Demirel Energy

Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-1-4471-2372-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 508 Seiten

Reihe: Green Energy and Technology

Understanding the sustainable use of energy in various processes is an integral part of engineering and scientific studies, which rely on a sound knowledge of energy systems. Whilst many institutions now offer degrees in energy-related programs, a comprehensive textbook, which introduces and explains sustainable energy systems and can be used across engineering and scientific fields, has been lacking. Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling provides the reader with a practical understanding of these five main topic areas of energy including 130 examples and over 600 practice problems. Each chapter contains a range of supporting figures, tables, thermodynamic diagrams and charts, while the Appendix supplies the reader with all the necessary data including the steam tables. This new textbook presents a clear introduction of basic vocabulary, properties, forms, sources, and balances of energy before advancing to the main topic areas of:
• Energy production and conversion in important physical, chemical, and biological processes,
• Conservation of energy and its impact on sustainability,
• Various forms of energy storage, and
• Energy coupling and bioenergetics in living systems.
A solution manual for the practice problems of the textbook is offered for the instructor. Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling is a comprehensive source, study guide, and course supplement for both undergraduates and graduates across a range of engineering and scientific disciplines. Resources including the solution manual for this textbook are available for instructors on sending a request to Dr. Yaºar Demirel at [e-mail]

Autoren/Hrsg.

Demirel, Yasar

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Abbreviations;19
4;1 Introduction: Basic Definitions;20
4.1;1.1…System;20
4.2;1.2…Property and Variables;21
4.3;1.3…Dimensions and Units;21
4.4;1.4…Measures of Amounts and Fractions;22
4.5;1.5…Force;24
4.6;1.6…Temperature;25
4.7;1.7…Pressure;27
4.8;1.8…Volume;29
4.9;1.9…State;31
4.9.1;1.9.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium StateState;32
4.9.2;1.9.2 Ideal-GasGas Equation of StateState;32
4.9.3;1.9.3 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor StateState;33
4.9.4;1.9.4 Steam Tables;33
4.9.5;1.9.5 Saturated Liquid--Vapor Mixture;36
4.9.6;1.9.6 Partial PressurePressure and Saturation Pressure;37
4.10;1.10…Process;38
4.11;Problems;40
4.12;References;45
5;2 Energy and Energy Types;46
5.1;2.1…Energy;46
5.2;2.2…Energy Types;47
5.2.1;2.2.1 Primary Energy;47
5.2.2;2.2.2 Secondary Energy;48
5.3;2.3…Non Renewable Energy Sources;49
5.3.1;2.3.1 Coal;50
5.3.2;2.3.2 Petroleum (Crude Oil);51
5.3.3;2.3.3 Petroleum Fractions;52
5.3.4;2.3.4 Natural GasGas;54
5.3.5;2.3.5 Nuclear Energy;55
5.4;2.4…Heating Value of Fuels;56
5.4.1;2.4.1 Energy DensityDensity;56
5.5;2.5…Renewable Energy Resources;61
5.5.1;2.5.1 HydroenergyHydroenergy;62
5.5.2;2.5.2 Solar Energy;62
5.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 Nonresidential Solar Collectors;64
5.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 Solar Electric Generating Systems;64
5.5.2.3;2.5.2.3 Photovoltaic;64
