Dowson / Taylor / Godet Tribology of Reciprocating Engines

Proceedings of the 9th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology Held in Bondington Hall, the University of Leeds, England 7-10 September 1982
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0208-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 358 Seiten, Web PDF

Tribology of Reciprocating Engines documents the proceedings of the 9th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology held at the University of Leeds, England on September 7-10, 1982. This book emphasizes advances in the working principals of the tribological components that operate with relative motion. The topics discussed include the dynamic analysis of engine bearing systems, measurement of oil film thickness in diesel motor main bearings, and temperature variations in crankshaft bearings. The theoretical and experimental study of ring-liner friction, tribology in the cylinders of reciprocating compressors, and lubricant properties in the diesel engine piston ring zone are also described. This text likewise considers the metallurgy of scoring and scuffing failure, impact of oil contamination on wear and energy losses, and role of tappet surface morphology and metallurgy in cam/tappet life. This compilation is a good reference for triblogists, lubrication engineers, and specialists researching on reciprocating engines.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dowson, D.

Taylor, C. M.

Godet, M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Tribology of Reciprocating Engines;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Introduction;8
6;Address;10
7;Session I: KEYNOTE ADDRESS;12
7.1;Chapter 1. Keynote Address;14
7.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;14
7.1.2;2 THE PAST;14
7.1.3;3 THE PRESENT;14
7.1.4;3 THE PRESENT;14
7.1.5;4 PLAIN BEARINGS;15
7.1.6;5 PISTON RINGS;15
7.1.7;6 OTHER COMPONENTS;16
7.1.8;7 THEFUTURE;16
8;Session II: Bearings 1;20
8.1; PAPER ll: (i) Developments in engine bearings;22
8.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;22
8.1.2;2. IMPROVED HYDRODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS;24
8.1.3;3. PROGRESS IN OTHER AREAS;27
8.1.4;4. DATA PRESENTATION;32
8.1.5;5. EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT;33
8.1.6;6. SPECIAL BEARINGS;36
8.1.7;7. CONCLUDING REMARKS;38
8.1.8;8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;38
8.1.9;References;39
8.2; PAPER ll: (ii) Dynamic analysis of engine bearing systems;42
8.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;42
8.2.2;2 PRESENT WORK;42
8.2.3;3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE;43
8.2.4;4 SUMMARY;44
8.2.5;5 FURTHER WORK;45
8.2.6;6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;45
8.2.7;APPENDIX 2;46
8.3; PAPER ll: (iii) Lubrication of small end bearings in supercharged two-stroke diesel engines;50
8.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;50
8.3.2;2. ANALYSIS;50
8.3.3;3 APPLICATIONS;51
8.3.4;4. APPLIED IMPROVEMENTS;52
8.3.5;5. AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION;52
8.3.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;53
8.3.7;APPENDIX 1;53
8.3.8;APPENDIX 2;53
8.4;Discussion on Session II: Bearings 1;57
8.4.1;PAPER II (1);57
8.4.2;References;57
9;Session III: Bearings 2;60
9.1;Paper lll: (i)Theory and experiments on elastic connecting rod bearings under steady state conditions;62
9.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;62
9.1.2;2 SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY MEASUREMENTS;62
9.1.3;3 STEEL CONNECTING-ROD BEARING MEASUREMENTS;63
9.1.4;4 CONCLUSION;64
9.1.5;References;64
9.2;Paper lll(ii)Measurement of oil film thickness in diesel motor main bearings: implementation of the method and experimental results;68
9.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;68
9.2.2;2 TRANSDUCERS DESCRIPTION;68
9.2.3;3 . ENGINE AND MEASURING SYSTEM;69
9.2.4;4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;69
9.2.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;70
9.3;Paper lll(iii)The development of bearing test systems to meet future requirements;74
9.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;74
9.3.2;2 THE "VULCAN" BEARING FATIGUE MACHINE;74
9.3.3;3 THE "VEGA" TEST MACHINE;76
9.3.4;4 THE McPHERSON STRUT TEST MACHINE;77
9.3.5;References;79
9.4;Paper lll: (iv)Connecting rod bearing failures in large offshore compressors;85
9.4.1;1 INTRODUCTION;85
