Duchowski Eye Tracking Methodology

Theory and Practice
2. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-84628-609-4
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 336 Seiten

Despite the availability of cheap, fast, accurate and usable eye trackers, there is little information available on how to develop, implement and use these systems. This 2nd edition of the successful guide contains significant additional material on the topic and aims to fill that gap in the market by providing an accessible and comprehensive introduction. Additional key features of the 2nd edition include: Technical description of new (state-of-the-art) eye tracking technology; a complete whole new section describing experimental methodology including experimental design, empirical guidelines, and five case studies; and survey material regarding recent research publications.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Duchowski, Andrew

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;List of Figures;13
2;List of Tables;19
3;Part I Introduction to the Human Visual System (HVS);24
3.1;Visual Attention;25
3.1.1;Visual Attention: A Historical Review;26
3.1.1.1;Von Helmholtz's ``Where'';26
3.1.1.2;James' ``What'';27
3.1.1.3;Gibson's ``How'';27
3.1.1.4;Broadbent's ``Selective Filter'';28
3.1.1.5;Deutsch and Deutsch's ``Importance Weightings'';28
3.1.1.6;Yarbus and Noton and Stark's ``Scanpaths'';29
3.1.1.7;Posner's ``Spotlight'';30
3.1.1.8;Treisman's ``Glue'';32
3.1.1.9;Kosslyn's ``Window'';32
3.1.2;Visual Attention and Eye Movements;33
3.1.3;Summary and Further Reading;35
3.2;Neurological Substrate of the HVS;36
3.2.1;The Eye;39
3.2.2;The Retina;39
3.2.2.1;The Outer Layer;42
3.2.2.2;The Inner Nuclear Layer;42
3.2.2.3;The Ganglion Layer;43
3.2.3;The Optic Tract and M/P Visual Channels;44
3.2.4;The Occipital Cortex and Beyond;45
3.2.4.1;Motion-Sensitive Single-Cell Physiology;46
3.2.5;Summary and Further Reading;47
3.3;Visual Psychophysics;49
3.3.1;Spatial Vision;49
3.3.2;Temporal Vision;53
3.3.2.1;Perception of Motion in the Visual Periphery;55
3.3.2.2;Sensitivity to Direction of Motion in the Visual Periphery;56
3.3.3;Color Vision;56
3.3.4;Implications for Attentional Design of Visual Displays;58
3.3.5;Summary and Further Reading;59
3.4;Taxonomy and Models of Eye Movements;60
3.4.1;The Extraocular Muscles and the Oculomotor Plant;60
3.4.2;Saccades;61
3.4.3;Smooth Pursuits;64
3.4.4;Fixations;65
3.4.5;Nystagmus;66
3.4.6;Implications for Eye Movement Analysis;66
3.4.7;Summary and Further Reading;67
4;Part II Eye Tracking Systems;68
4.1;Eye Tracking Techniques;69
4.1.1;Electro-OculoGraphy (EOG);70
4.1.2;Scleral Contact Lens/Search Coil;70
4.1.3;Photo-OculoGraphy (POG) or Video-OculoGraphy (VOG);71
4.1.4;Video-Based Combined Pupil/Corneal Reflection;72
4.1.5;Classifying Eye Trackers in ``Mocap'' Terminology;76
4.1.6;Summary and Further Reading;77
4.2;Head-Mounted System Hardware Installation;78
4.2.1;Integration Issues and Requirements;78
4.2.2;System Installation;81
4.2.3;Lessons Learned from the Installation at Clemson;83
4.2.4;Summary and Further Reading;84
4.3;Head-Mounted System Software Development;86
4.3.1;Mapping Eye Tracker Screen Coordinates;87
4.3.1.1;Mapping Screen Coordinates to the 3D Viewing Frustum;87
4.3.1.2;Mapping Screen Coordinates to the 2D Image;88
4.3.1.3;Measuring Eye Tracker Screen Coordinate Extents;89
4.3.2;Mapping Flock Of Birds Tracker Coordinates;91
4.3.2.1;Obtaining the Transformed View Vector;92
4.3.2.2;Obtaining the Transformed Up Vector;93
4.3.2.3;Transforming an Arbitrary Vector;94
4.3.3;3D Gaze Point Calculation;94
4.3.3.1;Parametric Ray Representation of Gaze Direction;97
4.3.4;Virtual Gaze Intersection Point Coordinates;98
4.3.4.1;Ray/Plane Intersection;98
4.3.4.2;Point-In-Polygon Problem;100
4.3.5;Data Representation and Storage;101
4.3.6;Summary and Further Reading;103
4.4;Head-Mounted System Calibration;104
4.4.1;Software Implementation;105
4.4.2;Ancillary Calibration Procedures;108
4.4.2.1;Internal 2D Calibration;109
4.4.2.2;Internal 3D Calibration;112
4.4.3;Summary and Further Reading;113
4.5;Table-Mounted System Hardware Installation;117