5.5.3;2.5.3 BiomassBiomass and BioenergyBioenergy;67
5.5.3.1;2.5.3.1 Carbon Cycle;67
5.5.3.2;2.5.3.2 Gross Heating Values of BiomassBiomass Fuels;68
5.5.3.3;2.5.3.3 Bioenergy;71
5.5.4;2.5.4 Wind Energy;72
5.5.5;2.5.5 Geothermal Energy;73
5.5.6;2.5.6 Ocean Energy;74
5.5.7;2.5.7 Projection on Renewable Energy Contributions;75
5.6;2.6…Hydrogen;75
5.7;2.7…Electric Energy;76
5.8;2.8…Magnetic Energy;78
5.9;2.9…ChemicalChemical Energy;79
5.10;2.10…Energy and Global Warming;79
5.11;2.11…Tackling the Global Warming;82
5.12;Problems;84
5.13;References;87
6;3 MechanicalMechanical Energy and ElectricalElectrical Energy;90
6.1;3.1…MechanicalMechanical Energy;90
6.2;3.2…Kinetic Energy;91
6.3;3.3…Potential Energy;92
6.4;3.4…Pressure Energy;94
6.4.1;3.4.1 PressurePressure HeadHead;95
6.5;3.5…Surface Energy;97
6.6;3.6…Sound Energy;97
6.7;3.7…Mechanical Work;98
6.7.1;3.7.1 PowerPower;98
6.7.2;3.7.2 BoundaryBoundary Work;100
6.7.3;3.7.3 IsentropicIsentropic ProcessProcess Work;102
6.7.4;3.7.4 Polytropic ProcessProcess Work;103
6.7.5;3.7.5 Shaft Work;105
6.7.6;3.7.6 SpringSpring Work;105
6.8;3.8…Electric Energy;106
6.8.1;3.8.1 Electric Potential Energy;107
6.8.2;3.8.2 Estimation of ElectricalElectrical Energy;108
6.8.3;3.8.3 Electric PowerPower;108
6.8.4;3.8.4 Capacitance;109
6.9;3.9…Other Forms of Work;110
6.10;References;117
7;4 Internal Energy and Enthalpy;118
7.1;4.1…Internal Energy;118
7.2;4.2…Enthalpy;120
7.3;4.3…Heat;126
7.3.1;4.3.1 Sensible HeatHeat;127
7.3.2;4.3.2 Latent HeatHeat;128
7.3.3;4.3.3 Heating with Phase Change;129
7.3.4;4.3.4 HeatHeat of Reaction;132
7.3.5;4.3.5 Standard Heat of Combustion;136
7.4;4.4…Effect of Temperature on the Heat of Reaction;138
7.5;4.5…Standard Enthalpy Changes;140
7.6;4.6…Adiabatic Flame Temperature;140
7.7;4.7…Air Pollution from Combustion Processes;143
7.8;4.8…Heat of Mixing;143
7.9;4.9…Heat Measurements by Calorimeter;145
7.10;4.10…Psychrometric Diagram;146
7.11;4.11…Heat Transfer;149
7.12;4.12…Entropy;152
7.13;4.13…Exergy;153
7.14;4.14…Fluid-Flow Work;154
7.15;References;164
8;5 Energy Balances;165
8.1;5.1…Balance Equations;165
8.2;5.2…Mass Balance;166
8.3;5.3…Energy Balance;168
8.3.1;5.3.1 Unsteady-StateState Flow Systems;168
8.3.2;5.3.2 Steady-StateState Flow Systems;169
8.4;5.4…Entropy Balance;171
8.5;5.5…Exergy Balance;172
8.6;5.6…Fluid-Flow Processes;174
8.6.1;5.6.1 Turbines Compressors and Pumps;174
8.6.2;5.6.2 Nozzles and Diffusers;177
8.6.3;5.6.3 Mixing Chambers;178
8.6.4;5.6.4 Throttling Valve;179
8.6.5;5.6.5 HeatHeat Exchangers;181
8.6.6;5.6.6 Pipe and Duct Flows;182
8.7;5.7…Energy Balance in a Cyclic Process;183
8.8;References;191
9;6 Energy Production;193
9.1;6.1…Energy Production;193
9.2;6.2…Electric Power Production;193
9.3;6.3…Transmission of Energy;196
9.3.1;6.3.1 Distributed Energy Resources;197
9.4;6.4…Power Producing Engine Cycles;198
9.4.1;6.4.1 Carnot Cycle;201
9.4.2;6.4.2 Rankine Cycle;202
9.4.2.1;6.4.2.1 Analysis of Ideal Rankine Cycle;203
9.4.3;6.4.3 Brayton Cycle;205
9.4.4;6.4.4 Stirling Engine;206
9.4.5;6.4.5 Combined Cycles;207
9.5;6.5…Improving the Power Production in Steam Power Plants;207
9.5.1;6.5.1 Modification of Operating Conditions of the Condenser and Boiler;207
9.5.2;6.5.2 Reheating the Steam;208
9.5.3;6.5.3 Regeneration;210
9.5.4;6.5.4 Reheat--Regenerative Rankine Cycle;212
9.6;6.6…Geothermal Power Plants;213
9.7;6.7…Cogeneration;215
