Dye Neutrino Geophysics

Proceedings of Neutrino Sciences 2005
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-70771-6
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 368 Seiten

These pages present a collection of recent papers primarily documenting the nascent science of neutrino geophysics. Most of the papers followed from talks given at 1 Neutrino Sciences 2005: Neutrino Geophysics held at the University of Hawaii in December 2005. Several papers were solicited later in an e?ort to make the collection as comprehensive as possible. Every paper was scrutinized by an external reviewer to assure the quality of scienti?c content. These reviewers are thanked for lending their scienti?c expertise through their many thoughtful comments and suggestions. All authors are commended for providing excellent manuscripts of their important work while maintaining a spirit of cooperative collaboration throughout. Although every attempt was made to produce a thoroughly accurate volume, it is the accepted responsibility of the associate editor for any mistakes, errors, or omissions in the p- sented material. The recommendations, advice, and wisdom of John Learned and Sandip Pakvasa were indispensable in organizing and completing this project. P- duction charges were generously provided by the University of Hawaii. The support of Hawaii Paci?c University, which contributed teaching release time, is gratefully - knowledged. Stephen T. Dye Associate Editor November 28, 2006 Stephen T. Dye is an associate professor of physics at Hawaii Paci?c University and an a?liate to the graduate faculty of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. 1 See www. phys. hawaii. edu/~sdye/hnsc. html Earth, Moon, and Planets (2006) 99:1–15 Springer 2006 DOI 10.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dye, Stephen T.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Table of Contents;5
2;Preface;7
3;Neutrino Geophysics Conference Introduction;8
3.1;1. Welcome;8
3.2;2. Neutrino Science Blossoming;8
3.3;3. Where is the Uranium and Thorium in the Earth?;11
3.4;4. How Can We Detect Geo-Neutrinos?;14
3.5;5. Synergy in Multiple Observations around the World;18
3.6;6. Other Applications of Future Large, Low-Energy Neutrino Detectors;20
3.7;7. Challenge and Outlook;22
3.8;Acknowledgements;22
3.9;References;22
4;Can the Future of Neutrino Physics Compare with its Past?;23
5;Radioactivity of the Earth and the Case for Potassium in the Earth’s Core;29
5.1;1. Introduction;29
5.2;2. Radioactivity of the crust and the mantle;30
5.3;3. Radioactivity of the Core;33
5.4;4. Conclusions;36
5.5;References;37
6;Is there a Nuclear Reactor at the Center of the Earth?;39
6.1;1. Introduction;39
6.2;2. Origin and Composition of the Earth;40
6.3;3. Segregation of Core and Mantle;44
6.4;4. The Cooling Stage of the Core;45
6.5;5. Meteorites and the Earth;47
6.6;6. The Herndon Hypothesis. Behavior of Uranium in the Core;48
6.7;7. Heat Production in the Core. Need for ‘‘Non-conventional’’ Heat Sources?;51
6.8;8. 3He/4He Isotope Geochemistry;53
6.9;9. Conclusions;53
6.10;Acknowledgments;54
6.11;References;54
7;Comment on R. D. Schuiling's Paper;56
8;Solar System Processes Underlying Planetary Formation, Geodynamics, and the Georeactor;57
8.1;1. Introduction;57
8.2;2. Nature and Origin of Planetary Matter;59
8.3;3. Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure Condensation;61
8.4;4. High-Temperature, High-Pressure Condensation;64
