of Beta Particles in a Magnetic Field;114
12.4;Experiment 6.4. Backscatter;115
12.5;Experiment 6.5. Activity of Potassium Salts;115
12.6;Experiment 6.6. Cloud Chambers;116
12.7;Experiment 6.7. Relative Ionising Power of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiat;117
12.8;Experiment 6.8. Scintillations;120
12.9;Experiment 6.9. Dose Rate Measurements;121
12.10;Experiment 6.10. The Spark Counter;121
12.11;Experiment 6.11. Half-life Experiments;121
12.12;Experiment 6.12. Alpha Particle Range;124
12.13;Experiment 6.13. Bremsstrahlung Production;125
13;CHAPTER 7. Experiments Using Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes;128
13.1;Experiment 7.1. The Characteristics of a Geiger Tube;128
13.2;Experiment 7.2. Geiger Pulse Amplitude and Duration;131
13.3;Experiment 7.3. The Statistics of Counting;132
13.4;Experiment 7.4. Determination as to whether a Solid is Radioactive;133
13.5;Experiment 7.5. External Beta Absorption Curves;134
13.6;Experiment 7.6. Self-absorption in a Beta Emitter;136
13.7;Experiment 7.7. Self-absorption in a Solution;137
13.8;Experiment 7.8. The Separation of 234mPa by Solvent Extraction;138
13.9;Experiment 7.9. The Separation of 234mPa by Precipitation with Zirconium Phosphate;143
13.10;Experiment 7.10. The Preparation of 234mPa and 234Th by the Use of an Ion Exchange Column;144
13.11;Experiment 7.11. The Preparation of 234Th by Precipitation;145
13.12;Experiment 7.12. The Half-life of Thoron using an Ionisation Chamber;147
13.13;Experiment 7.13. The Determination of the Half-life of Thoron using a G.M. Tube;149
13.14;Experiment 7.14. Measurement of Gas Flow Rate using Thoron Decay;150
13.15;Experiment 7.15. The Preparation of 212Pb from Thorium Hydroxide by Electrostatic Deposition;152
13.16;Experiment 7.16. The Preparation of 212Bi by Electrostatic Deposition;156
13.17;Experiment 7.17. The Preparation of 212Pb and 212Bi by Solvent Extraction;158
13.18;Experiment 7.18. Backscatter;158
13.19;Experiment 7.19. The Preparation of 208TI by Liquid Extraction;159
13.20;Experiment 7.20. The Preparation of 208TI by Precipitation;160
13.21;Experiment 7.21. The Separation of 208TI by Adsorption;161
13.22;Experiment 7.22. The Use of 212Pb as a Tracer;162
13.23;Experiment 7.23. The Determination of the Surface Area of a Precipitate;163
13.24;Experiment 7.24. The Determination of Small Concentrations of Uranium or Thorium by means of Nuclear Emulsions;165
13.25;Experiment 7.25. Estimation of the Branching Ratio of ThC using a Nuclear Emulsion;166
13.26;Experiment 7.26. The Determination of Long Half-lives;166
13.27;Experiment 7.27. Alpha Particle Ranges in a Nuclear Emulsion;169
13.28;Experiment 7.28. The Estimation of the Half-life of 40K;170
13.29;Experiment 7.29. The Separation of ThX (224Ra) with MsTh 1 (228Ra);172
13.30;Experiment 7.30. The Concentration of Airborne Radioisotopes;173
14;CHAPTER 8. Experiments Using Sealed Sources;176
14.1;Experiment 8.1. The Inverse Square Law Experiment for Gamma Radiation;176
14.2;Experiment 8.2. The Absorption of Gamma Radiation;178
14.3;Experiment 8.3. The Decrease of Beta Flux with Source Distance;178
14.4;Experiment 8.4. The Determination of the Resolving Time of Geiger Counting Equipment;179
14.5;Experiment 8.5. Simple Gamma Radiography;181
15;CHAPTER 9. Experiments Using Unsealed Artificially Produced Isotopes;182
15.1;Experiment 9.1. The Structure of the Thiosulphate Ion;182
15.2;Experiment 9.2. The Dynamic Equilibrium between a Metal and its Ions;184
15.3;Experiment 9.3. Coprecipitation and Adsorption;185
15.4;Experiment 9.4. The Preparation of a Labelled Compound;186
15.5;Experiment 9.5. The Absorption of Phosphorus by a Plant;187
15.6;Experiment 9.6. The Absorption of Phosphorus by Yeast;188
15.7;Problems;189
16;APPENDIX 1: Regulations on the Use of Radioisotopes in United Kingdom Educational Establishments;191
16.1;The Radioactive Substances Act, 1960;192
16.2;Exemptions;193
16.3;Levels of Work;195
16.4;Approval by the Secretary of State;196
16.5;Schools Level;197
16.6;Transport of Radioisotopes;201
17;APPENDIX 2: Radioisotope Data;202
18;APPENDIX 3: Table of Resolving Time Corrections for a Dead Time of 400 Microseconds;208
19;APPENDIX 4: List of Manufacturers;212
20;References;215
21;Index;218