9.8;6.8…Nuclear Power Plants;218
9.9;6.9…Hydropower Plants;219
9.10;6.10…Wind Power Plants;220
9.11;6.11…Solar Power Plants;223
9.12;6.12…Hydrogen Production;225
9.13;6.13…Fuel Cells;226
9.13.1;6.13.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells;228
9.13.2;6.13.2 Microbial Fuel Cell;229
9.14;6.14…Biomass and Bioenergy Production;230
9.14.1;6.14.1 Bioethanol Production;231
9.14.2;6.14.2 Biodiesel and Green Diesel Production;231
9.14.3;6.14.3 Energy from Solid Waste;233
9.15;6.15…Other Energy Production Opportunities;234
9.16;6.16…Levelized Energy Cost;234
9.17;6.17…Thermodynamic Cost;236
9.18;6.18…Ecological Cost;236
9.18.1;6.18.1 Ecological Planning;237
9.18.2;6.18.2 Coal-Fired PowerPower Plants;238
9.18.3;6.18.3 Nuclear PowerPower Plants;238
9.19;Problems;239
9.20;References;244
10;7 Energy Conversion;246
10.1;7.1…Energy Conversion;246
10.2;7.2…Series of Energy Conversions;248
10.3;7.3…Conversion of ChemicalChemical Energy of Fuel to HeatHeat;249
10.3.1;7.3.1 Heating Value of a Fuel;249
10.4;7.4…Thermal Efficiency of Energy Conversions;251
10.5;7.5…Ideal Fluid-Flow Energy Conversions;252
10.6;7.6…Lost Work;256
10.7;7.7…Efficiency of Mechanical Conversions;258
10.8;7.8…Conversion of Thermal Energy by Heat Engines;260
10.8.1;7.8.1 Air-Standard Assumptions;264
10.8.2;7.8.2 IsentropicIsentropic Processes of Ideal Gases;264
10.8.3;7.8.3 Conversion of MechanicalMechanical Energy by Electric Generator;265
10.8.4;7.8.4 Carnot Engine Efficiency;266
10.8.5;7.8.5 Endoreversible HeatHeat Engine Efficiency;268
10.8.6;7.8.6 Rankine Engine Efficiency;269
10.8.7;7.8.7 Brayton Engine Efficiency;273
10.8.8;7.8.8 Otto Engine Efficiency;279
10.8.9;7.8.9 Diesel Engine Efficiency;284
10.8.10;7.8.10 Ericsson and Stirling Engine Efficiency;288
10.8.11;7.8.11 Atkinson Engine Efficiency;289
10.9;7.9…Improving Efficiency of Heat Engines;290
10.10;7.10…Hydroelectricity;290
10.11;7.11…Wind Electricity;293
10.12;7.12…Geothermal Electricity;294
10.13;7.13…Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion;294
10.14;7.14…Thermoelectric Effect;295
10.15;7.15…Efficiency of Heat Pumps and Refrigerators;295
10.15.1;7.15.1 HeatHeat Pumps;296
10.15.2;7.15.2 Refrigerators;298
10.16;7.16…Efficiency of Fuel Cells;302
10.17;7.17…Energy Conversions in Biological Systems;303
10.17.1;7.17.1 Energy Conversion by Oxidative Phosphorylation;303
10.17.2;7.17.2 Energy from Photosynthesis;304
10.17.3;7.17.3 Metabolism;304
10.17.4;7.17.4 Biological Fuels;304
10.17.5;7.17.5 Converting BiomassBiomass to Biofuels;305
10.18;Problems;298
10.19;References;319
11;8 Energy Storage;321
11.1;8.1…Energy Storage and Regulation;321
11.1.1;8.1.1 Water;321
11.1.2;8.1.2 Hydrogen;323
11.2;8.2…Types of Energy Storage;323
11.3;8.3…Thermal Energy Storage;324
11.3.1;8.3.1 Solar Energy Storage;326
11.3.2;8.3.2 Sensible Heat Storage;327
11.3.3;8.3.3 Latent Heat Storage by Phase Changing Material;328
11.3.4;8.3.4 Ice Storage;332
11.3.5;8.3.5 Molten Salt Technology;332
11.3.6;8.3.6 Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage;333
11.3.7;8.3.7 Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Storage for Greenhouse Heating;334
11.3.8;8.3.8 Underground Thermal Energy Storage Systems;337
11.3.9;8.3.9 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage;338
11.3.10;8.3.10 Borehole Thermal Energy Systems;339
11.4;8.4…Electric Energy Storage;339
