Davies / Miron PRF in Facial Esthetics

1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-1-64724-059-2
Verlag: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 248 Seiten

Facial esthetics has become one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. As the field continues to evolve and patients demand more and more of practitioners, it is clear that both the beginner as well as the advanced practitioner seek convenient, safe, and effective therapies, and this book provides just that. Written in collaboration with international experts from various fields of medicine, including basic scientists, clinician-scientists, experts in laser therapy and photography, as well as plastic surgeons and hair restorative surgeons, this book collectively offers a comprehensive approach to using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in facial esthetics. PRF has been used for decades in regenerative medicine, and slowly it has made its way into the medical esthetic arena, often used in combination with other leading therapies to support minimally invasive esthetic procedures. This book therefore starts at the beginning, first exploring the biology and anatomy of the skin and hair before turning to a discussion of photographic record-keeping and patient consultation. Then follow chapters on the biology of platelet concentrates and microneedling, skin and hair regeneration, lasers, and the use of PRF in plastic surgery. The final chapter looks to the future and considers what else could be possible. If you perform any facial esthetic procedures in your office or want to learn how, this book is a must.

Catherine Davies, MBBCh, MBA, is a medical doctor practicing in Johannesburg, South Africa, with a special interest in esthetics, regenerative medicine, and hair restoration. She has over 14 years of experience in FUE hair transplant surgery. She is board certified in stem cell medicine from the A4M Academy in the United States.  Dr Davies frequently lectures and trains on medical procedures and is passionate about medical education. She recently featured in and produced an international medical TV show called Outpatients, which is on its third successful season and airs in 180 countries. Her passion is to drive social change through the use of media. She is the proud mother of three children. Richard J. Miron, DDS, BMSc, MSc, PhD, Dr med dent, is currently the lead educator and researcher at Advanced PRF Education and is Adjunct Visiting Faculty in the Department of Periodontology in Bern, Switzerland, where he completed his PhD studies. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed articles and lectures internationally on many topics relating to growth factors, bone biomaterials, and guided bone regeneration. He is widely considered one of the top contributors to research in dentistry, having recently won the ITI Andre Schroeder Prize, the IADR Young Investigator of the Year in the field of implant dentistry, as well as the IADR Socransky Research Award in the field of periodontology. Dr Miron has written two best-selling textbooks in regenerative dentistry, including Next-Generation Biomaterials for Bone and Periodontal Regeneration (Quintessence, 2019), and he's just getting started.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Davies, Catherine

Miron, Richard J

Leseproben

1 /

INTRODUCTION TO FACIAL ESTHETICS AND PRF

Richard J. Miron

Catherine Davies

Facial esthetics has become one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. While originally a number of minimally invasive procedures were utilized effectively in facial esthetics (including Botox [Allergan], hyaluronic acids, and polydioxanone [PDO] threads), more recently platelet concentrates have gained momentum because of their more natural regenerative approach. The main advantage of platelet concentrates is that they offer a safe, easy-to-obtain, and completely immune-biocompatible method for the healing or regeneration of aging skin. This differs significantly from previous modalities that aim to act as fillers or paralyzers, which initiate a foreign body reaction once placed within living tissue. As the population continues to age and becomes more concerned with their esthetic appearances, more and more clinicians and practitioners wish to offer patients a natural approach with platelet concentrates and more specifically platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). As trends continue to support minimally invasive esthetic procedures, it is clear that both beginner as well as advanced practitioners seek convenient, safe, and effective therapies. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was the first platelet concentrate utilized in facial esthetics because of its supraphysiologic accumulation of platelets and their respective growth factors, known stimulators of tissue regeneration. However, one of its main limitations is its incorporation of anticoagulants, known inhibitors of wound healing. Today, with advancements in centrifugation protocols and centrifugation tube characteristics, it has become possible to utilize a liquid injectable PRF without incorporation of anticoagulants. This formulation has been studied and utilized extensively in various fields of medicine and has become increasingly popular in facial esthetics. This textbook provides a first-of-its-kind introduction to the use of PRF in facial esthetics.

Aging of the Skin

Aging of the skin is an inevitable process that gradually occurs as we get older1,2 (Fig 1-1). Several factors have been associated with this process, including both genetic and environmental factors.3 Exposure to sun, pollution, and various chemicals have been known to cause skin and/or DNA damage, speeding the aging process.3 A number of changes to the skin may occur as a result, including skin atrophy, telangiectasia, fine and deep wrinkles, yellowing (solar elastosis), and dyspigmentation.3 Furthermore, poor diet, lack of exercise, caffeine intake, smoking, and drug use are additional factors known to speed the aging process.4

FIG 1-1

The process of skin aging. With age, facial features tend to sag, with a volume shift downward of facial tissues.