9.4.2;2 BEARING FAILURES;85
9.4.3;3 EXAMINATION;86
9.4.4;4 DISCUSSION;86
9.4.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;88
9.4.6;6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;88
9.4.7;References;88
9.5;Discussion on Session III: Bearings 2;90
10;Session IV: Bearings 3;94
10.1;Paper IV: (i) Crankshaft bearings: oil film history;96
10.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;96
10.1.2;2. DEVELOPMENT OF PREDICTIVE TECHNIQUES;96
10.1.3;3. DETAILS OF CASE STUDY;98
10.1.4;4. INFLUENCE OF BEARING FEATURES ON JOURNAL ORBIT;98
10.1.5;5. COMPARISON OF OIL FLOW PREDICTIONS WITH EXPERIMENT;98
10.1.6;6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;99
10.1.7;APPENDIX I;99
10.1.8;APPENDIX II;99
10.1.9;APPENDIX III;100
10.2;Paper IV: (ii) Lubricant frothing like cavitation as well as destination of volumetric efficiency in dynamically loaded bearings;102
10.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;102
10.2.2;2 TURN INTO FROTH IN A HYDRODYNAMIC JOURNAL BEARING;102
10.2.3;3 EXAMINATION OF THE NARROW BEARING;103
10.2.4;4 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES;104
10.2.5;5 CONCLUSIONS;104
10.2.6;APPENDIX;105
10.3;Paper IV: (iii) Temperature variations in crankshaft bearings;110
10.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;110
10.3.2;2 THE MODEL;111
10.3.3;3 THE NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE;112
10.3.4;4 RESULTS;112
10.3.5;5 CONCLUSIONS;113
10.3.6;6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;113
10.3.7;APPENDIX;113
10.4;Discussion on Session IV: Bearings 3;116
11;Session V: Piston Rings and Cylinder Liners;120
11.1;Paper V: (i) A review of studies of piston ring lubrication;122
11.1.1;1 . INTRODUCTION.;122
11.1.2;2. EARLY BACKGROUND;123
11.1.3;3. THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A PISTON RING.;123
11.1.4;4. OIL FLOW.;125
11.1.5;5. FRICTION AND THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS;126
11.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;129
11.1.7;REFERENCES;130
11.2;Paper V: (ii) Theoretical and experimental study of ring-liner friction;135
11.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;135
11.2.2;2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL;135
11.2.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE;137
11.2.4;4 MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATION;138
11.2.5;APPENDIX;139
11.2.6;References;139
11.3;Paper V: (iii) Cylinder liner wear;145
11.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;145
11.3.2;2 EXPERIMENTAL;145
11.3.3;3 RESULTS;146
11.3.4;4 CONCLUSIONS;147
11.3.5;5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;147
11.4;APPENDIX;147
11.5;Paper V: (iv) Honing of parent metal cylinder bores for;150
11.5.1;1 INTRODUCTION;150
11.5.2;2 EVALUATION TECHNIQUES;150
11.5.3;3 INVESTIGATION;150
11.5.4;4 INTRODUCTION OF 'PLATEAU HONING' INTO PRODUCTION;151
11.5.5;5 SPECIFICATION/QUALITY CONTROL;151
11.5.6;6 CONCLUSION;152
11.5.7;7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;152
11.6;Discussion on Session V Piston rings and cylinder liners;154
12;Session VI: Lubricants 1;158
12.1;Paper Vl: (i) Recent developments in engine lubricants and lubrication;160
12.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;160
12.1.2;2 FRICTION REDUCTION;160
12.1.3;3 VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE-SHEAR RATE REQUIREMENTS;161
12.1.4;4 LUBRICATION OF VALVE TRAINS;162
12.1.5;5 ACTION OF ANTI-WEAR/E.P. ADDITIVES;163
12.1.6;6 CONCLUSIONS;164
12.1.7;REFERENCES;164
12.2;Paper Vl: (ii) Tribology in the cylinders of reciprocating compressors;167
12.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;167
12.2.2;2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN LUBRICANT AND GAS;167
12.2.3;3 REDUCTION OF OIL VISCOSITY THROUGH SOLUTION OF GAS;168
12.2.4;4 LOSS OF LUBRICANT THROUGH VAPORISATION;168
12.2.5;5 INTERFERENCE WITH BOUNDARY LUBRICATION PROPERTIES;168
12.2.6;6 DISCUSSION;169
12.2.7;7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;169
12.2.8;APPENDIX;169
12.3;Paper Vl: (iii) Importance of the effective viscosity on the behaviour of internal combustion engines;170
12.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;170
12.3.2;2 FRICTION REGIMES IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND INFLUENCE OF VISCOSITY;170
12.3.3;3 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY;171
12.3.4;4 TEST OIL;171
