De Falco / Basile Enriched Methane

The First Step Towards the Hydrogen Economy
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-22192-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 259 Seiten

Reihe: Green Energy and Technology

This book brings together recent research from across the world on enriched methane, and examines the production, distribution and use of this resource in internal combustion engines and gas turbines. It aims to provide readers with an extensive account of potential technological breakthroughs which have the capacity to revolutionize energy systems. Enriched methane, a gas mixture composed by methane and hydrogen (10-30%vol), constitutes the first realistic step towards the application of hydrogen as an energy vector. It provides strong benefits in terms of emissions reduction, that is -11% of CO2, eq emission with the combustion of a 30%vol H2 mixture, if hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources. Enriched methane offers the following advantages:• it can be produced at competitive costs; • it can be distributed by means of the medium pressure natural gas grid;• it can be stored in traditional natural gas storage systems; <• it can feed natural gas internal combustion engine, improving conversion efficiency. This book is intended for academics in chemical engineering and energy production, distribution and storage. It is also intended for energy producers, engineering companies and R&D organizations.


Marcello De Falco is an Assistant Professor of 'Dynamic and Control of Industrial Processes' at the Faculty of Engineering of 'Campus Bio-Medico' of Rome and a researcher expert in reactor modelling. He has 60 publications about on reactor simulations, chemical processes development and technologies assessment.Angelo Basile is a Senior Researcher at the Institute on Membrane Technology of the Italian National Research Council (ITM-CNR). Basile is responsible for the research related to the ultra-pure H2 production and CO2 capture using Pd-based Membrane Reactors. In this research area, he published more than: a) 110 papers as first name and/or corresponding author; b) 30 invited speaker or plenary lectures, and c) 220 papers in proc. of Int. Conferences; lecturer in various Summer Schools on Membrane Reactors organized by the European Membrane Society; editor of 15 books and more than 50 chapters; 8 patents (of which: 1 at European level and 1 at worldwide level).

Autoren/Hrsg.

