E-Book, Englisch, 847 Seiten
Reihe: Pharmacy Education Series
De Muth Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications, Third Edition
3. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4665-9674-0
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, 847 Seiten
Reihe: Pharmacy Education Series
ISBN: 978-1-4665-9674-0
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Building on its best-selling predecessors, Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications, Third Edition covers statistical topics most relevant to those in the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy practice. It focuses on the fundamentals required to understand descriptive and inferential statistics for problem solving. Incorporating new material in virtually every chapter, this third edition now provides information on software applications to assist with evaluating data.
New to the Third Edition
- Use of Excel® and Minitab® for performing statistical analysis
- Discussions of nonprobability sampling procedures, determining if data is normally distributed, evaluation of covariances, and testing for precision equivalence
- Expanded sections on regression analysis, chi square tests, tests for trends with ordinal data, and tests related to survival statistics
- Additional nonparametric procedures, including the one-sided sign test, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, and Mood’s median test
With the help of flow charts and tables, the author dispels some of the anxiety associated with using basic statistical tests in the pharmacy profession and helps readers correctly interpret their results using statistical software. Through the text’s worked-out examples, readers better understand how the mathematics works, the logic behind many of the equations, and the tests’ outcomes.
Zielgruppe
Students in pharmacy and practitioners in pharmaceutical sciences.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
INTRODUCTION
Types of Statistics
Parameters and Statistics
Sampling and Independent Observations
Types of Variables
Independent and Dependent Variables
Selection of the Appropriate Statistical Test
Procedures for Inferential Statistical Tests
Applications of Computer Software
PROBABILITY
Classic Probability
Probability Involving Two Variables
Conditional Probability
Probability Distribution
Counting Techniques
Binomial Distribution
Poisson Distribution
SAMPLING
Random Sampling
Using Minitab or Excel to Generate a Random Sample
Other Probability Sampling Procedures
Nonprobability Sampling Procedure
Random Assignment to Two or More Experimental Levels
Precision, Accuracy, and Bias
Reliability and Validity
PRESENTATION MODES
Tabulation of Data
Visual Displays for Discrete Variables
Visual Displays for Continuous Variables
Visual Displays for Two or More Continuous Variables
Using Excel or Minitab for Visual Displays
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Centers of a Continuous Distribution
Dispersion Within a Continuous Distribution
Population versus Sample Measures of Central Tendency
Measurements Related to the Sample Standard Deviation
Trimmed Mean
Using Excel or Minitab for Measures of Central Tendency
Alternative Computational Methods for Calculating Central Tendency
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND DATA TRANSFORMATION
The Normal Distribution
Determining if the Distribution is Normal
Data Transformations: An Overview
Lognormal Transformation and the Geometric Mean
Other Types of Transformations
Using Excel or Minitab to Evaluate Normality
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND TOLERANCE LIMITS
Sampling Distribution
Standard Error of the Mean versus the Standard Deviation
Confidence Intervals
Statistical Control Charts
Process Capability
Tolerance Limits
Using Excel or Minitab for Applications Discussed
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis Testing
Types of Errors
Type I Error
Type II Error and Power
Experimental Errors and Propagation of Errors
t-TESTS
Parametric Procedures
The t-distribution
One-tailed vs. Two-tailed Tests
One-Sample t-tests
Two-Sample t-tests
Computer Generated p-values
Corrected Degrees of Freedom for Unequal Variances
One-sample t-test Revisited for Critical Value
Matched Pair t-Test (Difference t-Test)
Using Excel or Minitab for Student t-tests
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
Hypothesis Testing with the One-way ANOVA
The F-distribution
Test Statistic
ANOVA Definitional Formula
ANOVA Computational Formula
Randomized Block Design
Homogeniety of Variance
Using Excel or Minitab for One-Way ANOVAs
MULTIPLE COMPARISON TESTS
Error Associated with Multiple t-tests
Overview of Multiple Comparison Tests
The q-statistic
Planned Multiple Comparisons
Bonferroni Adjustment
Sidák test
Dunn's Multiple Comparisons
Dunnett's Test
Post Hoc Procedures
Tukey HSD Test
Student Newman-Keuls Test
Fisher LSD Test
