Dasgupta Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results

A Toxicologist's Perspective
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-60761-527-9
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 152 Seiten

A majority of the Fortune 500 Companies implement some practice of workplace drug testing in their company policies. This practice was first initiated by President Ronald Reagan when he ordered federal agencies to drug test federal employees involved in sensitive positions as well as positions involving public safety. As a practicing toxicologist, Dr. Amitava Dasgupta is involved with the pre-employment drug testing at his own hospital and aptly shares his expertise in Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A Toxicologist's Perspective, which covers all major issues concerning how people try to beat drug tests and defend positive test results. In each chapter, extensive references are cited so that readers can access more information on a particular topic that may interest them. The book will undoubtedly prove helpful to toxicologists, medical technologists, pathologists, human resources professionals and anyone interested in workplace drug testing.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dasgupta, Amitava

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgments;8
3;Contents;10
4;1 Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A General Overview;15
4.1;1 Introduction;15
4.2;2 Commonly Abused Drugs in the United States;16
4.3;3 Workplace Drug Testing;17
4.4;4 How People Try to Beat Drug Tests?;17
4.5;5 How People Defend Positive Results?;19
4.6;6 Designer Drugs/Rave Party Drugs and Workplace Drug Testing;20
4.6.1;6.1 Detection of Designer/Rave Party Drugs;22
4.7;7 Conclusions;22
4.8;References;23
5;2 Pharmacology of Commonly Abused Drugs;25
5.1;1 Introduction;25
5.2;2 Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Related Drugs;25
5.2.1;2.1 Metabolism of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine;26
5.2.2;2.2 Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines;26
5.2.3;2.3 Metabolism of Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines;28
5.2.4;2.4 Overdoses and Fatalities from Amphetamines and Related Drugs;29
5.3;3 Barbiturates;29
5.3.1;3.1 Metabolism and Fatality from Barbiturates;30
5.4;4 Benzodiazepines;31
5.4.1;4.1 Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines;31
5.4.2;4.2 Benzodiazepine Overdose and Fatality;32
5.5;5 Cannabinoids;33
5.5.1;5.1 Metabolism of THC;33
5.5.2;5.2 THC Overdose;34
5.6;6 Cocaine;34
5.6.1;6.1 Pharmacology of Cocaine;35
5.6.2;6.2 Abuse of Cocaine and Alcohol;36
5.6.3;6.3 Fatality from Cocaine and Cocaethylene;36
5.7;7 Opiates;36
5.7.1;7.1 Pharmacology of Opiates;37
5.8;8 Methadone;38
5.8.1;8.1 Pharmacology of Methadone;38
5.9;9 Phencyclidine;38
5.10;10 Propoxyphene;39
5.11;11 Methaqualone;40
5.12;12 Glutethimide;40
5.13;13 Conclusions;40
5.14;References;41
6;3 Workplace Drug Testing: SAMHSA and Non-SAMHSA Drugs;43
6.1;1 Introduction;43
6.2;2 SAMHSA Mandated Drugs;44
6.3;3 Testing of Various SAMHSA Mandated Drugs;45
6.3.1;3.1 Testing of Amphetamines;46
6.3.2;3.2 Testing of Cannabinoid (Marijuana);47
6.3.3;3.3 Testing of Cocaine Metabolites;48
6.3.4;3.4 Testing of Opiates;50
6.3.5;3.5 Testing of Phencyclidine;51
6.4;4 Testing of Non-SAMHSA Drugs;52
6.4.1;4.1 Testing of Barbiturates;52
6.4.2;4.2 Testing of Benzodiazepines;54
6.4.3;4.3 Testing of Methadone;54
6.4.4;4.4 Testing of Propoxyphene;55
6.4.5;4.5 Testing of Methaqualone and Glutethimide;55
6.5;5 Miscellaneous Issues in Workplace Drug Testing;56
6.6;6 Conclusions;56
6.7;References;57
7;4 Synthetic Urine, Flushing, Detoxifying, and Related Agents for Beating Urine Drug Tests: Are They Effective?;59
7.1;1 Introduction;59
7.2;2 Synthetic Urine;60
7.3;3 Composition of Synthetic Urine;61
7.4;4 Specimen Integrity Testing;61
7.5;5 Prosthetic Penis and Workplace Drug Testing;62
7.5.1;5.1 Catheterization for Substituting Urine;63
7.6;6 Flushing and Detoxifying Products;64
7.6.1;6.1 Water Intoxication;65
7.6.2;6.2 Diluted Urine and Drug Testing;65
7.6.3;6.3 SAMHSA Criteria for Diluted/Substituted Urine;67
7.6.4;6.4 Diluted Urine: Case Studies;68
7.6.5;6.5 Do These Agents Work?;69
7.7;7 Herbals to Beat Drug Tests;70
7.8;8 Various Drugs and False Negative/Positive Screening Assay Results;71
7.9;9 Conclusions;72
7.10;References;72
8;5 Household Chemicals and Internet Based Products for Beating Urine Drug Tests;75
