Di Standard-Based Data and Information Systems for Earth Observation

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-88264-0
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 248 Seiten

CEOS was established under the auspices of the Economic Summit of Industrialized Nations in 1984 in response to a recommendation from a panel of experts in remote sensing within the Working Group on Growth, Technology and Employment (CEOS, 2009). The panel recognized the collective value of the world’s Earth remote sensing capabilities and the advantages that would be gained by the coordination of civil Earth observing satellite missions. By cooperating in mission planning and the development of compatible data products, applications, services and policies, the national space programs would maximize the bene?ts of their individual inve- ments and be able to better address the environmental challenges of the entire international community. CEOS was to serve as the focal point for this inter- tional coordination and to provide the forum for the change of policy and technical information. The members of CEOS are governmental organizations that are international or national in nature and are responsible for a civil space-borne Earth observation program that is currently in operation or in an advanced stage of system devel- ment. CEOS also has established Associate Members that are similar governmental organizations with a civil space-segment activity in an early stage of system dev- opment or those with a signi?cant ground-segment activity that supports CEOS objectives. Associate Members may also be existing satellite coordination group and scienti?c or governmental bodies that are international in nature and have a signi?cant programmatic activity that likewise is aligned with the goals of CEOS.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Di, Liping

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography;1
2;Contents;4
3;Contributors;6
4;1 Standards-Based Data and Information Systems for Earth Observations An Introduction;9
5;2 Use of NWGISS to Implement a Data Node in Chinas Spatial Information Grid;15
5.1;2.1 Introduction;15
5.2;2.2 Related Work;16
5.2.1;2.2.1 Introduction to SIG;16
5.2.2;2.2.2 Standards for Geospatial Data Operation;18
5.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 OGC WCS;19
5.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 OGC WFS;19
5.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 OGC WMS;19
5.3;2.3 SIG Resources and Data Node;20
5.3.1;2.3.1 SIG Resources;20
5.3.2;2.3.2 SIG Data Node;21
5.4;2.4 SIG Data Node Based on NWGISS;21
5.4.1;2.4.1 Structure of NWGISS;21
5.4.2;2.4.2 Structure of SIG Data Node;23
5.4.3;2.4.3 Geospatial Information Index;25
5.5;2.5 Clients Implementation;26
5.5.1;2.5.1 Experiment Platform;26
5.5.2;2.5.2 Client Access Mode;28
5.5.3;2.5.3 Desktop Application Mode;28
5.5.4;2.5.4 Web Application Mode;29
5.6;2.6 Conclusions;31
5.7;References;32
6;3 Data Integration Support to the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Project (CEOP);34
6.1;3.1 Introduction;34
6.2;3.2 Background;34
6.3;3.3 Data Integration Challenges;37
6.4;3.4 WGISS-CEOP Partnership;38
6.4.1;3.4.1 JAXA Contribution;38
6.4.2;3.4.2 NASA Development;39
6.5;3.5 NASAs Data Integration Gateway;39
6.6;3.6 Outcomes and Lessons Learned;41
6.7;References;42
7;4 Progress in OGC Web Services Interoperability Development;44
7.1;4.1 OGC Vision for Geospatial Interoperability;44
7.1.1;4.1.1 OGC Overview;44
7.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Benefits for Technology and Content Providers;45
7.1.1.2;4.1.1.2 Benefits for Technology Consumers;46
7.1.1.3;4.1.1.3 Policy on Intellectual Property;47
7.1.2;4.1.2 OGC Standards Overview;47
7.1.3;4.1.3 Sensor Web Enablement (SWE);50
7.2;4.2 Current Developments;51
7.2.1;4.2.1 OWS Architecture;53
7.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 OWS Fundamentals;54