Scheffé Procedure
Scheffé Procedure for Complex Comparisons
Unbalanced Designs
Lack of Homogeneity
Other Post Hoc Tests
Using Minitab for Multiple Comparisons
FACTORIAL DESIGNS: AN INTRODUCTION
Factorial Designs
Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Computational Formula with Unequal Cell Size
Post Hoc Procedures
Repeated Measures Design
Repeatability and Reproducibility
Latin Square Designs
Other Designs
Fixed, Random, and Mixed Effect Models
Beyond a Two-way Factorial Design
Using Excel or Minitab for Two-Way ANOVAs
CORRELATION
Graphic Representation of Two Continuous Variables
Covariance
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Line
Statistical Significance of a Correlation Coefficient
Correlation and Causality
In vivo and In vitro Correlation
Other Types of Bivariate Correlations
Pair-wise Correlations Involving More Than Two Variables
Multiple Correlations
Partial Correlations
Nonlinear Correlations
Assessing Independence and Randomness
Using Excel or Minitab for Correlation
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
The Regression Line
Coefficient of Determination
ANOVA Table
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing for the Population Slope (b)
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing for the Population Intercept (a)
Confidence Intervals for the Regression Line
Inverse Prediction
Multiple Data at Various Points on the Independent Variable
Lack-of-Fit Test
Assessing Parallelism of the Slopes of Two Sample
Curvilinear and Nonlinear Regression
Multiple Linear Regression Models
Stepwise Regression
Using Excel or Minitab for Regression
Z-TESTS OF PROPORTIONS
z-test of Proportions - One-sample Case
z-test of Proportions - Two-sample Case
Estimating Power and Desired Sample size for two-sample Z-test of Proportions
z-tests for Proportions - Yates' Correction for Continuity
Proportion Testing for More Than Two Levels of a Discrete
Independent Variable
CHI SQUARE TESTS
Chi Square Statistic
Chi Square for One Discrete Independent Variable
Chi Square Goodness-of-fit Test
Chi Square Test of Independence
Yates' Correction for 2x2 Contingency Table
Comparison of Chi Square to the Z-test of Proportions
Fisher's Exact Test
McNemar's Test
Cochran's Q Test
Mantel-Haenszel Test
MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION
Introduction
Dichotomous Associations
Nominal Associations
Ordinal Associations
Nominal-by-interval Associations
Reliability Measurements
ODDS RATIOS AND RELATIVE RISK RATIOS
Probability, Odds, and Risk
Odds Ratio
Relative Risk
Graphic Display for Odds Ratios and Relative Risk Ratios
Mantel-Haenszel Estimate of Relative Risk
Logistic Regression
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE: AN INTRODUCTION
Sensitivity and Specificity
Two-by-Two Contingency Table
Defining Evidence Based Practice
Frequentist versus Bayesian Approaches to Probability
Predictive Values
Likelihood Ratios
SURVIVAL STATISTICS
Censored Survival Data
Life Table Analysis
Survival Curve
Kaplan-Meier Procedure
Visually Comparison of Two Survival Curves
Tests to Compare Two Levels of an Independent Variable
Hazard Ratio
Multiple Regression with Survival Data:
Proportional Hazards Regression
Other Measures and Tests of Survival
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
Use of Nonparametric Tests
Ranking of Information
Mann-Whitney U Test
Median Test
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test
Sign Test
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Post hoc Comparisons using Kruskal-Wallis
Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation
Theil's Incomplete Method
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test
Anderson-Darling Test
Runs Tests
Range Tests
STATISTICAL TESTS FOR EQUIVALENCE
Bioequivalence Testing
Experimental Designs for Bioequivalence Studies
Two-sample t-test Example
Power in Bioequivalence Tests
Rules for Bioequivalence
Creating Confidence Intervals
Comparison Using Two One-sided t-tests
Clinical Equivalence and Non-inferiority
Dissolution Testing
SUPAC-IR Guidance
OUTLIER TESTS
Regulatory Considerations
Outliers on a Single Continuum
Plotting and Number of Standard Deviations from the Center
The "Huge" Rule
Grubbs' Test for Outlying Observations
Dixon Q Test
Hampel's Rule
Multiple Outliers
Bivariate Outliers in Correlation and Regression Analysis
STATISTICAL ERRORS IN THE LITERATURE
Errors and the Peer Review Process
Problems with Experimental Design
Standard Deviations versus Standard Error of the Mean
Problems with Hypothesis Testing
Problems with Parametric Statistics
Errors with the Chi Square Test of Independence
Appendix A: Flow Chart for the Selection of Appropriate Tests
Appendix B: Statistical Tables
Appendix C: Summary of Commands for Excel and Minitab
Appendix D: Answers to Example Problems
Index
References, Supplemental Readings, and Example Problems appear at the end of each chapter.
