De Rubeis / Czechowski / Teisseyre Synchronization and Triggering: from Fracture to Earthquake Processes

Laboratory, Field Analysis and Theories
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-12300-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten

Reihe: GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences

Processes of synchronization and interaction play a very special role in different physical problems concerning the dynamics of the Earth's interior; they are of particular importance in the study of seismic phenomena, and their complexity is strongly affected by the variety of geological structures and inhomogeneities of the medium that hamper the course of these processes and their intensity. The attempt to tackle these problems is a great challenge from experimental, observational and theoretical point of view. We present in this Monograph the theoretical and experimental results achieved in the frame of the European Project 'Triggering and synchronization of seismic/ acoustic events by weak external forcing as a sign of approaching the critical point' (INTAS Ref. Nr 05-1000008-7889); in this Project, which was inspired by Professor Tamaz Chelidze, our aim was to give grounds for better understanding and interpretation of dynamical interactive processes of physical ?elds, both found in the laboratory experiments as well as in ?eld observations. One of the leading problems - related to synchronization and interaction of different physical ?elds in fracture processes concerns triggering and initiation of rupture and displa- ments within the Earth interior. From this point of view, the results from laboratory studies on synchronization and interaction and those found and involved in ?eld observations, helped to improve the theoretical background. Reversely, some of the presented new theoretical approaches have served to stimulate laboratory and ?eld studies.

Autoren/Hrsg.