7.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 OWS Services Tiers;55
7.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Service Trading (Publish -- Find -- Bind);58
7.2.1.4;4.2.1.4 SOAP and REST;59
7.2.1.5;4.2.1.5 Service Chaining;60
7.2.1.6;4.2.1.6 Service Communication;60
7.2.1.7;4.2.1.7 Service Interfaces;60
7.2.1.8;4.2.1.8 Server Implementation;61
7.3;4.3 OWS Testbeds;61
7.3.1;4.3.1 OWS-3;62
7.3.2;4.3.2 OWS-4;63
7.3.3;4.3.3 OWS-5;65
7.3.4;4.3.4 OWS-6;66
7.4;4.4 Conclusion;68
8;5 Evolution of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Data and Information System (EOSDIS);69
8.1;5.1 Introduction;69
8.2;5.2 EOSDIS and Its Elements;72
8.2.1;5.2.1 EOSDIS Data Centers;73
8.2.2;5.2.2 Science Data Processing Segment;76
8.2.3;5.2.3 Science Investigator-Led Processing Systems (SIPSs);76
8.2.4;5.2.4 EOS Clearing House (ECHO);76
8.3;5.3 Community Push Towards Distributed Systems;77
8.4;5.4 Use of Standards and Interfaces in EOSDIS;80
8.4.1;5.4.1 Data Formats;80
8.4.2;5.4.2 Metadata Standards;81
8.4.3;5.4.3 Terms and Documentation Standards;82
8.4.4;5.4.4 Process Standards;82
8.4.5;5.4.5 Standards to be Developed;83
8.5;5.5 Evolution of EOSDIS Elements Study;83
8.6;5.6 Implementation of the Evolution Plan;85
8.6.1;5.6.1 ECS Re-architecting;86
8.6.2;5.6.2 LAADS/MODAPS;87
8.6.3;5.6.3 GES DISC;89
8.6.4;5.6.4 Langley ASDC;90
8.6.5;5.6.5 ECHO;91
8.7;5.7 Progress Towards Vision 2015;91
8.8;5.8 Summary;93
8.9;References;97
9;6 SCOOP Data Management: A Standards-Based Distributed Information System for Coastal Data Management;99
9.1;6.1 Introduction;99
9.2;6.2 SCOOP Science Motivation;100
9.2.1;6.2.1 Coastal Ocean Models;100
9.2.2;6.2.2 SCOOP Use Cases;100
9.2.3;6.2.3 A Specific Example;101
9.3;6.3 Service-Oriented Architecture;102
9.4;6.4 Use of Standards in SCOOP;103
9.4.1;6.4.1 Data Standards and Conventions;104
9.4.2;6.4.2 SCOOP Metadata Catalog and Associated Standards;104
9.4.3;6.4.3 Web Services for Catalog Search;106
9.4.4;6.4.4 Web Services for Data Access and Visualization;107
9.5;6.5 SCOOP Participation in Standards Activities;110
9.5.1;6.5.1 IOOS Data Management and Communications;111
9.5.2;6.5.2 Marine Metadata Interoperability Project;112
9.5.3;6.5.3 OpenIOOS;112
9.5.4;6.5.4 OOSTethys;113
9.5.5;6.5.5 OGC Oceans Interoperability Experiment;114
9.6;6.6 Conclusions;115
9.7;References;115
10;7 A New Approach to Preservation Metadata for Scientific Data A Real World Example;118
10.1;7.1 Introduction;118
10.2;7.2 Overview;118
10.3;7.3 Background;120
10.3.1;7.3.1 OAIS Reference Model;121
10.3.2;7.3.2 FGDC CSDGM and ISO 19115;123
10.3.3;7.3.3 PREMIS;123
10.3.4;7.3.4 NSIDC Overview;124
10.4;7.4 NSIDC Project;125
10.5;7.5 Conclusions;129
10.6;References;130
11;8 Archive Standards: How Their Adoption Benefit Archive Systems;131
11.1;8.1 Introduction;131
11.1.1;8.1.1 Need to Archive Environmental Data;131
11.1.2;8.1.2 Environmental Data at NOAA/NESDIS;132
11.1.3;8.1.3 CLASS and NOAA's Environmental Data;133
11.1.4;8.1.4 CLASS Overview;134
11.1.5;8.1.5 ISO/CCSDS Standards for OAIS;134
11.1.6;8.1.6 OAIS: A Common Language for the Information Professionals;135
11.1.7;8.1.7 The OAIS Information Model: An Overview;136
11.1.8;8.1.8 Metadata Standards;137
11.1.9;8.1.9 File Format Standards;139
11.2;8.2 Experiences Adopting Archive Standards;140
11.2.1;8.2.1 A Little Background: Multiple NOAA Archives;140
11.2.2;8.2.2 OAIS-RM Submission Agreements;141
11.2.3;8.2.3 Need for Interface Control Document;143
11.2.4;8.2.4 Benefits of Adopting Archive Standards to the Producers;144
11.2.5;8.2.5 Benefits of Adopting Archive Standards to the Consumers;145
11.2.6;8.2.6 Use of Archive Standards -- Summary of Benefits and Challenges;146
12;9 An Association Rule Discovery System Applied to Geographic Data;147
12.1;9.1 Introduction;147
12.2;9.2 Association Rules in Geographic Data;148
12.2.1;9.2.1 Rule Characteristics;149
12.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 Spatial Association Rules;149
