Epstein Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids

Erscheinungsjahr 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4200-3211-6
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 216 Seiten

Over 50 percent of the 6,900 million dry tons of sewage sludge generated each year in the United States is land applied. The principal controversies surrounding the land application of biosolids involve heavy metals and pathogens. Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids is a comprehensive, scientific text providing a complete review of various aspects of this controversial subject, from an extensive discussion of heavy metals and pathogens to the fate and effects of organic compounds. Consideration is given to crop removal of metals and organics, soil erosion, and leaching, as well as to differing approaches and regulations in Europe and Canada. The result is an authoritative, science-based, and unbiased perspective on the benefits and the potential risks of land application to human health and the environment.

About the Author:

Elliot Epstein, Ph.D. is Chief Environmental Scientist for Tetra Tech, Inc. and an adjunct professor of public health at Boston University School of Public Health. He received his Ph.D. in soil physics from Purdue University and served as a research leader for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service for 16 years. Dr. Epstein has more than 30 years of experience in biosolids composting, and has managed or directed more than 400 composting projects. He has consulted on composting and biosolids management for the USEPA, World Bank, and United Nations.

Zielgruppe

Environmental and sanitary engineers and consultants, environmental management agencies, waste management engineers and scientists, wastewater facility managers, soil scientists, public health agencies, solid waste personnel, manufacturers and vendors of wastewater, sludge, and biosolids equipment, agroecologists

Autoren/Hrsg.

Epstein, Eliot

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Umwelttechnik | Umwelttechnologie Abwasseraufbereitung, Abwasserentsorgung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Land Application of Biosolids: A Prospective
Introduction
Use and Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
Systems for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
History of Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Production
Conclusion

References

Sewage Sludge and Biosolids' Characteristics
Introduction
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Trace Elements, Heavy Metals, and Micronutrients
Organic Compounds
Acidity (pH)
Plant Nutrients
Biological Properties
Microbiological

Organic Matter
Conclusion
References

Plant Nutrients
Introduction
Nitrogen
Ammonification

Nitrification

Immobilization
Denitrification
Volatilization

Mineralization
Phosphorus
Potassium
Micronutrients
Conclusion
References

Trace Elements: Heavy Metals and Micronutrients
Introduction
Sources of Trace Elements, Heavy Metals, and Micronutrients in the Environment
Trace Elements in Biosolids
Trace Elements in Animals, Humans, Soils and Plants
Arsenic (As)

Animals and Humans

Soils
Plants

Cadmium (Cd)

Animals and Humans

Soil
Plants

Chromium (Cr)
Animals and Humans

Soils

Plants

Copper (Cu)
Animals and Humans

Soils

Plants

Lead (Pb)

Animals and Humans

Soils

Plants
Mercury (Hg)
Animals and Humans

Soils

Plants

Molybdenum (Mo)
Animals and Humans

Soils

Plants
Nickel (Ni)

Animals and Humans
Soil

Plants
Selenium (Se)
Soil

Plants

Zinc (Zn)

Animals and Humans
Soil

Plants

Conclusion
References

The Effect of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids on Uptake of Trace Elements and Reactions in Soil
Introduction
Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals
Reactions and Movement in Soils
Conclusion
References

Organic Chemicals
Introduction
Fate of Toxic Organic Compounds when Biosolids are Land Applied
Photodecomposition

Degradation
Plant Uptake of Organic Compounds
Conclusion
References

Pathogens in Wastewater and Biosolids
Introduction
Pathogens in Wastewater, Sludge and Biosolids
Removal of Pathogens by Wastewater Treatment Processes
Effect of Biosolids Treatment
Aerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion
Composting

Heat Drying

Alkaline stabilization
Conclusion
References

Pathogens in Soils and on Plants
Introduction
Pathogens in Soils
Bacteria
Viruses

Parasites

Pathogens on Plants
Conclusion
References

Land Application: Agricultural Crop Responses
Introduction
Agronomic Crops
Research Results Prior to 1970

Research Results 1970 to 2001
Forestry and Reclamation
Forestry
Reclamation
Conclusion
References

Effect of Land Application of Biosolids on Animals and Other Organisms
Introduction
Animals
Domestic

Wildlife
Microbial
Earthworms
Conclusion
References

Regulations
Introduction
Concepts and Approaches to Regulations
United States

Method I. 185
Method II.

Class A Requirements
Process Requirements

Alternative 1. Thermally Treated Sewage Sludge
[(503.32(a)(3)] 1
Alternative 2. Sewage Sludge Treated in a High pH-temperature Process (Alkaline Treatment) [503.329(a) (94)]
Alternative 3. Sewage Sludge Treated in Other Processes [503.32(a)(5)]

Alternative 4. Sewage Sludge Treated in Unknown Processes [503.31(a)(6)].

Alternative 5. Use of Process to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP) [503.32(a)(7)]
Alternative 6. Use of a Process Equivalent to PFRP [503.32(a)(8)]

Class B Requirements
Canada
Europe
Conclusion
References