Dixit / Kaushik Microfluidics for Biologists

Fundamentals and Applications
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-40036-5
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 252 Seiten

This book describes novel microtechnologies and integration strategies for developing a new class of assay systems to retrieve desired health information from patients in real-time. The selection and integration of sensor components and operational parameters for developing point-of-care (POC) are also described in detail. The basics that govern the microfluidic regimen and the techniques and methods currently employed for fabricating microfluidic systems and integrating biosensors are thoroughly covered. This book also describes the application of microfluidics in the field of cell and molecular biology, single cell biology, disease diagnostics, as well as the commercially available systems that have been either introduced or have the potential of being used in research and development. This is an ideal book for aiding biologists in understanding the fundamentals and applications of microfluidics. 

This book also: 

Describes the preparatory methods for developing 3-dimensional microfluidic structures and their use for Lab-on-a-Chip design

Explains the significance of miniaturization and integration of sensing components to develop wearable sensors for point-of-care (POC)

Demonstrates the application of microfluidics to life sciences and analytical chemistry, including disease diagnostics and separations

Motivates new ideas related to novel platforms, valving technology, miniaturized transduction methods, and device integration to develop next generation sequencing 

Discusses future prospects and challenges of the field of microfluidics in the areas of life sciences in general and diagnostics in particular

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dixit, Chandra K.