12.2.1.2;9.2.1.2 Horizontal and Vertical Rules;150
12.2.1.3;9.2.1.3 Data Format;151
12.2.1.4;9.2.1.4 Predicate Format;151
12.2.1.5;9.2.1.5 Variable Hierarchy;153
12.2.1.6;9.2.1.6 Binning Attribute Values;153
12.2.2;9.2.2 Rule Formation;154
12.2.2.1;9.2.2.1 Vertical Rules;154
12.2.2.2;9.2.2.2 Horizontal Rules;155
12.2.3;9.2.3 Sampling;155
12.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Vertical Rule Sampling;155
12.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Horizontal Rule Sampling;156
12.2.4;9.2.4 Identification of Significant Variables;156
12.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Contingency Table Analysis;157
12.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Illustration;159
12.2.4.3;9.2.4.3 Apriori Algorithm;160
12.3;9.3 Results;161
12.3.1;9.3.1 Land Use Discrimination (Vertical Associations);161
12.3.2;9.3.2 Road Density vs. Urban Areas (Horizontal Associations);164
12.3.3;9.3.3 Water Features vs. Adjacent Soil Type (Horizontal Associations);165
12.4;9.4 Conclusions;166
12.5;References;167
13;10 An Intelligent Archive Testbed Incorporating Data Mining;169
13.1;10.1 Introduction;169
13.2;10.2 Intelligent Archives;170
13.2.1;10.2.1 Virtual Product Generation;171
13.2.2;10.2.2 Significant Event Detection;172
13.2.3;10.2.3 Automated Data Quality Assessment;172
13.2.4;10.2.4 Large Scale Data Mining;173
13.2.5;10.2.5 Dynamic Feed-back;173
13.2.6;10.2.6 Data Discovery and Efficient Requesting;174
13.3;10.3 Testbed and Scenario;174
13.3.1;10.3.1 Design Issues;175
13.3.2;10.3.2 Testbed Design;176
13.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 System Network View;176
13.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Functional View;177
13.3.2.3;10.3.2.3 Software Component View;177
13.3.2.4;10.3.2.4 Data Preparation and Mining;178
13.4;10.4 Testbed Implementation;179
13.4.1;10.4.1 The Testbed Algorithm Implementation;179
13.4.2;10.4.2 The Testbed Hardware and Software Configuration;183
13.5;10.5 Results;184
13.5.1;10.5.1 Computation Speed;184
13.5.2;10.5.2 Forecast Results;185
13.6;10.6 Observations and Conclusions;188
13.6.1;10.6.1 Science/Algorithm;188
13.6.2;10.6.2 Execution Efficiency;189
13.7;References;191
14;11 Semantic Augmentations to an ebRIM Profile of Catalogue Service for the Web;193
14.1;11.1 Introduction;193
14.2;11.2 The ebRIM-based Information Model in CSW;194
14.2.1;11.2.1 CSW Services Specification;194
14.2.2;11.2.2 An ebRIM Profile of CSW;196
14.3;11.3 Semantics-Enabled Service Registry Current Solutions;198
14.3.1;11.3.1 Adding Semantics into UDDI;198
14.3.2;11.3.2 Adding semantics into ebRIM;200
14.4;11.4 Semantics for Data and Services;200
14.5;11.5 Semantics Registration in CSW;203
14.6;11.6 Semantic Search Functionalities;208
14.7;11.7 Conclusions;209
14.8;References;211
15;12 Geospatial Knowledge Discovery Using Semantic Web Services;213
15.1;12.1 Introduction;213
15.2;12.2 Geospatial Knowledge Discovery and Web Services;214
15.3;12.3 Ontologies for Geospatial Knowledge Discovery;220
15.4;12.4 Framework for Semantic Web Service-based Geospatial Knowledge Discovery;221
15.4.1;12.4.1 Framework Architecture;221
15.4.2;12.4.2 Ontology-Based Knowledge Base;222
15.4.3;12.4.3 Building Workflow;225
15.5;12.5 Conclusion;228
15.6;References;229
16;13 Accelerating Technology Adoption Through Community Endorsement;231
16.1;13.1 Background;231
16.2;13.2 How We Designed the Standards Process;232
16.3;13.3 The SPG Standards Process;233
16.3.1;13.3.1 Organization;234
16.3.2;13.3.2 Path to RFC;234
16.3.3;13.3.3 Path to Community Endorsement;235
16.3.4;13.3.4 Standards Development;237
16.4;13.4 Crossing the Chasm;237
16.4.1;13.4.1 The NASA Chasm;241
16.4.2;13.4.2 How to Cross the Chasm;242
16.4.3;13.4.3 How the Standards Process Can Help Bridge the Chasm;243
16.5;13.5 The OPeNDAP RFC A Community Practice Chasm-Crossing Example;245
16.6;13.6 The WMS RFC A Consensus Standard Chasm-Crossing Example;248
16.7;13.7 Impact;251
16.8;References;252