4.5.1;Integration Issues and Requirements;118
4.5.2;System Installation;120
4.5.3;Lessons Learned from the Installation at Clemson;121
4.5.4;Summary and Further Reading;122
4.6;Table-Mounted System Software Development;124
4.6.1;Linux Tobii Client Application Program Interface;125
4.6.1.1;Tet_Init;126
4.6.1.2;Tet_Connect, Tet_Disconnect;126
4.6.1.3;Tet_Start, Tet_Stop;127
4.6.1.4;Tet_CalibClear, Tet_CalibLoadFromFile, Tet_CalibSaveToFile, Tet_CalibAddPoint, Tet_CalibRemovePoints, Tet_CalibGetResult, Tet_CalibCalculateAndSet;127
4.6.1.5;Tet_SynchronizeTime, Tet_PerformSystemCheck;129
4.6.1.6;Tet_GetSerialNumber, Tet_GetLastError, Tet_GetLastErrorAsText;130
4.6.1.7;Tet_CallbackFunction;131
4.6.2;A Simple OpenGL/GLUT GUI Example;131
4.6.3;Caveats;136
4.6.4;Summary and Further Reading;136
4.7;Table-Mounted System Calibration;140
4.7.1;Software Implementation;141
4.7.2;Summary and Further Reading;149
4.8;Eye Movement Analysis;151
4.8.1;Signal Denoising;153
4.8.2;Dwell-Time Fixation Detection;153
4.8.3;Velocity-Based Saccade Detection;155
4.8.4;Eye Movement Analysis in Three Dimensions;158
4.8.4.1;Parameter Estimation;163
4.8.4.2;Fixation Grouping;166
4.8.4.3;Eye Movement Data Mirroring;167
4.8.5;Summary and Further Reading;167
5;Part III Eye Tracking Methodology;168
5.1;Experimental Design;169
5.1.1;Formulating a Hypothesis;169
5.1.2;Forms of Inquiry;171
5.1.2.1;Experiments Versus Observational Studies;171
5.1.2.2;Laboratory Versus Field Research;172
5.1.2.3;Idiographic Versus Nomothetic Research;172
5.1.2.4;Sample Population Versus Single-Case Experiment Versus Case Study;173
5.1.2.5;Within-Subjects Versus Between-Subjects;174
5.1.2.6;Example Designs;175
5.1.3;Measurement and Analysis;178
5.1.4;Summary and Further Reading;181
5.2;Suggested Empirical Guidelines;183
5.2.1;Evaluation Plan;184
5.2.1.1;Data Collection;184
5.2.1.2;System Identification;187
5.2.1.3;Constraints;187
5.2.1.4;User Selection;188
5.2.1.5;Evaluation Locale;188
5.2.1.6;Task Selection;189
5.2.2;Practical Advice;190
5.2.3;Considering Dynamic Stimulus;191
5.2.4;Summary and Further Reading;191
5.3;Case Studies;193
5.3.1;Head-Mounted VR Diagnostics: Visual Inspection;194
5.3.1.1;Case Study Notes;195
5.3.2;Head-Mounted VR Diagnostics: 3D Maze Navigation;195
5.3.2.1;Case Study Notes;196
5.3.3;Desktop VR Diagnostics: Driving Simulator;197
5.3.3.1;Case Study Notes;198
5.3.4;Desktop Diagnostics: Usability;199
5.3.4.1;Case Study Notes;207
5.3.5;Desktop Interaction: Gaze-Contingent Fisheye Lens;209
5.3.5.1;Case Study Notes;213
5.3.6;Summary and Further Reading;213
6;Part IV Eye Tracking Applications;214
6.1;Diversity and Types of Eye Tracking Applications;215
6.1.1;Summary and Further Reading;216
6.2;Neuroscience and Psychology;217
6.2.1;Neurophysiological Investigation of Illusory Contours;218
6.2.2;Attentional Neuroscience;218
6.2.3;Eye Movements and Brain Imaging;221
6.2.4;Reading;223
6.2.5;Scene Perception;226
6.2.5.1;Perception of Art;230
6.2.5.2;Perception of Film;231
6.2.6;Visual Search;232
6.2.6.1;Computational Models of Visual Search;239
6.2.7;Natural Tasks;243
6.2.8;Eye Movements in Other Information Processing Tasks;247
6.2.9;Summary and Further Reading;250
6.3;Industrial Engineering and Human Factors;251
6.3.1;Aviation;251
6.3.2;Driving;254
6.3.3;Visual Inspection;260
6.3.4;Summary and Further Reading;270
6.4;Marketing/Advertising;271
6.4.1;Copy Testing;273
6.4.2;Print Advertising;274
6.4.3;Ad Placement;277
6.4.4;Television Enhancements;279
6.4.5;Web Pages;280
6.4.6;Product Label Design;283
6.4.7;Summary and Further Reading;284
6.5;Computer Science;285
6.5.1;Human--Computer Interaction and Collaborative Systems;285
6.5.1.1;Classic Eye-Based Interaction;286
6.5.1.2;Cognitive Modeling;287
6.5.1.3;Universal Accessibility;289
6.5.1.4;Indirect Eye-Based Interaction;291
6.5.1.5;Attentive User Interfaces (AUIs);292
6.5.1.6;Usability;293
6.5.1.7;Collaborative Systems;294
6.5.2;Gaze-Contingent Displays;295
6.5.2.1;Screen-Based Displays;296
6.5.2.2;Model-Based Graphical Displays;302
6.5.3;Summary and Further Reading;310
6.6;Conclusion;311
6.7;References;312
6.8;Index;329