11.4.1;8.4.1 Hydroelectric Energy Storage;341
11.4.2;8.4.2 Electric Energy Storage in Battery;342
11.4.3;8.4.3 Rechargeable Battery for Electric Car;343
11.5;8.5…Chemical Energy Storage;345
11.5.1;8.5.1 Bioenergy Sources;346
11.5.2;8.5.2 Energy Storage in Biofuels;346
11.5.3;8.5.3 Energy Storage in Voltaic Cell;347
11.6;8.6…Mechanical Energy Storage;349
11.6.1;8.6.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage;349
11.6.2;8.6.2 Flywheel Energy Storage;351
11.6.3;8.6.3 Hydraulic Accumulator;351
11.6.4;8.6.4 Springs;352
11.7;Problems;352
11.8;References;356
12;9 Energy Conservation;358
12.1;9.1…Energy Conservation and Recovery;358
12.2;9.2…Conservation of Energy in Industrial Processes;359
12.2.1;9.2.1 Energy Conservation in PowerPower Production;359
12.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 Conservation of Energy by the ProcessProcess Improvements;362
12.2.2;9.2.2 Energy Conservation in the Compression and Expansion Work;369
12.2.3;9.2.3 Conservation of Energy by High-Efficiency Electric Motors;373
12.3;9.3…Energy Conservation in Home Heating and Cooling;374
12.3.1;9.3.1 Home Heating by Fossil Fuels;375
12.3.2;9.3.2 Home Heating by Electric Resistance;376
12.3.3;9.3.3 Home Heating by Solar Systems;377
12.4;9.4…Energy Efficiency Standards;379
12.4.1;9.4.1 Efficiency of Air Conditioner;380
12.4.2;9.4.2 Maximum Possible Efficiency for Cooling;381
12.4.3;9.4.3 Fuel Efficiency;383
12.4.4;9.4.4 Fuel Efficiency of Vehicles;386
12.4.5;9.4.5 Energy Conservation While Driving;388
12.4.6;9.4.6 Regenerative Braking;389
12.5;9.5…Energy Conservation in Electricity Distribution and Smart Grid;389
12.5.1;9.5.1 Standby PowerPower;390
12.5.2;9.5.2 Energy Conservation in Lighting;390
12.5.3;9.5.3 Energy Harvesting;391
12.6;9.6…Conservation of Energy and SustainabilitySustainability;392
12.7;9.7…Exergy Conservation and Exergy;393
12.8;9.8…Energy Recovery on Utilities Using Pinch Analysis;393
12.8.1;9.8.1 Composite CurvesComposite Curves;394
12.9;Problems;398
12.10;References;409
13;10 Energy Coupling;411
13.1;10.1…Energy Coupling and Gibbs Free Energy;411
13.2;10.2…Energy Coupling in Living Systems;412
13.3;10.3…Bioenergetics;412
13.3.1;10.3.1 Mitochondria;413
13.3.2;10.3.2 Electron Transport Chain and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Synthesis;414
13.3.3;10.3.3 Active Transport;415
13.4;10.4…Simple Analysis of Energy Coupling;416
13.5;10.5…Variation of Energy Coupling;418
13.5.1;10.5.1 Regulation of Energy Coupling;419
13.5.2;10.5.2 Uncoupling;421
13.5.3;10.5.3 Slippages and Leaks;422
13.6;10.6…Metabolism;422
13.6.1;10.6.1 Catabolism;423
13.6.2;10.6.2 AnabolismAnabolism;423
13.7;10.7…Bioenergy Sources;424
13.8;Problems;428
13.9;References;429
14;Appendix A Physical and Critical Properties;431
15;Appendix A Physical and Critical Properties;433
16;Appendix B Heat Capacities;433
17;Appendix B Heat Capacities;435
18;Appendix C Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Formations at 298.15 K;436
19;Appendix C Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Formations at 298.15 K;438
20;Appendix D Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases;438
21;Appendix D Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases;443
22;Appendix E Thermochemical Properties;443
23;Appendix E Thermochemical Properties;452
24;Appendix F Steam Tables;452
25;References;512