Dion / Rummel Microbiology of Extreme Soils

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-74231-9
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 369 Seiten

This volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the principal extreme soil ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic origin. Extreme soils oppose chemical or physical limits to colonization by most soil organisms and present the microbiologist with exciting opportunities. Described here are a range of fascinating environments from permafrost to Martian soils. The book includes chapters on basic research in addition to applications in biotechnology and bioremediation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dion, Patrice

Rummel, J.D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;10
4;Contributors;12
5;Principles of Extreme Soil Microbiology;17
5.1;The Microbiological Promises of Extreme Soils;18
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;18
5.1.2;1.2 Extreme Soils and Microbial Community Structure and Evolution;19
5.1.3;1.3 Extreme Soils and Microbial Physiology;20
5.1.4;1.4 Microbial Functions in Extreme Soils;21
5.1.5;1.5 Practical Value of Extreme Soils;21
5.1.6;1.6 Extreme Soils and the Boundaries of Life;22
5.1.7;1.7 Extreme Soils and Our Past;24
5.1.8;1.8 Extreme Soils and Our Future;25
5.1.9;References;26
5.2;Microbial Diversity, Life Strategies, and Adaptation to Life in Extreme Soils;29
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction: What Is an Extreme Environment?;29
5.2.2;2.2 Physicochemical Factors Limiting to Life;32
5.2.3;2.3 Soil as Habitat for Micro-Organisms;40
5.2.4;2.4 Extreme Soils;42
5.2.5;2.5 Microbial Diversity and Community Structure in Extreme Soils;46
5.2.6;2.6 Conclusions: The Significance of Studying Extremophiles in Soil;51
5.2.7;References;52
5.3;Extreme Views on Prokaryote Evolution;58
5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;58
5.3.2;3.2 Scope and Limitations of This Review;59
5.3.3;3.3 Selection as It Occurs in the Laboratory and in the Real World;60
5.3.4;3.4 Bacteria in Soils, a Substrate for Evolutionary Change;61
5.3.5;3.5 The Context of Extreme Soils;69
5.3.6;3.6 The Extreme Soil Adaptive Landscapes;71
5.3.7;3.7 Conclusions;76
5.3.8;References;76
5.4;Biodiversity: Extracting Lessons from Extreme Soils;84
5.4.1;4.1 Introduction;84
5.4.2;4.2 Lesson One: Biodiversity in Soils Is Hidden;86
5.4.3;4.3 Lesson Two: Soil Species Have More Than One Survival Strategy;87
5.4.4;4.4 Lesson Three: Extreme Soils Are Ecosystems;88
5.4.5;4.5 Lesson Four: Soils Are Major Drivers of Biodiversity;90
5.4.6;4.6 Lesson Five: Global Changes Are Rapidly Changing Soils;92
5.4.7;4.7 Conclusions;93
5.4.8;References;94
6;Natural Extreme Soils;98
6.1;Halophilic and Halotolerant Micro-Organisms from Soils;99
6.1.1;5.1 Introduction;99
6.1.2;5.2 Microbial Diversity;100
6.1.3;5.3 Halophilic Micro-Organisms from Soils;103
6.1.4;5.4 Biotechnological Applications;113
6.1.5;5.5 Conclusions;117
6.1.6;References;118
6.2;Atacama Desert Soil Microbiology;128
6.2.1;6.1 Introduction;128
6.2.2;6.2 Atacama Soil Organics;130
6.2.3;6.3 Isolation and Detection of Heterotrophic Bacteria;133
6.2.4;6.4 Cyanobacteria-Dominated Microbial Consortia;135
6.2.5;6.5 Patchiness of Transition from High- to Low-Density Populations;139
6.2.6;6.6 Relevance to Exobiology;139
6.2.7;6.7 Conclusions: NASA-Supported Research in the Atacama Desert;140
6.2.8;References;141
6.3;Microbial Communities and Processes in Arctic Permafrost Environments;144
6.3.1;7.1 Introduction;144
6.3.2;7.2 The Permafrost Environment;146
6.3.3;7.3 The Permafrost Microbiota;150
6.3.4;7.4 Role and Significance of the Microbiota;157
6.3.5;7.5 Conclusions: Future Directions for Research;160