Kaushik, Ajeet

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
1.1;Salient Features of This Book;6
2;Contents;7
3;Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Fluidics;8
3.1;1 Introduction;8
3.2;2 Microfluidic Physics;8
3.2.1;2.1 Hierarchy of Dimensions;9
3.2.2;2.2 Non-dimensionalization and Dimensionless Numbers;10
3.2.3;2.3 Hydrostatics: Physics of the Stagnant;11
3.2.3.1;Pascal´s Law;13
3.2.3.2;2.3.1 Pressure and Pumping;14
3.2.3.3;2.3.2 Buoyancy and the Problem of Microfluidic Mixing;15
3.2.4;2.4 Hydrodynamics: Physics of the Flows;16
3.2.4.1;2.4.1 Concept of Continuum;17
3.2.4.2;2.4.2 Important Intrinsic Properties;17
3.2.4.3;2.4.3 Types of Fluids Based on Intrinsic Properties;19
3.2.4.3.1;Newtonian vs. Non-newtonian: Case of Whole Blood Analysis in Microfluidics;19
3.2.4.3.2;Compressible and Incompressible Fluids;20
3.2.4.4;2.4.4 Other Important Properties;21
3.2.4.4.1;Importance of Surface Tension in Microfluidics;22
3.2.4.4.2;Critical Thinking;22
3.2.4.5;2.4.5 Laws Governing Dynamics;23
3.2.4.5.1;Basic Law;23
3.2.4.5.2;Equations of Motion;24
3.2.4.5.3;Conservation of Mass;25
3.2.4.5.4;Conservation of Linear Momentum/Inertia;26
3.2.4.5.5;Conservation of Energy;26
3.2.4.5.6;Important Concepts;27
3.2.4.5.6.1;Applications of Stokes Law;28
3.2.5;2.5 Key Dimensionless Numbers Explained;34
3.2.5.1;2.5.1 Reynolds Number: Inertial Focusing to Separate Plasma from Whole Blood;34
3.2.5.2;2.5.2 Pclet Number: Diffusivities Across Channel Width and No-Membrane Dynamic Filtering;35
3.3;3 Conclusion;37
3.4;Further Reading;38
3.5;Recommended reviews and articles;38
3.6;Recommended Books and Lecture Notes;39
4;Chapter 2: Microfluidics Overview;40
4.1;1 Introduction;40
4.2;2 Basic Fabrication Techniques;42
4.2.1;2.1 LASER;42
4.2.1.1;2.1.1 Application of Laser Machining for micro-channel making;43
4.2.1.2;2.1.2 Application of LASER Machining for Mask Making;44
4.2.2;2.2 Photo-Lithography;45
4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Pattern Transfer;45
4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Alignment;46
4.2.2.3;2.2.3 Exposure;47
4.2.3;2.3 Soft Lithography;47
4.2.4;2.4 Micro-Scale Replication by Double Inversion (MRDI) Process;48
4.2.5;2.5 Embedded Structures with Replication and Moulding Processes;49
4.3;3 Microfluidics for Flow Control and Some Novel Effects;51
4.3.1;3.1 Micro-mixer Design and Characterization;52
4.3.2;3.2 Bilayer Staggered Herringbone Micromixers (BSHM);53
4.3.3;3.3 Long Microchannel Arrays as Vibration Pads;53
4.3.4;3.4 Micro-pump;55
4.3.4.1;3.4.1 Micro-pumping System with Peristaltic Motion;56
4.3.5;3.5 Micro-valve;58
4.4;4 Micro-cantilevers for Mass Based Sensing and Diagnostics;59
4.5;5 Applications in Clinical Diagnostics;64
4.5.1;5.1 Paper Microfluidics: Applications in Clinical Diagnostics;64
4.5.1.1;5.1.1 Basic Principles of Fluid Flow in Paper Micro-fluidics;67
4.5.2;5.2 Electrophoresis;69
4.5.3;5.3 Dielectrophoresis;72
4.5.4;5.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction Microchips;75
4.5.5;5.5 Gene Delivery Using Nanoscale Material and Electrophoretic Transport of DNA;79
4.6;6 Various Sensing and Detection Techniques;79
4.6.1;6.1 Electrochemical Sensing;80
4.6.2;6.2 Optical Sensing;82
4.6.3;6.3 Mass Based Sensing;83
4.7;References;84
5;Chapter 3: Manufacturing Methods Overview for Rapid Prototyping;91
5.1;1 Motivation;91
5.2;2 Selecting a Fabrication Method;91
5.2.1;2.1 Photolithography and Mask Design;93
5.2.2;2.2 Moulding and Casting;97
5.2.3;2.3 Hot Embossing;98
5.2.4;2.4 Micromilling;100
5.2.5;2.5 Choice of Instrument and Relation to Material;100
5.2.6;2.6 Laser Ablation;102
5.3;3 Packaging and Bonding;105
5.3.1;3.1 Thermal Bonding;105
5.3.2;3.2 Chemical Bonding;105
5.3.3;3.3 Bonding Through Pressure Sensitive Adhesive;106
5.3.4;3.4 Plasma Bonding of PDMS;106
5.4;References;107
6;Chapter 4: 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices;109
6.1;1 Introduction;109
6.2;2 3D Printing Techniques;110
6.2.1;2.1 Extrusion-Based Methods;110
6.2.2;2.2 Methods Based on Photocuring;111
6.2.3;2.3 Cost and Materials;112
6.3;3 3D-Printed Microfluidics;112
6.3.1;3.1 Molds and Scaffolds for Fluidic Channels;113
6.3.2;3.2 Fluidic Devices Prepared by Direct Printing;114
6.4;4 3D-Printed Fluidics and Bioanalysis;115
6.5;5 Outlook and Prospects;117
6.6;References;117
7;Chapter 5: The Centrifugal Microfluidic: Lab-on-a-Disc Platform;120
7.1;1 Introduction;120
7.2;2 Centrifugal Microfluidics;121
7.2.1;2.1 Centrifugal Hydrodynamics;121
7.2.2;2.2 Metering;123
7.2.3;2.3 Mixing;124
7.2.4;2.4 Diagnostic Applications;125
7.2.4.1;2.4.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification;125
