E-Book, Englisch, 298 Seiten
Euler / Heller Invertebrate Hormones: Tissue Hormones
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6642-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 298 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6642-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
Comparative Endocrinology, Volume II, Part One: Invertebrate Hormones: Tissue Hormones provides readers with some basic knowledge of animal morphology, physiology, and chemistry; a systematic and comprehensive account of endocrine principles from the comparative point of view. It can therefore be hoped to present a critical and up-to-date picture of the comparative aspects of endocrinology to the medical scientist and zoologist generally, and to furnish an adequately documented background to the research worker who is beginning to take an interest in one of the many endocrine systems described. The subject matter has been divided into three sections. The largest-which forms the contents of the first volume-deals with hormones originating in well-defined glandular organs and tissues and also reviews the relationships between the central nervous system and these endocrine complexes. The second section (Volume II, Part 1) discusses hormonal systems of invertebrates, and the third (Volume II, Part 2) contains a description of neurohormones and tissue hormones.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Invertebrate Hormones: Tissue Hormones;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contributors;6
5;Preface;8
6;Table of Contents;10
7;CONTENTS OF VOLUME I;14
8;Part One: INVERTEBRATE HORMONES;16
8.1;Chapter 14. Hormones Controlling Reproduction and Molting in Invertebrates;18
8.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;18
8.1.2;II. PROTOZOA;19
8.1.3;III. CEPHALOPODA;21
8.1.4;IV. CRUSTACEA;22
8.1.5;V. INSECTS;27
8.1.6;ADDENDUM;50
8.1.7;References;54
8.2;Chapter 15. The Structure of Neurosecretory Systems in Invertebrates;64
8.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;64
8.2.2;II. NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS OF THE HEAD REGION;66
8.2.3;III. NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN;73
8.2.4;IV. CONCLUSIONS;78
8.2.5;References;78
9;Part Two: TISSUE HORMONES;80
9.1;Chapter 16. Kinins: Bradykinin, Angiotensin, Substance P;81
9.1.1;I. DEFINITIONS;81
9.1.2;II. BRADYKININ (PLASMAKININ, KALLIDIN);83
9.1.3;III. ANGIOTENSIN (HYPERTENSIN, ANGIOTONIN);101
9.1.4;IV. SUBSTANCE P;114
9.1.5;References;121
9.2;Chapter 17. Heparin;129
9.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;129
9.2.2;II. EARLY HISTORY;130
9.2.3;III. METHODS OF PREPARING HEPARIN;130
9.2.4;IV. CHEMISTRY;131
9.2.5;V. ACTION MECHANISM;135
9.2.6;VI. THE TISSUE MAST CELLS;137
9.2.7;VII. ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY;139
9.2.8;References;140
9.3;Chapter 18. Physiologically Active Lipid Anions;145
9.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION*;146
9.3.2;II. PROSTAGLANDIN;147
9.3.3;III. DARMSTOFF;154
9.3.4;IV. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITHOUT ALCOHOLIC HYDROXYL GROUPS;161
9.3.5;V. IRIN;164
9.3.6;VI. LIPID-SOLUBLE ACID FROM NASAL MUCOSA;171
9.3.7;VII. ENDOMETRIAL ACIDS IN MENSTRUAL FLUID;172
9.3.8;VIII. SRS-A;173
9.3.9;References;173
9.4;Chapter 19. 5-Hydroxytryptamine;176
9.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;176
9.4.2;II. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION;176
9.4.3;III. BIOSYNTHESIS AND FATE;183
9.4.4;IV. TURNOVER RATE;186
9.4.5;V. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS: BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;188
9.4.6;References;196
9.5;Chapter 20. Cholinergic Neurohormones;199
9.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;199
9.5.2;II. NATURALLY OCCURRING, PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE CHOLINE ESTERS OTHER THAN ACETYLCHOLINE;204
9.5.3;III. ACETYLCHOLINE AS A TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCE;208
9.5.4;References;221
9.6;Chapter 21. Adrenergic Neurohormones;226
9.6.1;I. DEFINITION OF ADRENERGIC TRANSMITTER SYSTEMS;226
9.6.2;II. NATURE OF TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES;230
9.6.3;III. DISTRIBUTION OF ADRENERGIC NEUROHORMONES;232
9.6.4;IV. METABOLISM OF ADRENERGIC NEUROHORMONES;237
9.6.5;V. ACTION OF DRUGS ON RELEASE OF ADRENERGIC TRANSMITTERS;244
9.6.6;VI. PLASMA LEVELS AND EXCRETION IN URINE;246
9.6.7;VII. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ADRENERGIC NEUROHORMONES;248
9.6.8;REFERENCES;250
9.7;Chapter 22. Histamine;256
9.7.1;I. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION;256
9.7.2;II. METABOLISM;259
9.7.3;III. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS;264
9.7.4;IV. ANTIHISTAMINE DRUGS;266
9.7.5;V. PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;267
9.7.6;VI. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS;269
