Douglas / Simula The Future of the World's Forests

Ideas vs Ideologies
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9582-4
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 214 Seiten

At the landmark 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), solemn resolutions were made both to protect the world's biodiversity and to co-operate on managing natural forests in a sustainable and ecologically responsible way. If anything, given recent developments in issues such as climate change and poverty, the problem of protecting and sustaining forests should logically have become more important globally. Yet public interest in, and development support for, forest activities have declined and rates of forest loss remain stubbornly high. Why has this happened? This book seeks answers to this question. It examines the often dysfunctional relationships between various members of the international forest constituency, which have so often prevented the formation of consensus. It also explores the tendency to pursue technical and politically convenient 'fixes' focused on the internal workings of the forest sector, while ignoring the overwhelming influence of external forces on the fate of forests. The result, all too often, has been programs which benefit a few powerful players and fail to provide real solutions. The book provides a new examination of and perspective on the international forest policy debate. It clarifies the reasons for global forest conflicts and provides insight for future policy development. Including examples from both the developed and developing world, it provides an invaluable resource for researchers and graduate students in forest policy and international relations, as well as a useful reference for policymakers and professionals in the forest sector, the development community and conservationists. With significant global attention now focused on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), the authors examine the promise and the potential problems that apply to this initiative.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Douglas, Jim