8.1;1 Introduction;75
8.2;2 Household Chemicals as Urinary Adulterants;76
8.2.1;2.1 Effect of Various Adulterants on Immunoassay Screening;77
8.2.2;2.2 Effect of Various Household Adulterants on Specimen Integrity Testing;79
8.3;3 Internet Based Urinary Adulterants;81
8.3.1;3.1 Adulteration Product Urine Luck;81
8.3.2;3.2 Adulteration Products Containing Nitrite;82
8.3.3;3.3 Adulteration with Glutaraldehyde Containing Products;83
8.3.4;3.4 Stealth as a Urinary Adulterant;84
8.3.5;3.5 Papain as Urinary Adulterant;85
8.4;4 Detection of Internet Based Adulterants;85
8.4.1;4.1 Testing for Urine Luck;85
8.4.2;4.2 Testing for Nitrite;86
8.4.3;4.3 Testing for Stealth;87
8.4.4;4.4 Testing for Glutaraldehyde;87
8.4.5;4.5 Onsite Adulteration Check and Automated Assays;87
8.5;5 Federal Guidelines for Additional Testing to Detect Adulterants;88
8.6;6 A Case Study;89
8.7;7 Conclusions;90
8.8;References;90
9;6 Adulterating Hair, Oral Fluid, and Sweat Specimens for Drug Testing;93
9.1;1 Introduction;93
9.2;2 Hair Drug Testing;94
9.2.1;2.1 Hair Color and Incorporation of Drugs;95
9.2.2;2.2 Environmental Contamination and Hair Drug Testing;95
9.2.3;2.3 Adulteration of Hair Specimens;97
9.3;3 Oral Fluid Testing for Abused Drugs;98
9.3.1;3.1 Adulteration of Oral Fluid;99
9.4;4 Sweat Testing;100
9.4.1;4.1 Adulteration Issues;100
9.5;5 Conclusions;101
9.6;References;101
10;7 Defending Positive Opiate and Marijuana Test Results;103
10.1;1 Introduction;103
10.2;2 Poppy Seeds and Opium;104
10.2.1;2.1 Opium Content of Various Poppy Seeds;104
10.2.2;2.2 Poppy Seed and Allergy;105
10.2.3;2.3 Opiate Level After Consumption of Poppy Tea (Opium Tea);105
10.2.4;2.4 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Urinary Opiates;106
10.2.5;2.5 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Opiate Levels in Other Matrix;108
10.2.6;2.6 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Impairment;109
10.2.7;2.7 Brown Mixture and Opiate Levels;109
10.2.8;2.8 Legal Consequence of Positive Opiate Due to Ingestion of Poppy Seed Containing Food;109
10.3;3 Marker for Poppy Seed Consumption in Urine;110
10.4;4 Defending Positive Marijuana Results;110
10.4.1;4.1 Passive Inhalation of Marijuana;111
10.4.2;4.2 Consumption of Hemp Products;111
10.5;5 Case Study;113
10.6;6 Conclusions;113
10.7;References;114
11;8 Defending Positive Cocaine Tests;116
11.1;1 Introduction;116
11.2;2 Herbal Tea and Cocaine;117
11.2.1;2.1 Coca Tea and Urinary Level of Benzoylecgonine;118
11.2.2;2.2 Legal Consequence of Positive Cocaine Due to Ingestion of Coca Tea;119
11.3;3 Mugwort and Positive Cocaine;120
11.4;4 Procaine and Workplace Drug Testing;120
11.5;5 Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Lidocaine, and Workplace Drug Testing;121
11.6;6 Paper Money Contaminated with Cocaine;122
11.6.1;6.1 Handling Money Contaminated with Cocaine and Drug Testing;123
11.7;7 Passive Inhalation/Exposure of Cocaine;124
11.8;8 Case Studies;125
11.9;9 Conclusions;125
11.10;References;126
12;9 Defending Positive Amphetamine Results;128
12.1;1 Introduction;128
12.2;2 OTC and Prescription Drugs that Produce False Positives with Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassays;129
12.3;3 Use of Vicks Inhaler and Positive Methamphetamine Test;130
12.4;4 Herbal Weight Loss Products and Amphetamine Assay;132
12.5;5 Bitter Orange and Amphetamine Immunoassay;133
12.6;6 False Positive GC/MS Methamphetamine Due to Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine;134
12.7;7 False Positive Amphetamine Due to Prescription Drug Mebeverine;135
12.8;8 Analytical True Positive Amphetamine/Methamphetamine;138
12.9;9 Case Studies;139
12.10;10 Conclusions;140
12.11;References;140
13;10 Analytical True Positives in Workplace Drugs Testings Due to Use of Prescription and OTC Medications;143
13.1;1 Introduction;143
13.2;2 Prescription Medications Containing Benzodiazepines;144
13.3;3 Topical Use of Cocaine and Workplace Drug Testing;146
13.4;4 Prescription Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing;147
13.4.1;4.1 Detection of Hydromorphone After Medical Use of Morphine;148
13.4.2;4.2 Detection of Hydrocodone After Medical Use of Codeine;149
13.5;5 OTC Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing;150
13.6;6 Marinol and Workplace Drug Testing;150
13.6.1;6.1 Marijuana and Chocolate;151
13.7;7 Conclusions;151
13.8;References;152
14;Subject Index;154