De Rubeis, Valerio

Czechowski, Zbigniew

Teisseyre, Roman

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;10
2;Introduction;14
3;Part I Theoretical Studies;18
3.1;Chapter 1: Nonlinear Dynamics as a Tool for Revealing Synchronization and Ordering in Geophysical Time Series: Application to Caucasus Seismicity;19
3.1.1;1.1 Introduction;19
3.1.2;1.2 Overview of nonlinear data analysis methods;20
3.1.3;1.3 Investigation of dynamics of complex natural process: Caucasus seismicity;29
3.1.4;References;35
3.2;Chapter 2: Models of Stick-Slip Motion: Impact of Periodic Forcing;38
3.2.1;2.1 Introduction;38
3.2.2;2.2 Main details of experimental stick-slip results;39
3.2.3;2.3 Mathematical models of friction;42
3.2.4;References;47
3.3;Chapter 3: Shear Oscillations, Rotations and Interactions in Asymmetric Continuum;49
3.3.1;3.1 Introduction;49
3.3.2;3.2 Asymmetric Continuum;50
3.3.3;3.3 Rotation and shear-twist motions;52
3.3.4;3.4 Dislocations and disclinations: fragmentation and cracks;55
3.3.5;3.5 Interaction fields;56
3.3.6;3.6 Direct relations between defect and electric fields;58
3.3.7;3.7 Interaction examples;58
3.3.7.1;3.7.1 Thermal interaction;58
3.3.7.2;3.7.2 Piezoelectric effects;59
3.3.7.3;3.7.3 Polarization gradient theory;59
3.3.7.4;3.7.4 Interaction chains: electric and acoustic effects;61
3.3.8;3.8 Conclusions;61
3.3.9;References;62
3.4;Chapter 4: Processes in Micro-Fracture Continuum;64
3.4.1;4.1 Introduction;64
3.4.2;4.2 Asymmetric Continuum;65
3.4.2.1;4.2.1 Standard asymmetric continuum;65
3.4.3;4.3 Slip and fragmentation transport in fracture micro-continuum;67
3.4.4;4.4 Local transport in sources of asymmetric elastic continuum;69
3.4.5;4.5 Shear and confining loads;70
3.4.6;4.6 Conclusions;72
3.4.7;References;73
3.5;Chapter 5: On a Simple Stochastic Cellular Automaton with Avalanches: Simulation and Analytical Results;75
3.5.1;5.1 Introduction;75
3.5.2;5.2 The random domino automaton;77
3.5.3;5.3 Quasi-equilibrium equations;78
3.5.4;5.4 Summary and discussion;84
3.5.5;References;87
3.6;Chapter 6: Ito Equations as Macroscopic Stochastic Models of Geophysical Phenomena - Construction of the Models on the Basis of Time Series;88
3.6.1;6.1 Introduction;88
3.6.2;6.2 What do a(y) and b(y) consist of?;90
3.6.3;6.3 Extracting microscopic information from a(y) and b(y);97
3.6.4;6.4 Analytical derivation of a(y) and b(y);99
3.6.5;6.5 Stochastic control in Ito models;104
3.6.6;6.6 Conclusions;105
3.6.7;References;106
3.7;Chapter 7: The Importance of Privilege for the Appearance of Long-Tail Distributions;108
3.7.1;7.1 Introduction;108
3.7.2;7.2 Nonlinear Transformations;109
3.7.2.1;7.2.1 Transformation y = g(x) of a random variable x;110
3.7.2.2;7.2.2 Transformations given by solutions of random differential equations;111
3.7.3;7.3 The Master Equation and the Privilege Concept;112
3.7.3.1;7.3.1 The Pure Birth Master equation;113
3.7.3.2;7.3.2 The Fokker-Planck equation;115
3.7.4;7.4 The Role of Boundary Conditions;116
3.7.5;7.5 Ito Equations and the Privilege;118
3.7.6;7.6 Multiplicative Processes and the Privilege;120
3.7.7;7.7 Applications;121
3.7.7.1;7.7.1 Transformation y = g(x);121
3.7.7.2;7.7.2 Multiplication of probabilities;122
3.7.7.3;7.7.3 The Master equation;122
3.7.7.4;7.7.4 Multiplicative processes;126
3.7.7.5;7.7.5 Ito equations;127
3.7.8;7.8 Conclusions;127
3.7.9;References;128
4;Part II Laboratory Experiments;131
4.1;Chapter 8: Triggering and Synchronization of Stick-Slip: Experiments on Spring-Slider System;132
4.1.1;8.1 Introduction;132
4.1.2;8.2 Electromagnetic Triggering of Slip;133
4.1.2.1;8.2.1 EM Triggering - Experimental Setup;134
4.1.2.2;8.2.2 EM Triggering Experiments;135
4.1.2.3;8.2.3 Experimental Procedure and Case Stories;135
4.1.2.4;8.2.4 EM Triggering - The First Mode;136
4.1.2.5;8.2.5 EM Triggering - The Second Mode;136
4.1.2.6;8.2.6 Finding Mechanical Equivalent of EM Impact;137
4.1.3;8.3 Analysis of Recorded Acoustic Waveforms;138
4.1.4;8.4 The Elementary Theory of EM Coupling with the Friction Force;139
4.1.5;8.5 Synchronization of Stick-slip;141
4.1.5.1;8.5.1 Synchronization: Experimental Setup;141
4.1.5.2;8.5.2 Signal Processing: Separation of AE Wave Trains;142
4.1.5.3;8.5.3 Synchronization: Results;144
4.1.6;8.6 Synchronization: Quantitative Analysis;151
4.1.7;8.7 Phase Time Delay;156
4.1.8;8.8 Synchronization by Mechanical Forcing;157
4.1.9;8.9 High Order Synchronization of Stick-Slip Process: Experiments on Spring-Slider System;158
4.1.9.1;8.9.1 High Order Synchronization;159