12.3.5;5 INFLUENCE OF EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF ENGINE BEARINGS;172
12.3.6;6 SUMMARY;172
12.3.7;7 LITERATURE;173
12.4;Discussion on Session VI: Lubricants 1;180
13;Session VII: Lubricants 2;182
13.1;Paper Vll: (i) Lubricant properties in the diesel engine piston ring zone;184
13.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;184
13.1.2;2. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE;184
13.1.3;3. RESULTS;185
13.1.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;187
13.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;187
13.1.6;REFERENCES;187
13.2;Paper Vll: (ii) Bore polishing in a test apparatus;189
13.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;189
13.2.2;2 APPARATUS;189
13.2.3;3 RESULTS;190
13.2.4;5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;190
13.2.5;APPENDIX;190
13.3;Paper Vll: (iii) Corrosive factor affecting ZDDP action;193
13.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;193
13.3.2;2 EXPERIMENTAL;194
13.3.3;3 CAST IRON STATIC CORROSION;194
13.3.4;4 FRICTION PROPERTIES OF CORRODED CAST IRON SURFACES;195
13.3.5;5 FRICTION WITH CORROSION;195
13.3.6;6 CONCLUSIONS;196
13.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;196
13.3.8;REFERENCES;196
14;Discussion on Session VII: Lubricants 2;199
15;Session VIII: Materials I;202
15.1;Paper Vlll: (i) Bearing material requirements for the future;204
15.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;204
15.1.2;2 OVERLAY REQUIREMENTS;204
15.1.3;3 OVERLAY COMPOSITION;205
15.1.4;4 OVERLAY THICKNESS;205
15.1.5;5 LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY AND FATIGUE RESISTANCE;205
15.1.6;6 WEAR RESISTANCE;207
15.1.7;7 EMBEDDABILITY;207
15.1.8;8 CORROSION RESISTANCE;208
15.1.9;9 CAVITATION EROSION RESISTANCE;208
15.1.10;10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;209
15.1.11;APPENDIX;209
15.2;Paper Vlll: (ii) The metallurgy of scoring and scuffing failure;214
15.2.1;1 INTRODUCTION;214
15.2.2;2 EXPERIMENTAL;215
15.2.3;3 RESULTS;216
15.2.4;4 DISCUSSION;217
15.2.5;5 CONCLUSIONS;219
15.2.6;APPENDIX;219
15.3;Paper Vlll: (iii) Coatings for wear reduction in reciprocating machinery;225
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;225
15.3.2;WEAR REDUCTION WITH HARD COATS;225
15.3.3;COATING PROCESSES;226
15.3.4;COATING SYSTEM AND TECHNIQUE;226
15.3.5;TRIBOLOGICAL TEST SAMPLES AND TESTS;227
15.3.6;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;227
15.3.7;SUMMARIZING REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS;228
15.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;228
15.3.9;REFERENCES;228
15.4;Discussion on Session VIII: Materials 1;236
16;Session IX: Materials 2;240
16.1;Paper IX(i)The use of ferrography and component rating in order to reduce engine run-in time;241
16.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;241
16.1.2;2 RUNNING-IN THEORY;241
16.1.3;3 DEVELOPMENT OF RUN-IN SEQUENCES;241
16.1.4;4 TEST WORK;242
16.1.5;5 OIL ANALYSIS;242
16.1.6;6 COMPONENT RATING;243
16.1.7;7 RESULTS;243
16.1.8;8 CONCLUSIONS;243
16.1.9;9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;244
16.1.10;References;244
16.2;Paper IX: (ii) A study of cavitation erosion resistance of bearing materials using an ultrasonic vibrator;246
16.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;246
16.2.2;2. THE EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND ITS COMMISSIONING;246
16.2.3;3. THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD;248
16.2.4;4. RESULTS;250
16.2.5;5. MICROSCOPY STUDIES;250
16.2.6;6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;251
16.2.7;REFERENCES;251
16.3;Paper IX: (iii) Lubrication of journal bearings - the impact of oil contamination on wear and energy losses;256
16.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;256
16.3.2;2. INITIAL EXPERIMENTS;256
16.3.3;3 NEW BEARING TEST SYSTEM;257
16.3.4;4 TEST CONDITIONS;257
16.3.5;5 RESULTS;258
16.3.6;6 ABRASIVE MODEL;258
16.3.7;APPENDIX;259
16.3.8;References;259
16.4;Discussion on Session IX: Materials 2;262
17;Session X: Components 1;266
17.1;Paper X: (i) Wear behaviour of steel cam and chromium plate follower combination;268
17.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;268
17.1.2;2 EXPERIMENTAL;268
17.1.3;3 RESULTS;269
17.1.4;4 DISCUSSION;269
17.1.5;5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;270
17.1.6;APPENDIX;270
17.1.7;References;270
17.2;Paper X: (ii) The role of tappet surface morphology and metallurgy in cam/tappet life;276