One key element certainly important for overall health and particularly skin attractiveness is hydration. Dehydration of the skin may lead to epithelial cell apoptosis and flaky skin complexion. From this standpoint, skin dehydration is a major risk factor for skin aging, and many topical applications, including hyaluronic acid creams, are geared toward water retention as a modality to prevent dryness of the skin. Aging skin is also related to a number of obvious demarcations of the face (see chapter 2). Depressions in the corners of the mouth, cheeks, forehead, eyebrows, eyelids, and nose are all associated with aging5 (Box 1-1; see Fig 1-1). Based on visible differences that occur with aging, a variety of treatment options have been proposed to favor a more youthful appearance, but hydration is a key feature.

BOX 1-1

Progressive changes expected in normal aging

• Corners of the mouth move inferiorly, resulting in a slight frown look

• Cheeks sag inferiorly, resulting in the appearance of jowls

• Tissue around the eyes sags inferiorly

• Eyelids (upper and lower) sag inferiorly

• Tissue of the forehead drifts inferiorly, creating wrinkles and dropping the eyebrows downward with flatter appearances

• Nose may elongate and the tip may regress inferiorly

• Nose may develop a small to pronounced dorsal hump

• Tip of the nose may enlarge and become bulbous

• Generalized wrinkling to the face naturally occurs

As the body ages, it undergoes many changes that directly impact the physiology of human tissues, resulting in lower cellular activity.6 These changes include a loss in density, increases in fat storage, and lower production of collagen. A reduction in collagen synthesis as well as its associated increase in collagen degradation both have apparent disadvantages leading to a net loss of facial volume, resulting in skin folds and wrinkles7 (see chapter 2). Based on these changes associated with aging, several years ago it was proposed that platelet concentrates could be utilized in facial esthetics to improve collagen synthesis and restore facial volume.8–10 The main function of platelet concentrates is to increase recruitment and proliferation of cells and to further speed revascularization/blood flow toward defective areas. Many advancements have been made since the first-generation platelet concentrate—platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Several devices and isolation kits have since been fabricated based on the concept of isolating platelets for regenerative purposes, eliminating the inclusion of anticoagulants and speeding the preparation protocols. This second-generation platelet formulation, termed platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), has formed the basis for more than 600 scientific publications on the topic and has now extended into the field of facial esthetics. This textbook addresses this topic in detail and introduces the concept of PRF as a safer, more effective regenerative platelet concentrate that is 100% natural and thereby prevents a foreign body response.

Traditional Methods for Facial Rejuvenation

One of the first methods proposed for facial rejuvenation incorporated acupuncture.11 This concept was derived based on accumulating evidence that trauma to the skin in the form of a needle and/or syringe, dermal roller, or more recently microneedling (see chapter 7) could induce slight tissue damage leading to new angiogenesis, growth factor release, and subsequent new tissue regeneration. This tissue regeneration resulted in a more youthful appearance.

Because of the popularity of such treatments in facial esthetics and rapidly increasing trends in the field, more invasive techniques have also been proposed. These include facelifts, aggressive laser treatment modalities, and various grafting procedures.12–14 One of the advantages of platelet therapies is their ability to be used in combination with microneedling (see chapter 7), lasers (see chapter 10), plastic surgery (see chapter 12), and hair restoration (see chapter 9) simply to improve healing outcomes.

Traditional Biomaterials for Facial Rejuvenation

While various protocols and injectable materials have been proposed in facial esthetics, patients generally seek more natural regenerative approaches with the shortest possible downtime. In addition, medicine has gradually and naturally progressed toward more minimally invasive procedures. Today, many different agents and biomaterials can be utilized to accomplish this task, including Botox, fillers (eg, silicone, calcium hydroxyapatite, polymethyl methacrylate, hyaluronic acid products, hyaluronic acid + calcium hydroxyapatite, polylactic acid), various laser therapies at different wavelengths/intensities, and polydioxanone (PDO) threads.15–21 These products and modalities have been made popular by extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements and have been demonstrated to be successful in various esthetic procedures to improve cosmetic appearance (Box 1-2).

BOX 1-2

Unesthetic features that can be treated or eliminated with esthetic medicine procedures

• Scars

• Skin laxity

• Wrinkles

• Moles

• Liver spots

• Excess fat

• Cellulite

• Unwanted hair

• Skin discoloration

• Spider veins

Importantly, however, these techniques heavily rely on normal protective mechanisms of the epidermis, which can be altered or disrupted following their use. The use of Botox, for example, has shown secondary effects that may cause a cascade of reactions with potential consequences.22 Botox causes temporary denervation and relaxation of muscles by preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the peripheral nerve endings.23 Clinicians generally recommend repeated injections every 6 months or so to maintain the facial appearance, but these injections may lead to secondary effects associated with an increased granular layer or thinning of the epidermis as a result of a foreign body reaction to this material.24,25 Other reported secondary effects include cases of muscle paresis including muscle weakness, brow ptosis, upper and/or lower eyelid ptosis, lateral arching of the eyebrow, double or blurred vision, loss or difficulty in...