7.2.4.2;2.4.2 Immunoassays;125
7.3;3 Valving Technologies;126
7.3.1;3.1 Passive Valving;126
7.3.1.1;3.1.1 Capillary Valves;126
7.3.1.2;3.1.2 Siphon Valves;127
7.3.1.3;3.1.3 Centrifugo-Pneumatic Valving;129
7.3.1.4;3.1.4 Event Triggered Valving;129
7.3.1.5;3.1.5 Paper Imbibition Valves;130
7.3.2;3.2 Active Valving;130
7.3.2.1;3.2.1 Phase-Change Micro-valves;130
7.3.2.2;3.2.2 Electromechanical Pumping;131
7.4;4 Valving Design;131
7.5;5 Spin Stand;131
7.5.1;5.1 Operation;131
7.5.1.1;5.1.1 Signal from the Motor;132
7.5.1.2;5.1.2 Positional Triggering;134
7.5.1.3;5.1.3 Filtering the Camera Signal;134
7.5.2;5.2 Application Example: Automation of a Direct Bilirubin Test;135
7.5.2.1;5.2.1 Direct Bilirubin;135
7.5.3;5.3 Liquid Handling Protocol: Disc Architecture;135
7.6;6 Manufacturing Protocol;138
7.6.1;6.1 Designing the Lab-on-a-Disk;138
7.6.2;6.2 Cutting PSA;140
7.6.3;6.3 Dissolvable Film Tabs;140
7.6.4;6.4 Cutting PMMA;141
7.7;7 Assembly;142
7.7.1;7.1 Vents (PMMA);143
7.7.2;7.2 Microchannels (PSA);144
7.7.3;7.3 Microchambers (PMMA);144
7.7.4;7.4 DF Cover (PSA);144
7.7.5;7.5 DF Support (PSA);145
7.7.6;7.6 Mid-Layer (PMMA);145
7.7.7;7.7 Lower Channels (PSA);145
7.7.8;7.8 Base Layer (PMMA);145
7.7.9;7.9 Testing;145
7.8;8 Conclusion;146
7.9;References;147
8;Chapter 6: Materials and Surfaces in Microfluidic Biosensors;150
8.1;1 Introduction;150
8.1.1;1.1 Biosensors-Involvement of Microfluidics;151
8.2;2 Material Development for Microfluidic Systems;152
8.2.1;2.1 Inorganic Materials;152
8.2.1.1;2.1.1 Silicon;152
8.2.1.2;2.1.2 Glass;155
8.2.1.3;2.1.3 Ceramics;156
8.2.2;2.2 Elastomers and Plastics;156
8.2.2.1;2.2.1 Elastomers;158
8.2.2.2;2.2.2 Thermoplastics;159
8.2.3;2.3 Hydrogel;161
8.2.4;2.4 Paper;162
8.3;3 The Ideal Microfluidic System for POC Sensor Design;166
8.4;4 Conclusion;167
8.5;References;167
9;Chapter 7: Paper Microfluidics;170
9.1;1 Introduction;170
9.2;2 Application Areas;173
9.3;3 Physical Principles;174
9.3.1;3.1 Flow Through Paper;174
9.3.2;3.2 Spreading of Wax and Width of Patterned Channel;175
9.3.3;3.3 Transport Time;175
9.3.4;3.4 Signal Visibility;176
9.4;4 Main Formats of Paper Devices;176
9.5;5 Types of Paper and Its Functionalization;181
9.6;6 Existing Fabrication Technologies;183
9.6.1;6.1 Technologies for Patterning of Hydrophobic Barriers;183
9.6.1.1;6.1.1 Wax Printing;184
9.6.1.2;6.1.2 Screen-Printing;185
9.6.1.3;6.1.3 Inkjet-Printing;185
9.6.1.4;6.1.4 Flexographic Printing;186
9.6.1.5;6.1.5 Photolithography-Assisted Methods;186
9.6.1.6;6.1.6 Plasma Treatment;186
9.6.2;6.2 Technologies for Assembly of Devices;186
9.6.3;6.3 Technologies for Fabrication of Electrodes in Paper;187
9.7;7 Detection Methods;187
9.7.1;7.1 Colourimetric;187
9.7.2;7.2 Electrochemical;187
9.7.3;7.3 Chemiluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence;188
9.7.4;7.4 Fluorescence;188
9.7.5;7.5 Nanoparticles;188
9.7.6;7.6 Other Methods;188
9.8;References;189
10;Chapter 8: Biological Applications of Microfluidics System;196
10.1;1 Introduction;196
10.2;2 Microfluidics in Cell Biology;197
10.2.1;2.1 Stem Cell Research;198
10.2.2;2.2 Neurology;201
10.2.3;2.3 Drug Development;203
10.2.4;2.4 Organs on Chips;204
10.2.5;2.5 Single Cell Analysis;209
10.3;3 Microfluidics in Diagnostics;213
10.3.1;3.1 Molecular Diagnostics;216
10.3.2;3.2 Immunodiagnostics;217
10.3.3;3.3 Commercial Diagnostics;219
10.4;4 Present Challenges and Future Perspectives;220
10.5;5 Conclusion;221
10.6;References;222
11;Chapter 9: RETRACTED CHAPTER: On-Chip Immunoassay for Molecular Analysis;227
11.1;1 Introduction;227
11.1.1;1.1 Immunoassays;227
11.2;2 Immunoassay Formats in Microfluidic Systems;228
11.2.1;2.1 Homogeneous Immunoassays in Microfluidic Systems;229
11.2.2;2.2 Heterogeneous Immunoassays in Microfluidic Systems;230
11.2.2.1;2.2.1 Antibody Immobilization;230
11.2.2.2;2.2.2 Analyte Transport and Delivery;231
11.2.3;2.3 Heterogeneous Immunoassays on Microbeads;232
11.2.3.1;2.3.1 Magnetic Microbeads;232
11.2.3.2;2.3.2 Non-magnetic Microbeads;233
11.3;3 Fluid Driving and Handling Technologies in Microfluidic Systems;234
11.3.1;3.1 Electric Forces;234
11.3.2;3.2 Pressure-Driven Fluid Handling Modalities;236
11.3.3;3.3 Centrifugal Force-Driven Modalities;237
11.3.4;3.4 Passive, Capillary Force-Driven Modalities;239
11.4;4 Multiplexed Microfluidic Immunoassay Platforms;241
11.4.1;4.1 Surface Array-Based Multiplexing;241
11.4.2;4.2 Bead-Based Multiplexing;242
11.5;5 Conclusions;243
11.6;References;244
12;Chapter 10: Challenges and Future;250
13;RETRACTION NOTE TO: On-Chip Immunoassay for Molecular Analysis;252
14;Index;253