8.5;5. Evidence of Earth Being Like an Enstatite Chondrite;66
8.6;6. Overview of Solar System Formation;69
8.7;7. Implications of Protoplanetary Earth Formation;71
8.8;8. Evidence of Earth as a Jupiter-Like-Gas-Giant;71
8.9;9. Whole-Earth Decompression Dynamics;72
8.10;10. Mantle Decompression Thermal-Tsunami;74
8.11;11. Precipitation of the Structures of the Endo-Earth;76
8.12;12. Radionuclides of the Endo-Earth;78
8.13;13. Radionuclides of the Exo-Earth;80
8.14;14. Georeactor Nuclear Fission;80
8.15;15. Radionuclide Abundance and Distribution;83
8.16;16. Georeactor Variability;84
8.17;17. Deep-Earth Helium Evidence of the Georeactor;86
8.18;18. Eventual Demise of the Georeactor;88
8.19;19. Grand Overview and Generalizations;88
8.20;References;90
9;Geo-Neutrinos: from Theory to the KamLAND Results;94
9.1;1. Introduction;94
9.2;2. U, Th and K in the Earth: How much and where?;95
9.3;3. A reference model and its uncertainties;98
9.4;4. A closer look for Kamioka;101
9.5;5. The geo-neutrino signal as a function of uranium mass in the Earth;103
9.6;6. Discussion of the KamLAND results;107
9.7;7. The geo-neutrino signal and the 13C(a, n)16O cross section;109
9.8;8. Future prospects;110
9.9;Acknowledgments;112
9.10;References;112
10;Geo-Neutrinos: A Systematic Approach to Uncertainties and Correlations;114
10.1;1. Introduction;114
10.2;2. Covariance and Correlations: General Aspects;115
10.3;3. Towards a Geo-Neutrino Source Model;120
10.4;4. Issues Related to ‘‘Local’’ Reservoirs;126
10.5;5. Forward Propagation of Uncertainties;128
10.6;6. Backward Update of the GNSM Error Matrix;130
10.7;7. Conclusions and Prospects for Further Work;131
10.8;Acknowledgements;131
10.9;References;132
11;Experimental Study of Geoneutrinos with KamLAND;134
11.1;1. Neutrino Geophysics with KamLAND;134
11.2;2. The KamLAND Detector;141
11.3;3. Discussion;145
11.4;4. Conclusion;148
11.5;References;148
12;Experimental Status of Geo-reactor Search with KamLAND Detector;150
12.1;1. Introduction;150
12.2;2. A Nuclear Reactor in the Earth’s Core?;151
12.3;3. Anti-neutrino Detection with KamLAND;152
12.4;4. Discussion of Results and Conclusion;155
12.5;References;156
13;Imaging the Earth’s Interior: the Angular Distribution of Terrestrial Neutrinos;157
13.1;1. Introduction;158
13.2;2. Formalism;160
13.3;3. Earth Models;168
13.4;4. Results;170
13.5;5. Experimental Challenges and Prospects;176
13.6;6. Discussion;178
13.7;Acknowledgements;180
13.8;Appendix A: Terrestrial Tomography: Inverting the Angular Distribution;181
13.9;References;182
14;On the Possibility of Directional Analysis for Geo-neutrinos;184
14.1;1. Introduction;184
14.2;2. Detection Method in KamLAND;185
14.3;3. Directionality Detection Principle;186
14.4;4. Simulation Procedure;188
14.5;5. Simulation Results;189
14.6;6. Prospects for Model Checking;189
14.7;7. Conclusion and Discussion;192
14.8;Acknowledgements;193
14.9;References;193
15;Towards Earth AntineutRino TomograpHy (EARTH);194
15.1;1. Introduction;195
15.2;2. Proposed Geoneutrino Telescope;197
15.3;3. Conclusions;206
15.4;References;207
16;Geoneutrinos in Borexino;208
16.1;1. The Gran Sasso National Laboratory;208
16.2;2. The Borexino Detector;209
16.3;3. The Counting Test Facility;212
16.4;4. The Counting Test Facility Related Publications;213
16.5;5. Geoneutrinos Detection;214
16.6;6. Antineutrino Signal and Detection Sensitivity;220
16.7;7. Conclusion;221
16.8;Acknowledgements;221
16.9;References;221
17;Geo-neutrinos in SNO+;222
17.1;1. Introduction;222