4.1.9.2;8.9.2 HOS Synchronization by Electromagnetic Forcing;160
4.1.9.3;8.9.3 HOS by Mechanical Forcing;162
4.1.9.4;8.9.4 Synchronization of AE Signal Terminations;166
4.1.10;8.10 EM Synchronization: Physical Mechanism of Period Doubling;169
4.1.11;8.11 Conclusions;171
4.1.12;References;171
4.2;Chapter 9: Oscillating Load-Induced Acoustic Emission in Laboratory Experiment;174
4.2.1;References;185
4.3;Chapter 10: Acoustic Emission Dynamics Initiated by Fluid Infusion on Laboratory Scale;187
4.3.1;10.1 Introduction;187
4.3.2;10.2 Experiment procedure;188
4.3.3;10.3 Experiment results;188
4.3.3.1;10.3.1 Initiation #1;188
4.3.3.2;10.3.2 Initiation #2;192
4.3.3.3;10.3.3 Initiation #3;194
4.3.4;10.4 Discussion;197
4.3.5;10.5 Conclusions;206
4.3.6;References;207
4.4;Chapter 11: Acoustic Emission Spectra Classification from Rock Samples of Etna Basalt in Deformation-Decompression Laboratory Experiments;209
4.4.1;11.1 Introduction;210
4.4.2;11.2 The data set;211
4.4.3;11.3 Method;212
4.4.4;11.4 Results and discussion;214
4.4.5;11.5 Conclusions;217
4.4.6;References;218
4.5;Chapter 12: Phase-Shifted Fields: Some Experimental Evidence;220
4.5.1;12.1 Introduction;220
4.5.2;12.2 Synchronization and interaction: experimental evidence;221
4.5.3;12.3 Theoretical interpretation of co-action and synchronization effects;224
4.5.3.1;12.3.1 Conclusions;227
4.5.4;References;227
5;Part III Field Observations;228
5.1;Chapter 13: Periodical Oscillations of Microseisms before the Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004;229
5.1.1;13.1 Introduction;229
5.1.2;13.2 Microseismic data;231
5.1.3;13.3 Results;234
5.1.4;13.4 Discussion;244
5.1.5;13.5 Conclusion;246
5.1.6;References;246
5.2;Chapter 14: Synchronizations of Microseismic Oscillations as the Indicators of the Instability of a Seismically Active Region;248
5.2.1;14.1 Introduction;248
5.2.2;14.2 Initial data;249
5.2.2.1;14.2.1 Brief description of the methods;250
5.2.2.1.1;14.2.1.1 Transforming to generalized Hurst exponent variations;250
5.2.2.1.2;14.2.1.2 Spectral measure of synchronization;252
5.2.3;14.3 Synchronization of microseismic oscillations within minute range of periods;252
5.2.4;14.4 Conclusion;256
5.2.5;References;256
5.3;Chapter 15: Multifractal Parameters of Low-Frequency Microseisms;258
5.3.1;15.1 Introduction;258
5.3.2;15.2 Initial Data: F-net Network;260
5.3.3;15.3 Parameters of the Singularity Spectrum of Low-frequency Microseisms;261
5.3.4;15.4 Variations in the Singularity Spectrum Support Width;264
5.3.5;15.5 Variations in the Generalized Hurst Exponent;266
5.3.6;15.6 Variations in the Products of Cluster Canonical Correlations;267
5.3.7;15.7 Variations in the Cluster Spectral Measure of Coherence;271
5.3.8;15.8 Conclusions;275
5.3.9;References;276
5.4;Chapter 16: Changes in Dynamics of Seismic Processes Around Enguri High Dam Reservoir Induced by Periodic Variation of Water Level;278
5.4.1;16.1 Introduction;279
5.4.2;16.2 Data and Methods Used;280
5.4.3;16.3 Results and Discussions;284
5.4.4;16.4 Conclusions;289
5.4.5;References;290
5.5;Chapter 17: Earthquakes´ Signatures in Dynamics of Water Level Variations in Boreholes;292
5.5.1;17.1 Introduction;293
5.5.2;17.2 Methods of analysis;293
5.5.3;17.3 Results and discussion;294
5.5.4;17.4 Conclusions;307
5.5.5;References;308
5.6;Chapter 18: Detecting Quasi-Harmonic Factors Synchronizing Relaxation Processes: Application to Seismology;309
5.6.1;18.1 Introduction;310
5.6.2;18.2 The model of relaxation oscillator synchronization;312
5.6.3;18.3 The compliance of synchronization model with statistical requirements of data processing;316
5.6.4;18.4 The study of strong earthquake synchronization;317
5.6.5;18.5 The study of synchronization of weak earthquakes;320
5.6.6;18.6 Synchronization in model laboratory experiments;322
5.6.7;18.7 Discussion;323
5.6.8;18.8 Conclusions;324
5.6.9;References;325
5.7;Chapter 19: Stacked Analysis of Earthquake Sequences: Statistical Space-Time Definition of Clustering and Omori Law Behavior;327
5.7.1;19.1 Introduction;328
5.7.1.1;19.1.1 Data;329
5.7.2;19.2 Space-Time Fractal Dimensions of Seismicity;331
5.7.3;19.3 Omori law analysis;335
5.7.4;19.4 Conclusions;339
5.7.5;References;340
5.8;Chapter 20: Dynamical Changes Induced by Strong Electromagnetic Discharges in Earthquakes´ Waiting Time Distribution at the Bishkek Test Area (Central Asia);342
5.8.1;20.1 Introduction;343
5.8.2;20.2 Methods;343
5.8.3;20.3 Data and Analysis;346
5.8.4;20.4 Results and discussion;347
5.8.5;20.5 Conclusion;360
5.8.6;References;361
6;Index;364