De Falco, Marcello

Basile, Angelo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;1 Enriched Methane: A Ready Solution for the Transition Towards the Hydrogen Economy;10
3.1;Abstract;10
3.2;1 Introduction;11
3.3;2 Hydrogen;13
3.3.1;2.1 Production;13
3.3.2;2.2 Storage;16
3.3.3;2.3 Distribution;19
3.3.4;2.4 End Use;20
3.4;3 Barriers Towards the Hydrogen Economy;20
3.5;4 The Enriched Methane;24
3.5.1;4.1 Production;25
3.5.2;4.2 Storage;25
3.5.3;4.3 Distribution;26
3.5.4;4.4 End Use;27
3.6;5 Conclusions;28
3.7;References;28
4;2 Enriched Methane Production Through a Low Temperature Steam Reforming Reactor;31
4.1;Abstract;31
4.2;1 Introduction;32
4.3;2 Solar Steam Reforming Process;34
4.4;3 Solar Steam Reforming Reactor Modeling;36
4.5;4 Industrial Reactor Simulation and Performance Analysis;39
4.6;5 Conclusions;42
4.7;References;43
5;3 Methane/Hydrogen Mixtures from Concentrated Solar Energy: The METISOL Project;44
5.1;Abstract;44
5.2;1 Introduction;45
5.3;2 Concentrating Solar Power: General Principles;47
5.4;3 Selection of Installation Site for the CSP Plant;50
5.5;4 Solar Radiation Concentration Efficiency;51
5.6;5 Methane/Hydrogen Production Plant;53
5.7;6 Analysis of Solar Collection During the Year;55
5.8;7 Conclusions;56
5.9;References;57
6;4 Low Temperature Steam Reforming Catalysts for Enriched Methane Production;59
6.1;Abstract;59
6.2;1 Introduction;60
6.2.1;1.1 Enriched Methane as a Possible Shortcut Toward the Hydrogen Economy;60
6.2.2;1.2 Low Temperature Steam Reforming for Enriched Methane Production;61
6.3;2 Catalysts for Steam Reforming Processes;63
6.3.1;2.1 Active Phases and Promoters;63
6.4;3 Influence of the Support on the Performance of the Active Phase;66
6.5;4 Catalysts for Low Temperature Steam Reforming;69
6.5.1;4.1 General Concepts;69
6.6;5 Structure, Active Sites, and Mechanisms;70
6.7;6 Conclusions;74
6.8;References;75
7;5 Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion of Food Wastes for Hydrogen and Methane Production;81
7.1;Abstract;81
7.2;1 Introduction;82
7.3;2 General Process Description;83
7.4;3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production Process Parameters: Inhibition of Hydrogenotrophic Activity Treating Food Wastes;84
7.4.1;3.1 Inoculum and/or Substrate Treatments;85
7.4.2;3.2 Hydraulic Retention Time;86
7.4.3;3.3 Organic Loading Rate (OLR);86
7.4.4;3.4 Temperature;87
7.5;4 Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste;87
7.5.1;4.1 Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion: Lab-Scale Tests on Effluent Recirculation for Hydrogen Production;89
7.5.2;4.2 Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion: Pilot-Scale Tests on Effluent Recirculation for Hydrogen Production;90
7.5.3;4.3 Ammonia/Recirculation Control;91
7.6;5 Conclusions;93
7.7;Acknowledgements;94
7.8;References;94
8;6 Bio-production of Hydrogen and Methane Through Anaerobic Digestion Stages;97
8.1;Abstract;97
8.2;1 Introduction;98
8.3;2 Anaerobic Digestion Process;98
8.3.1;2.1 Hydrolysis;99
8.3.2;2.2 Acidogenesis;99
8.3.3;2.3 The Fermentation;100
8.3.4;2.4 Acetogenesis;101
8.3.5;2.5 Methanogenesis;101
8.4;3 Dark Fermentation and Its Limiting Factors;101
8.4.1;3.1 Main Process Parameters and Inhibition Factors;103
8.4.2;3.2 pH;103
8.4.3;3.3 Temperature;104
8.4.4;3.4 Hydrogen Partial Pressure;104
8.4.5;3.5 Volatile Fatty Acids;105
8.4.6;3.6 Resource Mapping;105
8.4.7;3.7 Concentration of Metal Ions;106
8.5;4 Microbial Ecology and Syntrophic Cooperation Between Microorganism;106
8.6;5 Biological Clean-up of Hydrogen Sulphide by Green Sulphur Bacteria Based Photobioreactor;109
8.7;6 Conclusions;111
8.8;References;112
9;7 Biological Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass;116
9.1;Abstract;116
9.2;1 Introduction;117
9.3;2 Sustainable Methods of Hydrogen Production;117
9.4;3 Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Feedstock for H2 Production;118
9.5;4 Biomass Recalcitration;119
9.6;5 The Process;120
9.6.1;5.1 Complete Conversion of Biomass;120
9.6.2;5.2 Significance of Active H2 Removal from the Bioreactor;122
9.6.2.1;5.2.1 PH2 and Concentration of H2 in Aqueous Phase (H2,Aq);122
9.6.2.2;5.2.2 Sparging and Choice of Reactor;122
9.7;6 Ideal Biohydrogen Producer: Desirable Metabolic Features;124
9.7.1;6.1 Ability to Produce H2 at High Yields;124
9.7.2;6.2 Hydrolytic Capacity and Growth on Renewable Feedstock;125
9.7.3;6.3 Absence of Carbon Catabolite Repression;125
9.7.4;6.4 Ability to Withstand High PH2;126