17.2;2. The SNO+ detector;224
17.3;3. Signal and background;225
17.4;4. Summary;229
17.5;References;229
18;A Geoneutrino Experiment at Homestake;230
18.1;1. Introduction;230
18.2;2. Geoneutrino signal;233
18.3;3. Backgrounds;235
18.4;4. The Detector;238
18.5;5. Conclusion;240
18.6;References;240
19;Earth Radioactivity Measurements with a Deep Ocean Anti-neutrino Observatory;242
19.1;1. Introduction;242
19.2;2. Geo-neutrino Detection Sensitivity;245
19.3;3. Geo-reactor Neutrino Detection Sensitivity;249
19.4;4. Recommended Detector Specifications;251
19.5;5. Conclusions;252
19.6;Acknowledgements;252
19.7;References;253
20;Probing the Earth’s Interior with the LENA Detector;254
20.1;1. Introduction;254
20.2;2. Geoneutrino Detection;255
20.3;3. Models of the Earth;259
20.4;4. Monte-Carlo Study;261
20.5;5. Conclusions;263
20.6;Acknowledgments;265
20.7;References;265
21;Neutron Background and Possibility for Shallow Experiments;266
21.1;1. More and More Geoneutrino Detectors;266
21.2;2. Muon and Neutron Simulation;267
21.3;3. Geoneutrino Experiments at 300 m.w.e;268
21.4;4. Research and Development;273
21.5;Acknowledgements;274
21.6;References;274
22;Scintillating Oils and Compatible Materials for Next Generation of Electron Anti-neutrino Detectors, After Double Chooz;275
22.1;1. From Geoneutrinos to Reactor Neutrinos;275
22.2;2. Introduction to Double Chooz;276
22.3;3. Systematic Uncertainties and Backgrounds;277
22.4;4. The Detector;278
22.5;5. Scintillator and Buffer Liquids;280
22.6;6. Material Compatibility;283
22.7;7. Conclusion;284
22.8;References;284
23;Neutrino Tomography – Learning About The Earth’s Interior Using The Propagation Of Neutrinos;285
23.1;1. Introduction;285
23.2;2. Tomography Using the Propagation of Neutrinos;286
23.3;3. Neutrino Absorption Tomography;288
23.4;4. Neutrino Oscillation Tomography;291
23.5;5. Other Geophysical Aspects of Neutrino Oscillations;303
23.6;6. Summary and Conclusions;303
23.7;Acknowledgements;305
23.8;References;305
24;Far Field Monitoring of Rogue Nuclear Activity with an Array of Large Anti-neutrino Detectors;308
24.1;1. Introduction;308
24.2;2. Anti-neutrinos Produced in Nuclear Fission;310
24.3;3. Detecting Anti-neutrinos;311
24.4;4. Shielding from Cosmic Rays;314
24.5;5. Anti-neutrino Background Sources;314
24.6;6. Neutrino Oscillations;317
24.7;7. Regional Monitoring;318
24.8;8. Global Monitoring;321
24.9;9. Monitoring of Fission Bomb Detonation;323
24.10;10. Cost;323
24.11;11. Conclusion;325
24.12;Acknowledgments;326
24.13;Appendix A: A List of Nuclear Reactor Location and Power;326
24.14;Appendix B: The Statistical Technique Used to Compare the Observed Number of Events against the Expected Number;327
24.15;References;329
25;Neutrinos and Non-proliferation in Europe;330
25.1;1. Simulations;332
25.2;2. Experimental Effort;336
25.3;3. Conclusions;339
25.4;References;340
26;Strategy for Applying Neutrino Geophysics to the Earth Sciences Including Planetary Habitability;341
26.1;1. Introduction;341
26.2;2. Antineutrino Detectors;342
26.3;3. Application of Elemental Results;347
26.4;4. Conclusions and Implications to Biology;353
26.5;Acknowledgements;355
26.6;References;355
27;Physics in Next Geoneutrino Detectors;357
27.1;1. Introduction;357
27.2;2. Geoneutrino Detection After KamLAND First Result;358
27.3;3. Detection of Solar 7Be, pep and CNO Neutrinos;362
27.4;4. Precise Measurement of Reactor Neutrino Oscillations;363
27.5;5. Conclusions;366
27.6;References;366