Simula, Markku

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;7
2;Contents;9
3;Chapter 1: Disappearing Rainforests: New Solutions;15
3.1;1.1 Introduction;15
3.2;1.2 But Why Another Book on Forests?;17
3.2.1;1.2.1 There Is Certainly no Shortage of Material;17
3.2.2;1.2.2 There Are Still Some Things Left to Say;20
3.3;1.3 The Dynamics of Forest Loss;21
3.3.1;1.3.1 Natural Forests Are in Decline;21
3.3.2;1.3.2 So, Is the World Running Out of Wood?;22
3.3.3;1.3.3 Can Developing International Trade and Natural Forests Survival Be Compatible?;23
3.3.4;1.3.4 What Else Is Happening to Natural Forests?;24
3.4;1.4 Setting the Scene for Sustainability: Valuation; and Financing of the Forests;26
3.5;1.5 What Has Happened to Forests Sustainability So Far?;27
3.5.1;1.5.1 Valuing Forests: The Full Ecosystem; and the Carbon Values;27
3.5.2;1.5.2 Financing Change in the Forests;28
3.6;References;29
4;Chapter 2: Global Forests: Debate and Dysfunction;30
4.1;2.1 Defining the Problem #1: A Dysfunctional Dialogue;31
4.1.1;2.1.1 The Problem You See Depends on Where You Stand;33
4.1.2;2.1.2 The Search for Perspective: “You Talk; We Chop”;34
4.1.3;2.1.3 Re-evaluation, or Late Onset Apostasy?;36
4.1.4;2.1.4 Re-focusing the Discussion;37
4.2;2.2 Defining the Problem #2: Sustainability and Forests Value – The Basic Issues;38
4.2.1;2.2.1 What Have Forests To Do with Global Economics?;39
4.2.2;2.2.2 A Question of Value;40
4.2.3;2.2.3 Sustainability: The Elusive Objective;40
4.2.4;2.2.4 Why Has Sustainable Forest Management Not Worked?;41
4.2.5;2.2.5 Never Mind the Differences on Sustainability: Can’t We All Just Get Along?;44
4.2.6;2.2.6 Asking the Wrong Questions;44
4.2.7;2.2.7 The Right Question;46
4.2.8;2.2.8 Implications for Some Popular Current Approaches to Sustainability;46
4.3;2.3 The Global Dialogue on Forests: Moribunds, Mercantilists, and Manicheans;47
4.4;References;50
5;Chapter 3: The State of Global Forest Resources;51
5.1;3.1 The State of the World’s Forests;53
5.1.1;3.1.1 The Historical Picture;53
5.1.2;3.1.2 Global Forest Cover and Cover Change;54
5.2;3.2 Tropical Rainforests: A Key Concern;58
5.2.1;3.2.1 Forest Ecosystem Services;59
5.2.2;3.2.2 Irreversibility of Rainforest Loss: A Key Concern;61
5.3;3.3 The Implications of Reducing Deforestation;61
5.4;References;62
6;Chapter 4: Are Trade and Forests Survival Compatible?;64
6.1;4.1 Where Trade Is Going: Emerging Trends;65
6.2;4.2 How Future Demand Can Be Met: Rapidly Changing Supply Patterns;67
6.2.1;4.2.1 The Raw Material Base;67
6.2.2;4.2.2 Forest Industry;68
6.3;4.3 Are Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Forests Positive?;69
6.3.1;4.3.1 Winners and Losers Under Trade Liberalization;70
6.4;4.4 Can Trade Rules Differentiate Sustainably Produced Forest Products?;71
6.4.1;4.4.1 Protection of Forest-Related Intellectual Property Rights;72
6.4.2;4.4.2 Trade in Intergovernmental Forest Agreements;73
6.4.3;4.4.3 Pressures from Non-governmental Organizations;74
6.4.4;4.4.4 Taking Stock;75
6.5;4.5 Has Certification of Forest Management Created Value for Forest Resources?;76
6.5.1;4.5.1 Lagging Developing Countries and Uncertain Market Benefits;76
6.5.2;4.5.2 A Tug-of-War Between International Schemes;77
6.5.3;4.5.3 Improving Effectiveness of Certification;79
6.5.3.1;Box 4.1 Main characteristics of internationally operating forest certification systems;78
6.6;4.6 A Distorted Playing Field: Addressing Illegal Logging;80
6.6.1;4.6.1 Causes of Illegal Logging and trade;81
6.6.2;4.6.2 Emerging Market Requirements;82
6.6.3;4.6.3 Trade Measures in Combating Illegal Logging and Trade;83
6.6.4;4.6.4 Can Certification Impact upon Illegal Logging?;84
6.6.5;4.6.5 Taking Stock;85
6.7;4.7 New Opportunities and Challenges for Trade in the Valuation of Forests;85
6.8;4.8 Conclusions;87
6.9;References;88
7;Chapter 5: Deforestation: Causes and Symptoms;89
7.1;5.1 Rainforests: A Tragedy of the Commons?;90
7.2;5.2 Agricultural Technology and Deforestation;92
7.3;5.3 The Impact of Burgeoning Plantation and Grazing Commodities;93
7.3.1;5.3.1 Cattle Ranching (Brazil);94
7.3.2;5.3.2 Soy;95
7.3.3;5.3.3 Biofuels;96
7.3.4;5.3.4 Palm Oil;98
7.3.5;5.3.5 Forest Industry Plantations and the Pulp and Paper Sector;99
7.4;5.4 Some Other Factors in Deforestation;102
7.4.1;5.4.1 Mining;102
7.4.2;5.4.2 Wood Fuel;103
7.4.3;5.4.3 Pioneer Shifting Cultivation;103
7.4.4;5.4.4 Infrastructure;104
7.5;5.5 Illegal Logging;104
7.6;5.6 Commentary on Some Corrective Options;106
7.6.1;5.6.1 International Demand Management;106
7.6.2;5.6.2 Eliminating Perverse Production Incentives;108
7.7;5.7 Separating Causes and Symptoms;109
7.8;References;111
8;Chapter 6: Sustainability Versus Ideology in the Forests;114
8.1;6.1 Global Environmental Sustainability: The Shifting Paradigm;115
8.1.1;6.1.1 Malthus: The Original Prophet of Economic Doom;115
8.1.2;6.1.2 The Inheritors of Malthus;116
8.1.3;6.1.3 Growth Protagonists Push Back;117
8.1.4;6.1.4 The Environmental Kuznets Curve;118
8.1.5;6.1.5 Taking Stock;119
8.2;6.2 Forests and the Broader Economy;121
8.2.1;6.2.1 Applying the Environmental Kuznets Curve to Forests;121
8.2.2;6.2.2 Forests in the Broader Economy;122
8.2.3;6.2.3 Financing Sustainability in Forests Has Been Inadequate;124
8.3;6.3 Multilateral Agreements on Global Environmental Sustainability;125
8.3.1;6.3.1 The Stockholm Agreement;126
8.3.2;6.3.2 The Brundtland Report;126
8.3.3;6.3.3 The Rio Earth Summit;127
8.3.4;6.3.4 The Kyoto Protocol;128
8.3.5;6.3.5 The World Summit on Sustainable Development;128
8.4;6.4 A Brief Look at Multilateral Involvement in Forests;129
8.4.1;6.4.1 Sustainable Forest Management;130
8.4.2;6.4.2 The Tropical Forestry Action Plan;131
8.4.3;6.4.3 The International Tropical Timber Organization;134
8.4.4;6.4.4 The Intergovernmental Dialogue on Forests;134
8.4.5;6.4.5 The Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Initiatives;137
8.5;6.5 Forest Policy in the World Bank: Ideas vs Ideologies;137
8.5.1;6.5.1 The “Chilling Effect” of Bank Forests Sector Policy;138
8.5.2;6.5.2 The New World Bank Forests Sector Strategy and Policy;140
8.5.3;6.5.3 The Chill Is (Not) Gone;143
8.5.4;6.5.4 Problems with Ideology: The Conservation International case;145
8.6;6.6 Developing Perspectives on Sustaining Forests;149
8.7;References;151
9;Chapter 7: Financing Forests Sustainability from Ecosystem Values;153
9.1;7.1 The Failure of Forests Sustainability: A Question of Perceived Value;154
9.1.1;7.1.1 Valuing the Natural Forests: Qualitative Assessments;155
9.1.2;7.1.2 Quantifying Ecosystem Values;156
9.1.3;7.1.3 Forests and Climate Change;157
9.2;7.2 Stored Forest Carbon: Leading the New Sustainability Paradigm;162
9.2.1;7.2.1 Will Reducing Tropical Rainforest Deforestation Be a Cost Effective GHG Strategy?;162
9.2.2;7.2.2 A Case Study: Oil Palm in Indonesia;165
9.3;7.3 Would Rainforest Governments Finance Sustainability in Forests for Carbon?;171
9.3.1;7.3.1 Forest Loss and Broad Economic Change10;172
9.4;7.4 Financing Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation;177
9.4.1;7.4.1 REDD Has Been a Long Time Coming;178
9.4.2;7.4.2 The Basics of REDD;181
9.4.3;7.4.3 Issues and Differences for Consideration Under REDD;182
9.4.4;7.4.4 Some Controversies and the “Agenda Loading” Issue;188
9.4.4.1;Box 7.2 Outlining REDD;181
9.5;7.5 Investing in Reduced Deforestation Ahead of REDD;192
9.5.1;7.5.1 An Emergency Package for Tropical Forests;193
9.6;References;197
10;Chapter 8: Final Thoughts;200
10.1;8.1 The Search for a New Paradigm;201
10.2;8.2 What Does All This Mean for the Forests?;202
10.2.1;8.2.1 Formulating the Link Between Forests and Capital;204
10.2.2;8.2.2 Balancing Equity and Effectiveness;205
10.2.3;8.2.3 Keeping Watch Over the Market Instrument;206
10.2.4;8.2.4 International Debates on Forests: Impotency and Intransigence;209
10.3;8.3 Some Final Words;211
10.4;References;212
11;Index;213