9.7.5;6.5 Ability to Grow in a Minimal Medium;126
9.7.6;6.6 Feasibility of Strain Improvement;127
9.7.7;6.7 Ability to Withstand High Osmotic Pressure;127
9.8;7 Conclusions;128
9.9;References;128
10;8 Purification of Hydrogen-Methane Mixtures Using PSA Technology;133
10.1;Abstract;133
10.2;1 Introduction;134
10.3;2 The PSA Process;136
10.4;3 PSA for the CO2 Removal from CO2--CH4--H2 Mixture Produced by Solar Steam Reforming of Natural Gas;138
10.4.1;3.1 Process Definition;138
10.4.2;3.2 PSA Simulation Model;139
10.4.3;3.3 Adsorbent Materials;140
10.4.4;3.4 PSA Cycles for CO2 Separation from CH4--CO2--H2 Mixture;143
10.4.4.1;3.4.1 Cycle A;143
10.4.4.2;3.4.2 Cycle B;145
10.4.5;3.5 The Off-gas;146
10.4.6;3.6 PSA for CH4 Recovery;147
10.4.7;3.7 Overall Process;148
10.5;4 Conclusions;149
10.6;References;150
11;9 Emissions and Efficiency of Turbocharged Lean-Burn Hydrogen-Supplemented Natural Gas Fueled Engines;151
11.1;Abstract;151
11.2;1 Introduction;152
11.3;2 The Need for Turbocharging;153
11.4;3 Turbocharged Lean-Burn Engine Studies;154
11.5;4 Comparison and Discussion of Published Results;156
11.6;5 Amount of Hydrogen Supplementation;156
11.7;6 MBT Spark Timing;158
11.8;7 Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions (NOx);159
11.8.1;7.1 Vehicle Emissions of NOx;160
11.9;8 Total Hydrocarbon (THC) Emissions;161
11.9.1;8.1 Catalytic After Treatment of Hydrocarbon Emissions;164
11.9.2;8.2 Vehicle THC Emissions;165
11.10;9 Carbon Monoxide Emissions;166
11.10.1;9.1 Catalytic Aftertreatment of CO;169
11.10.2;9.2 Vehicle Emissions of CO;169
11.11;10 Engine Efficiency;170
11.11.1;10.1 Vehicle Fuel Efficiency;171
11.12;11 NOx--THC Trade-off;172
11.13;12 Particulate Matter Emissions;173
11.13.1;12.1 Vehicle Emissions of PM;174
11.14;13 Conclusions;175
11.15;Acknowledgments;175
11.16;References;175
12;10 Using Natural Gas/Hydrogen Mixture as a Fuel in a 6-Cylinder Stoichiometric Spark Ignition Engine;178
12.1;Abstract;178
12.2;1 Introduction;179
12.3;2 Theoretical Effects of Hydrogen Content on Engine Performance and Vehicle Range Operation;181
12.4;3 Experimental Data on Effect of Air Index and EGR on Combustion;182
12.5;4 Experimental Comparison of Stoichiometric and Lean Burn on the ETC Cycle;192
12.6;5 Conclusions;195
12.7;References;196
13;11 Enriched Methane for City Public Transport Buses;198
13.1;Abstract;198
13.2;1 Introduction;199
13.3;2 NG and H2 as Clean Fuel in ICE;202
13.4;3 Enriched NG for H2 Ready Fueled Vehicles;204
13.5;4 Mhybus Experience;205
13.5.1;4.1 Approval Procedure;206
13.5.1.1;4.1.1 Energy Consumption;207
13.5.1.2;4.1.2 Exhaust Emissions;207
13.5.1.3;4.1.3 Safety;207
13.5.1.4;4.1.4 Refilling Operation;208
13.6;5 Mhybus Testing Results;209
13.7;6 Economic Evaluation;213
13.8;7 Conclusion;214
13.9;References;215
14;12 Exploring New Production Methods of Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends;217
14.1;Abstract;217
14.2;1 Introduction;218
14.2.1;1.1 Mixing Hydrogen into the Natural Gas Grid;218
14.2.2;1.2 Enriched Methane;219
14.3;2 Production of H2/NG Mixtures from NG;219
14.3.1;2.1 Production of H2/NG Using Incomplete SMR;219
14.3.2;2.2 Production of H2/NG Mixtures Using an Internal Reforming Fuel Cell;221
14.3.3;2.3 Solving the Chicken and Egg Problem in Hydrogen for the Transport Sector;224
14.3.4;2.4 Integrating Fluctuating Renewable Energy Sources into the Electricity Grid;225
14.3.5;2.5 Production of EM for the Transport Sector;226
14.3.6;2.6 Production of H2/NG Mixtures by Methane Decomposition;227
14.3.7;2.7 Use of Carbon Black;228
14.3.8;2.8 Commercial Carbon Black Production;229
14.3.9;2.9 Thermal Decomposition of Methane by CSP;229
14.3.10;2.10 Decomposition of Methane in High-Temperature Fuel Cells;230
14.3.11;2.11 Plasma Decomposition of Methane;231
14.4;3 Hydrogen/Methane Blends from Biomass;232
14.4.1;3.1 Bioreactors;232
14.4.2;3.2 Supercritical Gasification of Biomass;232
14.5;4 Conclusions;233
14.6;Acknowledgments;233
14.7;References;234
15;13 Explosion Risks of Hydrogen/Methane Blends;237
15.1;Abstract;237
15.2;1 Introduction;239
15.3;2 Safety Challenges and Risk Assessments;240
15.4;3 Combustion Properties of Hydrogen--Methane Blends;243
15.5;4 CFD Modelling---Explosion Analyses;245
15.6;5 CFD Tool FLACS;247
15.6.1;5.1 Validation for Methane (Natural Gas), Hydrogen, and EM Explosions;248
15.7;6 Practical Explosion Studies for Enriched Methane;252
15.8;7 Conclusions;256
15.9;References;257