Demirbas Algae Energy

Algae as a New Source of Biodiesel
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84996-050-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 204 Seiten

Reihe: Green Energy and Technology

Algae Energy covers the production of algae culture and the usage of algal biomass conversion products. It also reviews modern biomass-based transportation fuels, including biodiesel, bio-oil, biomethane and biohydrogen. Each chapter opens with fundamental explanations suitable for those with a general interest in algae energy and goes on to provide in-depth scientific details for more expert readers. Algae energy is discussed within the wider context of green energy, with chapters covering topics such as: green energy facilities, algae technology, energy from algae and biodiesel from algae. Algae Energy addresses the needs of energy researchers, chemical engineers, fuel and environmental engineers, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, and others interested in a practical tool for pursuing their interest in bio-energy.

Ayhan Demirbas is a full professor and Vice Rector at Sirnak University. He was Professor in Energy Technologies Science at Karadeniz Technical University between 1991 and 2001, at Selcuk University from 2003 to 2007, and at Sila Science and Energy from 2007 to 2009. His research is mainly concerned with renewable and sustainable energy.M. Fatih Demirbas became Associate Researcher at Sila Science and Energy in 2003 and is now a full professor with the same company. His research focuses on renewable energy sources, notable solar energy and biomass energy technologies (biodiesel; biofuels; biomass pyrolysis; liquefaction and gasification; and biohydrogen).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Demirbas, Ayhan

Demirbas, Muhammet Fatih

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;1 Introduction;10
1.1;1.1 Introduction;10
1.2;1.2 Energy Demand and Availability;11
1.2.1;1.2.1 Fossil Energy Sources;12
1.2.2;1.2.2 Renewable Energy Sources;19
1.3;1.3 Present Energy Situation;21
1.3.1;1.3.1 Energy Production and Future Energy Scenarios;21
1.3.2;1.3.2 Future Energy Scenarios;22
1.4;References;35
2;2 Green Energy Facilities;37
2.1;2.1 Introduction;37
2.2;2.2 Biomass Feedstocks;38
2.3;2.3 Green Energy;39
2.4;2.4 Importance of Biomass;40
2.5;2.5 Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass;44
2.6;References;54
3;3 Biofuels;56
3.1;3.1 Introduction;56
3.2;3.2 Importance of Biofuels;58
3.3;3.3 Bioethanol;61
3.4;3.4 Biodiesel;63
3.5;3.5 Bio-oil;66
3.6;3.6 Biogas;68
3.7;3.7 Fischer–Tropsh Liquids from Biorenewable Feedstocks;71
3.8;3.8 Biohydrogen;76
3.9;3.9 Other Liquid Biofuels;77
3.9.1;3.9.1 Glycerol-based Fuel Oxygenates for Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Blends;77
3.9.2;3.9.2 P-series Fuels;78
3.9.3;3.9.3 Dimethyl Ether;78
3.9.4;3.9.4 Other Bio-oxygenated Liquid Fuels;79
3.10;References;79
4;4 Algae Technology;82
4.1;4.1 Introduction;82
4.1.1;4.1.1 Definition of Algal Terms;83
4.2;4.2 Production Systems;84
4.2.1;4.2.1 Harvesting Microalgae;86
4.2.2;4.2.2 Photobioreactors;87
4.2.3;4.2.3 Open-pond Systems;90
4.2.4;4.2.4 Closed and Hybrid Systems;94
4.3;4.3 Production Costs;96
4.4;References;100
5;5 Energy from Algae;104
5.1;5.1 Introduction;104
5.1.1;5.1.1 Historical Perspective;106
5.2;5.2 Biofuels;106
5.2.1;5.2.1 Biodiesel;109
5.2.2;5.2.2 Bioalcohol;111
5.2.3;5.2.3 Costs, Prices, and Economic Impacts of Biofuels;113
5.2.4;5.2.4 Environmental Impacts of Biofuels;117
5.2.5;5.2.5 Combustion Efficiencies of Biofuels;120
5.2.6;5.2.6 Bio-oil;124
5.2.7;5.2.7 Biomethane;126
5.2.8;5.2.8 Production of Bio-oil and Hydrogen by Pyrolysis;127
5.2.9;5.2.9 Anaerobic Biohydrogen Production;132
5.3;5.3 Liquefaction of Algal Cells;134
5.3.1;5.3.1 Liquefaction of Algal Cells by Hexane Extraction;136
5.4;5.4 High-value-added Products from Algae;138
5.4.1;5.4.1 Small Molecules;138
5.4.2;5.4.2 Polymers;139
5.4.3;5.4.3 High-value Oils;139
5.5;References;140
6;6 Biodiesel from Algae;146
6.1;6.1 Introduction;146
6.2;6.2 Biodiesel from Algal Oil;147
6.2.1;6.2.1 Production of Biodiesel from Algal Oils;151
6.3;6.3 Potential of Microalgal Biodiesel;154
6.4;6.4 Acceptability of Microalgal Biodiesel;157
6.5;6.5 Economics of Biodiesel Production;158
6.6;6.6 Improving Economics of Microalgal Biodiesel;160
6.7;6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodiesel from Algal Oil;160
6.8;References;161
7;7 Biorefineries;165
7.1;7.1 Introduction;165
7.2;7.2 Definitions of Biorefinery;168
7.2.1;7.2.1 Main Technical and Nontechnical Gaps and Barriers to Biorefineries;170
7.3;7.3 Historical Perspective;170
7.4;7.4 Petroleum Refinery and Biorefinery;174
7.5;7.5 Refining of Upgraded Products;180
7.6;7.6 Opportunities for Refining Pyrolysis Products;184
7.7;References;186
8;8 Future Developments;188
8.1;8.1 Introduction;188
8.1.1;8.1.1 World Theoretical Limit of Biomass Supply;189
8.1.2;8.1.2 High-yield Energy Crops;190
8.1.3;8.1.3 Food Versus Fuel Delineation;191
8.1.4;8.1.4 Thermodynamic Efficiency (Exergy Analysis);192
8.1.5;8.1.5 Biofuel Upgradation;192
8.1.6;8.1.6 Carbon Credits;193
8.2;8.2 Social and Political Issues;194
8.2.1;8.2.1 The Promise of Algae: Energy Security;195
8.3;8.3 Environmental Impacts of Biomass Production;196
8.4;References;198
9;Index;200