6.3.6;References;161
6.4;Aerobic, Endospore-Forming Bacteria from Antarctic Geothermal Soils;166
6.4.1;8.1 Introduction: Taxonomy of Bacillus Species and Related Genera;166
6.4.2;8.2 Habitats of Thermophiles;169
6.4.3;8.3 Antarctic Geothermal Soils;170
6.4.4;8.4 Endospore Formers from Antarctic Geothermal Soils;175
6.4.5;8.5 Adaptations for Growth at High Temperatures;179
6.4.6;8.6 Nutrition and Growth Conditions of Thermophiles;181
6.4.7;8.7 Conclusions;182
6.4.8;References;182
6.5;Peatland Microbiology;187
6.5.1;9.1 Introduction;187
6.5.2;9.2 General Description of Peatlands;187
6.5.3;9.3 Cycles in Peatlands;192
6.5.4;9.4 Diversity of Organisms Colonizing Peatlands;194
6.5.5;9.5 Conclusions;209
6.5.6;References;209
6.6;Subsurface Geomicrobiology of the Iberian Pyritic Belt;214
6.6.1;10.1 Introduction;214
6.6.2;10.2 The Río Tinto Ecosystem;215
6.6.3;10.3 Geomicrobiology of the Iron Cycle in the Río Tinto Ecosystem;216
6.6.4;10.4 Subsurface Geomicrobiology of the Iberian Pyritic Belt;219
6.6.5;10.5 Conclusions;229
6.6.6;References;230
6.7;The Potential for Extant Life in the Soils of Mars;233
6.7.1;11.1 Introduction;233
6.7.2;11.2 Mars as a Microbial Habitat;235
6.7.3;11.3 Searching for Microbes in the Soils of Mars;239
6.7.4;11.4 Detection of Life in Martian Soils;243
6.7.5;11.5 Conclusions;245
6.7.6;References;247
7;Anthropogenic Extreme Soils;252
7.1;Bacteriology of Extremely Cold Soils Exposed to Hydrocarbon Pollution;253
7.1.1;12.1 Introduction;253
7.1.2;12.2 An Overview of the Bacteriology of Pristine Antarctic Soils;255
7.1.3;12.3 Hydrocarbons in Polar Soils;258
7.1.4;12.4 Bacteriology of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Polar Soils;262
7.1.5;12.5 Bioremediation in Extremely Cold Soils;267
7.1.6;12.6 Major Challenges for the Near Future;272
7.1.7;12.7 Conclusions;273
7.1.8;References;274
7.2;Microbiology of Oil-Contaminated Desert Soils and Coastal Areas in the Arabian Gulf Region;281
7.2.1;13.1 Introduction;281
7.2.2;13.2 The Gulf Oil Spill;282
7.2.3;13.3 Composition of Crude Oil;283
7.2.4;13.4 General Description of Oil-Utilizing Micro-Organisms;283
7.2.5;13.5 Oil-Utilizing Micro-Organisms in the Arabian Gulf Desert Soils;285
7.2.6;13.6 Micro-Organisms in the Gulf Coastal Areas;286
7.2.7;13.7 Extremophilic Oil-Utilizing Micro-Organisms;288
7.2.8;13.8 Microbial Consortia and Associations;289
7.2.9;13.9 Responses of Micro-Organisms to Environmental Variables;290
7.2.10;13.10 Bioremediation Strategies;295
7.2.11;13.11 Conclusions;298
7.2.12;References;299
7.3;Microbial Communities in Fire-Affected Soils;305
7.3.1;14.1 Introduction;305
7.3.2;14.2 The Effects of Surface Fires on Microbial Environments;307
7.3.3;14.3 The Effects of Underground Fires on Microbial Environments;310
7.3.4;14.4 Microbial Communities in Fire-Affected Soils;314
7.3.5;14.5 Conclusions;317
7.3.6;References;319
7.4;Endophytes and Rhizosphere Bacteria of Plants Growing in Heavy Metal- Containing Soils;323
7.4.1;15.1 Introduction: Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils;323
7.4.2;15.2 Heavy Metal Tolerance and Hyperaccumulation in Plants;323
7.4.3;15.3 Rhizosphere Bacteria and Endophytes;325
7.4.4;15.4 Diversity of Bacterial Communities Associated with Heavy Metal- Tolerant Plants;327
7.4.5;15.5 The Influence of Associated Micro-Organisms on Plant Heavy Metal Tolerance and Uptake;330
7.4.6;15.6 Potential Applications of Improved Plant– Microbe Interactions;331
7.4.7;15.7 Conclusions;332
7.4.8;References;333
7.5;Interactions of Fungi and Radionuclides in Soil;339
7.5.1;16.1 Introduction;339
7.5.2;16.2 Fungi as Regulators of Radionuclide Movement;340
7.5.3;16.3 Effects of Radionuclides on Fungi;346
7.5.4;16.4 Conclusions and Perspectives;355
7.5.5;References;356
8;Index;362