Epithelial Transport Physiology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-60327-229-2
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 488 Seiten

Biological cell membranes regulate the transfer of matter and information between the intracellular and extracellular compartments as basic survival and maintenance functions for an organism. This volume contains a series of reviews that are c- cerned with how epithelial plasma membranes regulate the transport of solutes between the intracellular and extracellular compartments of a cell. This book is also an attempt to analyze the molecular basis for the movement of various solutes across an epithelial cell membrane. This volume is devoted to a diversity of epithelial transport mechanisms in rep- sentative cell membranes of a variety of living things. The ?rst section of the book (Chapters 1–6) focuses on mechanisms of solute transport in epithelia of inver- brates. The last section which comprises ten chapters (Chapters 7–16) deals with solute transporters in epithelial cell membranes of vertebrates. It is hoped that with this particular ordering the reader can glean a telescopic view of the evolutionary history of the various epithelial solute transporters.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;Chloride ATPase Pumps in Epithelia;12
4.1;1 Introduction;12
4.2;2 General Properties of Anion ( Cl-)- ATPases;13
4.3;3 Location of Anion-ATPases;16
4.4;4 Function of Anion-ATPases;17
4.5;5 Electrophysiological Characteristics of Aplysia Gut;19
4.6;6 Biochemistry of the Cl- Pump;21
4.7;7 Reconstitution of the Cl- Pump;25
4.8;8 Molecular Biology of the CL- Pump;30
4.9;9 Conclusions and Speculations;34
4.10;References;35
5;Divalent Anion Transport in Crustacean and Molluscan Gastrointestinal Epithelia;40
5.1;1 Introduction - Crustacean Sulfate Transport;41
5.2;2 Vertebrate Sulfate Transport;41
5.3;3 Transmembrane SO4/ Cl Exchange in Vertebrate Epithelia;42
5.4;4 Transmembrane Sulfate Antiport in Crustacean Hepatopancreatic Epithelium;44
5.5;5 Transcellular Sulfate Transport in Lobster Hepatopancreas;50
5.6;6 Sulfate and Phosphate Transport in Molluscan Epithelia;52
5.7;References;55
6;Heavy Metal Transport and Detoxification by Crustacean Epithelial Lysosomes;59
6.1;1 Introduction: Heavy Metal Fates in Invertebrate Epithelial Cells;60
6.2;2 Lysosomal Concretion Formation as a Detoxification Process;60
6.3;3 Lysosomal Heavy Metal Transport Systems;62
6.4;4 Epithelial Lysosomal Zinc Transport in Invertebrates;63
6.5;5 Effect of Anions on Lysosomal Heavy Metal Sequestration and Detoxification;70
6.6;6 Does the Organic Anion Transporter (OAT) Occur on Lysosomal Membranes and Facilitate the Accumulation of Zinc and Glutathione Within the Organelles?;77
6.7;References;79
7;Epithelial Calcium Transport in Crustaceans: Adaptation to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Stressors;82
7.1;1 Introduction;83
7.2;2 Postmolt Mineralization as an Anticipated "Special Event" Challenging Ca2+ Transport;86
7.3;3 Event Planning: Expression of Ca2+ Associated Proteins in Postmolt vs. Intermolt;90
7.4;4 Temperature Acclimation as an Unplanned ÏEveryday EventÓ Challenging Ca2+ Transport;93
7.5;5 Chilling Out: Expression of Ca2+ Associated Proteins in Low Temperature Exposure;93
7.6;6 Emergent Integrative Themes;95
7.7;7 Future Directions in Physiological Complexity;96
7.8;References;97
8;The Cellular Basis of Extreme Alkali Secretion in Insects: A Tale of Two Tissues;100
8.1;1 Introduction;101
8.2;2 The V-ATPase and Alkali Secretion;101
8.3;3 The Vertebrate Renal Beta Cell - A Reigning Paradigm for Moderate Alkalinization;102
8.4;4 The Mosquito Malpighian Tubule - Secreting H+, but Not Secreting Either Acid or Alkali;103
8.5;5 The Larval Mosquito Midgut: Secreting Alkali by Absorbing H+;104
8.6;6 The Larval Lepidopteran Midgut - Secreting Alkali by Secreting H+?;109
8.7;7 Some Persistent Questions Common to Both Tissues;114