17.2.1;1 . INTRODUCTION;276
17.2.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;277
17.2.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;278
17.2.4;4. OIL FILM MEASUREMENTS;279
17.2.5;5. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;280
17.2.6;6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;280
17.2.7;APPENDIX;280
17.2.8;References;280
17.3;Paper X: (iii) Ways to improve the spalling resistance of chilled iron tappets of an internal combustion engine;286
17.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;286
17.3.2;2 FAILURE ANALYSIS;286
17.3.3;3 TEST METHOD;287
17.3.4;4 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;287
17.3.5;5 CONCLUSIONS;288
17.3.6;6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;288
17.3.7;APPENDIX;288
17.3.8;References;288
17.4;Paper X:(iv)The wear of valve-valve seat materials at elevated temperatures;292
17.4.1;1 INTRODUCTION;292
17.4.2;2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS;292
17.4.3;3 RESULTS;293
17.4.4;4 DISCUSSION;294
17.4.5;5 CONCLUSIONS;294
17.4.6;6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;295
17.4.7;References;295
17.5;Paper X: (v) Engagement of automobile clutches: experiments and theory;298
17.5.1;1 - INTRODUCTION;298
17.5.2;2 - EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH : MACROSCOPIC STUDY;298
17.5.3;3 - THEORETICAL APPROACH;299
17.5.4;4 - INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS : MECHANISMS OF WET FRICTION;300
17.5.5;5 - CONCLUSION;301
17.5.6;6 - APPENDIX;301
17.5.7;References;301
17.5.8;Acknowledgement;301
18;Discussion on Session X: Components 1;306
19;Session XI: Components 2;308
19.1;Paper Xl: (i) Cavitation erosion damage in diesel engine main bearings;310
19.1.1;1 INTRODUCTION;310
19.1.2;2 CAVITY FORMATION AND COLLAPSE;310
19.1.3;3 DAMAGE IN ENGINE BEARINGS;311
19.1.4;4 OIL FILM CONDITIONS;311
19.1.5;5 EXPERIMENTAL WORK;312
19.1.6;6 CONCLUSIONS;313
19.1.7;7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;313
19.1.8;APPENDIX;313
19.1.9;References;313
19.2;Paper Xl: (ii) Squeeze retardation for prolonging the useful life of comliantly lined oscillating bearings;317
19.2.1;INTRODUCTION;317
19.2.2;I PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF SQUEEZE RETARDATION;318
19.2.3;II "MASTER" PROFILES AS RELATED TO SQUEEZE RETARDATION;319
19.2.4;Ill OPTIMIZING CRATERED MASTER PROFILES FOR SQUEEZE RETARDATION;320
19.2.5;IV OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROFILE OF ELASTIC LININGS;321
19.2.6;V COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS;323
19.2.7;APPENDIX - REFERENCES;324
19.3;Paper Xl: (iii) A contribution to the numerical analysis of isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication;326
19.3.1;1 INTRODUCTION;326
19.3.2;2 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS;326
19.3.3;3 NONDIMENSIONALIZATION OF FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS;326
19.3.4;4 THE CALCULATION METHOD USING THE NEWTONRAPHSON FORMULA;327
19.3.5;5 THE METHOD TO COPE WITH THE MECHANISM OF ERROR MAGNIFICATION;328
19.3.6;6 SELECTION OF THE DIFFERENCE METHOD;328
19.3.7;7 THE UNEQUAL DIVISION;329
19.3.8;8 THE REASON WHY Xb IS NOT CHOSEN FOR AN UNKNOWN;329
19.3.9;9 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND OIL FILM THICKNESS;329
19.3.10;10 THE INVERSE PROBLEM IN THE EHL;329
19.3.11;11 NONDIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS IN THE EHL PROBLEM;330
19.3.12;12 THE TRACTION COEFFICIENT;330
19.3.13;13 THE STATE OF CONVERGENCE AFFECTED BY THEDOMAIN TO BE CALCULATED;330
19.3.14;14 CONCLUSIONS;330
19.3.15;15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;330
19.3.16;APPENDPIX;331
19.4;Paper Xl: (iv) Infrared temperature measurements of a reciprocating seal test;334
19.4.1;INTRODUCTION;334
19.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT;334
19.4.3;RESULTS;336
19.4.4;DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;337
19.4.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;338
19.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;338
19.4.7;REFERENCES;339
19.5;Paper XI (v) Filtration characteristics of multigrade oils;342
19.5.1;1 INTRODUCTION;342
19.5.2;2 EXPERIMENTAL;342
19.5.3;3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;342
19.5.4;4 CONCLUSIONS;343
19.6;Discussion on Session XI: Components 2;347
20;List of Authors;354
21;List of Delegates;356
22;Subject Index;360