Dion Soil Biology and Agriculture in the Tropics

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-05076-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 350 Seiten

The relationships between soils, microbes and humans are of crucial relevance in the tropics, where plant stress and microbial activity are exacerbated. This volume of Soil Biology presents the living component of tropical soils, showing how it is shaped by environmental conditions and emphasizing its dramatic impact on human survival and well-being. Following an introduction to the specificities of tropical soils and of their microbial communities, the biological aspects of soil management are examined, dealing with land use change, conservation and slash-and-burn agriculture, the restoration of hot deserts, agroforestry and paddy rice cultivation. As they are of particular relevance for tropical agriculture, symbioses of plants and microbes are thoroughly covered, as are the biodegradation of pesticides and health risks associated with wastewater irrigation. Lastly, traditional soil knowledge is discussed as a key to our sustainable presence in this world.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dion, Patrice

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Soils of the Tropics;13
4.1;1.1 Introduction;13
4.2;1.2 Factors of Soil Formation;13
4.3;1.3 Soil-Forming Processes;17
4.4;1.4 Soil Classification;20
4.5;1.5 The Soils;21
4.6;1.6 Conclusions;26
4.7;References;26
5;Organic Matter and Micro-Organisms in Tropical Soils;28
5.1;2.1 Introduction;28
5.2;2.2 Methods Used in Preparation of the Present Review ;30
5.3;2.3 Environmental Variables;40
5.4;2.4 Soil Microbial Biomass;41
5.5;2.5 Basal Respiration Rate;44
5.6;2.6 Microbial Biomass C-to-Soil Organic C Ratio and qCO2;45
5.7;2.7 ATP and Ergosterol;47
5.8;2.8 Conclusions;48
5.9;References;49
6;Impacts of Forest Conversion to Agriculture on Microbial Communities and Microbial Function;56
6.1;3.1 Introduction;56
6.2;3.2 Soil Organic Matter and Microbial Biomass;58
6.3;3.3 Microbial Communities;60
6.4;3.4 Effects of Land-Use Change on Mycorrhizal Fungi;63
6.5;3.5 Microbial Community Activity;64
6.6;3.6 Conclusions;69
6.7;References;70
7;The Structural and Functional Biodiversity of Soil: An Interdisciplinary Vision for Conservation Agriculture in Brazil;75
7.1;4.1 Introduction;75
7.2;4.2 The Unknown Soil Biodiversity;76
7.3;4.3 Agrobiological Processes for Conservation Systems ;77
7.4;4.4 Conservation Systems ;82
7.5;4.5 Conclusions;86
7.6;References;87
8;The Potential of Soil Beneficial Micro-Organisms for Slash- and- Burn Agriculture in the Humid Forest Zone of Sub- Saharan Africa;91
8.1;Abbreviations;91
8.2;5.1 Introduction;92
8.3;5.2 Methodological Approach and Strategy ;98
8.4;5.3 Agricultural Uses of Beneficial Micro- Organisms in the Humid Forest Zone;99
8.5;5.4 Discussion ;109
8.6;5.5 Conclusions;111
8.7;References;112
9;Microbial Populations of Arid Lands and their Potential for Restoration of Deserts;118
9.1;6.1 Introduction;118
9.2;6.2 Resource Islands (Fertility Islands);118
9.3;6.3 Micro-Organisms in Naturally Vegetated and Impaired Arid Land Soils;127
9.4;6.4 Restoration of Desert Environments;136
9.5;6.5 Concluding Remarks;141
9.6;References;141
10;Exploring the Ecological Significance of Microbial Diversity and Networking in the Rice Ecosystem;147
10.1;7.1 Introduction;147
10.2;7.2 Microbial Diversity and Population Dynamics in the Rice Rhizosphere;148
10.3;7.3 Nutrient Transformations in the Rice Rhizosphere and their Effects on Soil Fertility and Plant Growth;155
10.4;7.4 Endophytes Associated with Rice: The Inside Story;160
10.5;7.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;163
10.6;References;164
11;Rhizobial Symbioses in Tropical Legumes and Non- Legumes;170
11.1;8.1 Introduction: Legume Origin, Evolution and Domestication;170
11.2;8.2 Rhizobial Legume Symbioses;172
11.3;8.3 Phaseolus vulgaris Symbioses;174
11.4;8.4 Rhizobial Inoculants;178
11.5;8.5 Rhizobia-Legume Nodulation;179
11.6;8.6 Rhizobia as Plant Endophytes;181
11.7;8.7 Practical Applications and Perspectives;183
11.8;References;183
12;Mycorrhizal Associations in Agroforestry Systems;192
12.1;9.1 Introduction;192
12.2;9.2 The Multi-Functionality of AMF in Agro-Ecosystems;195
12.3;9.3 AMF and Agroforestry Systems: Beyond Compatibility;206
12.4;9.4 Conclusions;208
12.5;References;209
13;Agricultural Development in Tropical Acidic Soils: Potential and Limits of Phosphate- Solubilizing Bacteria;216
13.1;10.1 Introduction;216
13.2;10.2 Acidic Soils and Agriculture in the Tropics;217
13.3;10.3 Phosphorus and Acid Soils;217
13.4;10.4 The Use of Soil Bacteria as Biofertilizers;218
13.5;10.5 Role of Organic Acids in P Mobilization from Acidic Soils;222
13.6;10.6 Field Experiences with Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria;224
13.7;10.7 How to Isolate Acid-Proficient Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria?;229
13.8;10.8 Why Do PSB Fail When Tested in the Field?;231
13.9;10.9 Conclusions;233
13.10;References;234
14;Role of Microbial Biofertilizers in the Development of a Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics;241
14.1;11.1 Introduction;241
14.2;11.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation;243
14.3;11.3 Phosphate Solubilization;248
14.4;11.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;249
14.5;11.5 Conclusions;252
14.6;References;253
15;Microbial Degradation of Pesticides in Tropical Soils;257
15.1;12.1 Introduction;257
15.2;12.2 The Tropical Environment;258
15.3;12.3 The Agronomical and Environmental Impact of Pesticides;259
15.4;12.4 Pesticide Usage in the Tropics;261
15.5;12.5 Biogeography of Bacteria;265
15.6;12.6 The Effects of Tropical Conditions ;270
15.7;12.7 Pesticide Dissipation Under Tropical and Temperate Conditions;272
15.8;12.8 Conclusions;274
15.9;References;275
16;Soil and Crop Contamination Through Wastewater Irrigation and Options for Risk Reduction in Developing Countries;281
16.1;13.1 Introduction;281
16.2;13.2 Soil and Crop Contaminants in Wastewater ;282
16.3;13.3 Human Health Risks;289
16.4;13.4 Measures to Reduce Risks;291
16.5;13.5 Conclusions;298
16.6;References;299
17;Towards a New Purpose for Traditional and Other Forms of Soil Knowledge;304
17.1;14.1 Introduction: The Genesis of Soil Knowledge;304
17.2;14.2 Soil Science: Current Views and Some Interpretations;305
17.3;14.3 A Brief Presentation of Traditional Soil Knowledge;306
17.4;14.4 The Relevance of Traditional Soil Knowledge;308
17.5;14.5 Traditional Versus Scientific Soil Knowledge, and Other Systems of Opposition;311
17.6;14.6 Threats, Knowledge and Persistence of Knowledge;314
17.7;14.7 Conclusion: Proposal for a Reorientation of Ontological Processes;316
17.8;References;318
18;Index;322