Devine Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing

Biomedical Applications
1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-24532-0
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 286 Seiten

This book aims to give readers a basic understanding of commonly used additive manufacturing techniques as well as the tools to fully utilise the strengths of additive manufacturing through the modelling and design phase all the way through to post processing. Guidelines for 3D-printed biomedical implants are also provided. Current biomedical applications of 3D printing are discussed, including indirect applications in the rapid manufacture of prototype tooling and direct applications in the orthopaedics, cardiovascular, drug delivery, ear-nose-throat, and tissue engineering fields. Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing: Biomedical Applications is an ideal resource for students, researchers, and those working in industry seeking to better understand the medical applications of additive manufacturing.

Dr. Declan M. Devine is the Director of the Materials Research Institute at Athlone Institute of Technology (AIT).  He holds a PhD in Biopolymer Engineering from AIT, where he also completed his undergraduate BEng in Polymer Engineering. Dr. Devine is an active member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Mayo Clinic Alumni Association, and is the Chair of the Marie Curie Alumni Association Ireland Chapter. His research interests centres on the development of materials for biomedical applications such as bone regenerations and biodegradable polymer stents, structural thermoplastic composites, additive manufacturing and smart manufacturing which incorporates robotics and metrology systems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Devine, Declan M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Chapter 1: Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing: Historical Developments, Process Types and Material Considerations;13
4.1;1.1 Introduction;14
4.2;1.2 Stereolithography (SLA);15
4.3;1.3 Fused Filament Fabrication;20
4.4;1.4 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS);24
4.5;1.5 Freeformer;26
4.6;1.6 InkJet Techniques;29
4.7;1.7 Laminated Object Manufacturing;29
4.8;1.8 Summary;30
4.9;References;31
5;Chapter 2: Design for Additive Manufacturing;35
5.1;2.1 Introduction;36
5.2;2.2 Design for Manufacturing and Assembly;37
5.3;2.3 Advantages of Additive Manufacturing as a Production Process;40
5.3.1;2.3.1 Product Digitisation and Rapid Prototyping;40
5.3.2;2.3.2 Topology Optimisation;41
5.3.3;2.3.3 Geometrical Design Freedom at Low Cost;42
5.3.4;2.3.4 Product Customisation;43
5.3.5;2.3.5 Product Consolidation;44
5.3.6;2.3.6 Lightweight Structures;44
5.3.7;2.3.7 Integrated Functions and Internal Features;46
5.3.8;2.3.8 Multiple Material Builds;46
5.3.9;2.3.9 Optimisation of Supply Chain and Inventory;47
5.4;2.4 Suitability of Additive Manufacturing;48
5.5;2.5 Product Design Considerations;48
5.5.1;2.5.1 Additive Technology Selection;49
5.5.2;2.5.2 Material Selection;50
5.5.3;2.5.3 Layer Height;50
5.5.4;2.5.4 Support Structures;51
5.5.5;2.5.5 Build Orientation;52
5.5.6;2.5.6 Overhangs and Unsupported Features;53
5.5.7;2.5.7 Hole Design;54
5.5.8;2.5.8 Hollow Sections and Escape Holes;54
5.5.9;2.5.9 Thin Features;55
5.5.10;2.5.10 Geometric Tolerances and Surface Quality;55
5.6;2.6 Post-processing;55
5.6.1;2.6.1 Material Removal;56
5.6.2;2.6.2 Surface Finishing and Improving Geometrical Tolerances;57
5.7;2.7 Product Consolidation and Weight Saving Using Additive Manufacturing;58
5.8;2.8 Chapter Summary;60
5.9;References;61
6;Chapter 3: Mechanics Modeling of Additive Manufactured Polymers;63
6.1;3.1 Introduction;64
6.2;3.2 Nonlinear Modeling of Additive Manufactured Photopolymers;66
6.2.1;3.2.1 Finite Strain Anisotropic Model for Plastics;67
6.2.2;3.2.2 Anisotropic Hyperelastic Model for Elastomers;72
6.3;3.3 Modeling of Shape Memory Photopolymers;74
6.3.1;3.3.1 Background of Shape Memory Polymers;74
6.3.2;3.3.2 Model Descriptions;75
6.3.3;3.3.3 Additive Manufactured Shape Memory Structures;78
6.4;3.4 Summary;80
6.5;References;81