8.8;8 Conclusions;117
8.9;References;118
9;H+, Na+, K+, and Amino Acid Transport in Caterpillar and Larval Mosquito Alimentary Canal;122
9.1;1 Voltage-Driven Transporters and Their Terminology;123
9.2;2 FromActiveK+ Transport to H+ V-ATPase and NHA;125
9.3;3 Localization of Pumps and Transporters in larval AC;129
9.4;4 Current/Voltage Analysis of AgNHA1 in Xenopus Oocytes;140
9.5;5 Proton Paradigm and Mosquito Midgut Model;146
9.6;6 Conclusions;151
9.7;References;152
10;CFTR-Dependent Anion Transport in Airway Epithelia;158
10.1;1 Introduction;158
10.2;2 CFTR;159
10.3;3 Regulation of the CFTR Channel by Phosphorylation;162
10.4;4 CFTR and Its Neighbors;164
10.5;5 Conclusions;167
10.6;References;168
11;Sulfate and Phosphate Transporters in Mammalian Renal and Gastrointestinal Systems;174
11.1;1 Introduction;174
11.2;2 Mammalian Sulfate Transporters;175
11.3;3 Mammalian Phosphate Transporters;187
11.4;4 Statement of Significance;192
11.5;References;193
12;Role of H+-K+ ATPase, Na+-K+- 2Cl- and Na+- Cl-- HCO3- Transporters in Vertebrate Small Intestine;203
12.1;1 Introduction;203
12.2;2 Ion Transport Processes in the Basal (Postabsorptive) State: Apical Na+ K+ 2Cl- Cotransport and Basolateral Na+- Cl- - HCO3- Exchange;205
12.3;3 Electroneutral Cl-- HCO3- Exchange at the Brush Border;209
12.4;4 K+-H+ ATPase Oversees Jejunal Electrogenic K+-Dependent H+ Secretion;210
12.5;5 Catecholamines Stimulate Jejunal Na+ and Cl- Absorption;216
12.6;6 Ion Transport Processes in Urodele Intestine Under the Influence of c218
12.7;7 Differences in Transcellular Transport Between Villus and Intervillus Regions of Urodele Small Intestinal Mucosa;220
12.8;8 NetCl- Absorption is Reduced when Metabolic Energy is Limited by the Need to Absorb Na+;225
12.9;9 Significance;228
12.10;References;229
13;The H+- andH+, K+-ATPases of the Collecting Duct;233
13.1;1 Introduction;233
13.2;2 P-TypeH+,K+-ATPases;235
13.3;3 V-TypeH+-ATPase;242
13.4;4 Summary;247
13.5;References;247
14;Acid/Base Regulation in Renal Epithelia by H, K- ATPases;252
14.1;1 Introduction;252
14.2;2 The H,K-ATPase Genes;254
14.3;3 Localization;257
14.4;4 Regulation;261
14.5;5 Newer Observations and Future Direction;270
14.6;References;272
15;Sodium Transport Mechanisms in the Mammalian Nephron;278
15.1;1 Introduction;278
15.2;2 Proximal Tubule;280
15.3;3 Thick Ascending Limb of Henle (TAL);284
15.4;4 Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct;287
15.5;5 Summary;295
15.6;References;297
16;Renal Acid-Base Regulation Via Ammonia Transport in Mammals;305
16.1;1 Introduction;305
16.2;2 Renal Acid-Base Homeostasis;306
16.3;3 Ammonia Chemistry;307
16.4;4 Renal Ammonia Metabolism;307
16.5;5 Specific Proteins Involved in Renal Ammonia Transport;311
16.6;6 Significance;321
16.7;References;321
17;Hexose Transport Across Mammalian Epithelia;328
17.1;1 Intestinal Hexose Transport;328
17.2;2 Renal Hexose Transport;339
17.3;3 The Placenta;343
17.4;4 Inherited Diseases Related to Epithelial Hexose Transporters;347
17.5;5 Summary;348
17.6;References;349
18;Amino Acid Transport by Epithelial Membranes;358
18.1;1 Text;358
18.2;2 Monomeric Transporter Proteins, Genes, and Transport Systems;359
18.3;3 Heterodimer Regulation of Transport;366
18.4;4 Dipeptide Transporters;369
18.5;5 Transepithelial Transport of Amino Acids;370
18.6;6 Thermodynamic Coupling;371
18.7;7 Coordinated Thermodynamic and Metabolic Communication Among Amino Acid Transport Systems;371
18.8;8 Nonproteinogenic Creatine in the Intestinal Epithelium;373
18.9;9 A Major Transporter: SLC6A19 (B0AT1);376
18.10;10 Regulation of Amino Acid Transport by ACE2 and Its Homolog Collectrin;378
18.11;11 Summary;379
18.12;References;380
19;Molecular Ontology of Amino Acid Transport;384
19.1;1 Introduction;385
19.2;2 Ontology of the Amino Acid Pool;389
19.3;3 Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity of Amino Acid Transport;406
19.4;4 Perspectives;457
19.5;References;457
20;Index;478