7;Chapter 4: Additive Manufacturing of Tooling for Use in Mass Production Processes;84
7.1;4.1 Introduction;85
7.2;4.2 Technologies;86
7.2.1;4.2.1 Injection Moulding;86
7.2.2;4.2.2 Blow Moulding;89
7.3;4.3 Cooling;90
7.3.1;4.3.1 Benefits of Optimised Cooling System Design;91
7.3.2;4.3.2 Conformal Cooling;92
7.4;4.4 Comparison of UV Photocurable AM Resin Tools to Metal AM Tools;94
7.5;4.5 Benefits of Using Resin-Based Rapid Tools for Injection Moulding;96
7.6;4.6 Rapid Tooling: Case Studies;99
7.6.1;4.6.1 Design Verification Through the Use of Resin-Based Tooling;99
7.6.2;4.6.2 Resin-Based Rapid Tooling to Reduce Costs and Lead Times;100
7.6.3;4.6.3 Ceramic-Polymer Tooling Inserts for Use in the Production of Electrical Switch Components;101
7.6.4;4.6.4 Comparison of Resin-Based Printed Tooling to Metal Tooling;101
7.6.5;4.6.5 Comparison of Service Life of Tools Using Different Resins;102
7.6.6;4.6.6 Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Rapid Tooling Inserts;103
7.7;4.7 Limitations of Polymer-Based Rapid Tooling;103
7.8;4.8 Summary;104
7.9;References;105
8;Chapter 5: Current Market for Biomedical Implants;108
8.1;5.1 Introduction;109
8.2;5.2 Additive Manufacturing of Biomedical Implants;110
8.2.1;5.2.1 3D-Printed Skin Substitutes;110
8.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Materials for Skin Substitutes;111
8.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Bioprinting of Skin Substitutes;112
8.2.1.3;5.2.1.3 Electronic Skin;114
8.2.2;5.2.2 AM of Cardiovascular Stents;115
8.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Materials for Cardiovascular Stents;116
8.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 3D Printing of Cardiovascular Stents;116
8.2.3;5.2.3 3D-Printed ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat);117
8.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Ear;117
8.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 Nose;120
8.2.3.3;5.2.3.3 Throat;122
8.2.4;5.2.4 Dental Applications;123
8.3;5.3 Summary;124
8.4;References;125
9;Chapter 6: Orthopaedic 3D Printing in Orthopaedic Medicine;131
9.1;6.1 Introduction;132
9.2;6.2 Patient-Specific Implants;132
9.3;6.3 Orthopaedic Applications of 3D Printing;134
9.3.1;6.3.1 Bone Fixation Devices;134
9.3.2;6.3.2 Craniomaxillofacial;138
9.3.3;6.3.3 3D Printing for the Repair of Pelvis Fractures;140
9.3.4;6.3.4 3D Printing in Bone Tissue Engineering;141
9.3.5;6.3.5 3D-Printed Fixtures and Jigs for Surgical Applications;142
9.4;6.4 Summary;146
9.5;References;147
10;Chapter 7: Customised Interventions Utilising Additive Manufacturing;153
10.1;7.1 Introduction;153
10.2;7.2 Pharmaceutical Applications of Additive Manufacturing;156
10.3;7.3 Soft Tissue Engineering Applications of Additive Manufacturing;162
10.4;7.4 Conclusion;165
10.5;References;165
11;Chapter 8: 3D Bioprinting Hardware;171
11.1;8.1 Introduction;172
11.2;8.2 Microextrusion;172
11.2.1;8.2.1 Working Principles;173
11.2.2;8.2.2 Associated Hardware;176
11.2.3;8.2.3 Technique Evaluation;177
11.3;8.3 Droplet-Based Bioprinting;178
11.3.1;8.3.1 Ink-Jet Bioprinting;179
11.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Thermal Drop-on-Demand;179
11.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Piezoelectric Drop-on-Demand;180
11.3.1.3;8.3.1.3 Microvalve Bioprinting;181
11.3.2;8.3.2 Acoustic Bioprinting;181
11.3.3;8.3.3 Electrohydrodynamic Jetting;182
11.3.4;8.3.4 Technique Evaluation;184
11.4;8.4 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting;184
11.4.1;8.4.1 Volatilisation Methods;185
11.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT);185
11.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation Direct Writing (MAPLE DW);186
11.4.1.3;8.4.1.3 Absorbing Film-Assisted Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (AFA-LIFT) and Biological Laser Processing (BioLP™);186
11.4.2;8.4.2 Laser-Guided Methods;188
11.4.3;8.4.3 Technique Evaluation;188
11.5;8.5 Lithography Bioprinting;189
11.5.1;8.5.1 Working Principles;189
11.5.2;8.5.2 Photopolymerisation of Cell-Laden Hydrogels;190
11.6;8.6 Summary;191
11.7;References;191
12;Chapter 9: Bioinks and Their Applications in Tissue Engineering;197
12.1;9.1 Introduction;198
12.2;9.2 Naturally Derived Bioinks;199
12.2.1;9.2.1 Alginate-Based Bioinks;199
12.2.2;9.2.2 Collagen-Based Bioinks;200
12.2.3;9.2.3 Gelatin-Based Bioinks;201
12.2.4;9.2.4 Fibrin-Based Bioinks;201
12.2.5;9.2.5 ECM-Based Bioinks;202
12.3;9.3 Synthetic Bioinks;202
12.3.1;9.3.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG);203
12.3.2;9.3.2 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM);203
12.3.3;9.3.3 Pluronic;203
12.4;9.4 Cell Fate in Printed Constructs;204
12.4.1;9.4.1 Bioink Stiffness;204
12.4.1.1;9.4.1.1 Fibre-Reinforced Hydrogels;206
12.4.1.2;9.4.1.2 Interpenetrating Networks Hydrogels;207
12.4.1.3;9.4.1.3 Double Networks Hydrogels;207
12.4.2;9.4.2 Bioink Composition;208
12.4.2.1;9.4.2.1 ECM-Based and/or Functionalised Bioinks;208
12.4.2.2;9.4.2.2 Nanocomposite Bioinks;210
12.4.2.3;9.4.2.3 Multibioink Strategies;210
12.4.3;9.4.3 Delivery of Signalling Factors;211
12.4.3.1;9.4.3.1 Homogeneous Immobilisation of Molecules;211
12.4.3.2;9.4.3.2 Heterogeneous Immobilisation of Molecules;212
12.5;9.5 Strategies Towards the Bioprinting of Functional Tissues and Organs;213
12.5.1;9.5.1 Bioprinting Musculoskeletal Tissues;213
12.5.1.1;9.5.1.1 Bone;213
12.5.1.2;9.5.1.2 Cartilage;214
12.5.1.3;9.5.1.3 Composite Tissues;215
12.5.2;9.5.2 Bioprinting Vascular Tissue;216
12.5.2.1;9.5.2.1 The Incorporation of Seeded and Unseeded Perfusable Channels;216
12.5.2.2;9.5.2.2 Direct Printing of Cell Patterning;218
12.5.3;9.5.3 Emerging Applications;219
12.5.3.1;9.5.3.1 Liver;219
12.5.3.2;9.5.3.2 Disease Models;220
12.6;9.6 Summary;220
12.7;References;221
13;Chapter 10: Post-processing Considerations for Biomedical 3D Printing of Polymers;229
13.1;10.1 Introduction;229
13.2;10.2 Medical AM Industry;232
13.3;10.3 Support Removal;233
13.3.1;10.3.1 Loose Support;233
13.3.2;10.3.2 Solid Supports;234
13.3.3;10.3.3 Solvent Washing;235
13.3.4;10.3.4 Ultrasonic Bath;235
13.3.5;10.3.5 Centrifugal Force Cleaning;236
13.4;10.4 Post-curing Methods for Polymers;236
13.4.1;10.4.1 Ultraviolet (UV) Curing of Photopolymers;237
13.4.2;10.4.2 Thermal Curing and Heat Treatment of Polymer AM Parts;238
13.5;10.5 Testing of Material Properties in AM Parts;239
13.6;10.6 Surface Finishing of Polymers;240
13.6.1;10.6.1 Standards for Surface Finish of AM Parts;240
13.6.2;10.6.2 Methods of Surface Finishing;241
13.6.2.1;10.6.2.1 Mechanical Abrasion Techniques;241
13.6.2.2;10.6.2.2 Electroplating;242
13.6.2.3;10.6.2.3 Solvent Vapour Smoothing;243
13.6.2.4;10.6.2.4 Organic Coatings: Painting, Priming;243
13.6.2.5;10.6.2.5 Dyeing of Additively Made Polymer Parts;243
13.6.2.6;10.6.2.6 Surface Textured Parts Directly from CAD (Computer-Aided Design);244
13.7;10.7 Sterilisation Process Considerations for AM Products;245
13.8;10.8 Design Considerations for Post-processing of AM Manufactured Devices;246
13.8.1;10.8.1 Design for Post-processing Operations;247
13.8.2;10.8.2 Design for Surface Roughness/Fatigue;247
13.8.3;10.8.3 Design for Solvent Washing;247
13.8.4;10.8.4 Design for Thermal and UV Curing;248
13.8.5;10.8.5 Design for Inspection;248
13.8.6;10.8.6 Design Parts for Safe AM Processing and Post-processing;248
13.9;10.9 Design Tolerances for AM Polymer Material;249
13.10;10.10 Summary;250
13.11;References;251
14;Chapter 11: Regulatory Considerations for Devices Manufactured Using Additive Manufacturing Technologies;252
14.1;11.1 Introduction;252
14.2;11.2 Conformity Assessment;253
14.3;11.3 Medical Device Classification;254
14.4;11.4 Current Regulation Requirements Regarding Additive Manufacturing Devices;255
14.5;11.5 Custom-Made Medical Devices;257
14.6;11.6 Changes to Mass-Produced Medical Devices and Their Manufacturing Processes;259
14.7;11.7 Additive Manufacturing Device Performance Testing Considerations;259
14.8;11.8 Conformity Assessment Procedure for Custom-Made Device;261
14.9;11.9 Summary;262
14.10;References;263
15;Chapter 12: Additive Manufacturing: Future Challenges;264
15.1;12.1 Introduction;264
15.2;12.2 Process;266
15.3;12.3 Design;267
15.4;12.4 Metrology;268
15.5;12.5 Materials;269
15.6;12.6 Business Models;270
15.7;12.7 Dangers of Technology Development;272
15.8;12.8 Summary;273
15.9;References;273
16;Index;274