9.7.7;References;273
10;Author Index;276
11;Index of Species;290
12;Subject Index;294
Hormones Controlling Reproduction and Molting in Invertebrates1
LAWRENCE I. GILBERT, Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Publisher Summary
This chapter describes hormones that are responsible for controlling reproduction and molting in invertebrates. The chapter also describes that ecdysone, the molting hormone of insects, triggers gametogenesis in certain symbiotic flagellates that inhabit the gut of the woodroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus. Normally, gametogenesis occurs in these protozoa when the host roach molts. Any procedure that interferes with molting in the roach interferes with gametogenesis in the protozoa. Since the adult insect never molts, the protozoa in adult roaches never undergo gametogenesis. It has been found in an extended series of investigations on seven species of roaches that virgin female adults produce volatile sex attractants that act via the male’s antennal chemoreceptors. In addition, production of this pheromone is under the control of the corpus allatum. Allatectomy results in a failure of pheromone production that can be corrected by implantation of active glands. It appears that the active principle regulating pheromone production may be identical to that controlling egg maturation as pheromone release ceases at those stages in the reproductive cycle when the gonadotropic hormone is not produced.
I INTRODUCTION
It is more than 100 years since Berthold (1849) established the endocrine function of the mammalian testis. The endocrine control of sexual development and gestation is now well established for mammals and much is known about hormonal mechanisms in other vertebrates. Unfortunately our knowledge of invertebrate hormones is far less complete and most of our information concerns the arthropods. For example, it has been shown that endocrine mechanisms control molting and metamorphosis in insects (Bodenstein, 1954, 1957; Butenandt, 1959; Campbell, 1959; Gilbert and Schneiderman, 1961a; Karlson, 1956; Novak, 1959; Pflugfelder, 1958; Schneiderman and Gilbert, 1959; Williams, 1952; Wigglesworth, 1954, 1957, 1959) and molting in crustaceans (Knowles and Carlisle, 1956; Carlisle and Knowles, 1959; Passano, 1960). The most recent reviews regarding control of reproduction in these two large groups of animals are those of Engelmann (1960a) and Wigglesworth (1960a) for the insects, and Charniaux-Cotton, (1960a) and Carlisle and Knowles (1959) for the crustaceans. As far as other invertebrates are concerned, only a few decisive experiments have been conducted. The information has been most exactly reviewed by Scharrer (Scharrer, 1953, 1955a; Scharrer and Scharrer, 1954).
In a limited review of this type it would be impossible to discuss in detail the mass of data which indirectly indicates hormonal control of reproduction in many of the animals studied. Some of this information is listed in Table I, but for the most part this review will consider the control of molting and reproduction in arthropods, and particularly the insects. This is as much due to the lack of information regarding other groups as to the author’s own interests.
TABLE I
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES IN SOME INVERTEBRATE GROUPS
| Phylum | Endocrine relationship | Reference |
| Protozoa | Sexuality induced by insect molting hormone | Cleveland et al., 1960 (see text) |
| Annelida | Definite relationship established between activity of neurosecretory cells in the cerebral ganglion and gonad development. Evidence indicates that the humoral substance may inhibit gonad maturation in polychaetes and oligochaetes and may also be involved in the maintenance of the clitellum and the process of egg laying | Bobin and Durchon, 1952, 1953; Iefretin, 1952; Durchon, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956a, b; Durchon and Frezal, 1955; Gabe, 1954; Hauenschild, 1956; Herlant_Meewis, 1956a, b; Hubl 1953; Michon, 1953; Scharrer, 1941 |
| Platyhelminthes | Gonads may secrete a hormone necessary for development of the copulatory organs | Kenk 1941 (see also Vandel 1920, 1921) |
| Phoronidea | Transformation of larva to sexually mature adult worm may be under endocrine control | Veillet, 1941 |
| Mollusca | Adult gastropod gonad liberates some chemical mediator that conditions the accessory glands of the genital tract. As in the annelids, there appears to be a definite relationship between neurosecretory activity and gonad development in gastropods and lammelibranchs, as well as evidence for humoral control of gamete release | Gabe, 1953a, 1954; Herlant-Meewis, 1959; Laviolette, 1956; Lubet, 1956, 1957 |
| Optic glands of cephalopods control gonad maturation | Wells and Wells, 1959 (see text) |
| Protochordata | Neurohumoral mechanism postulated for gamete release in ascidians | Carlisle, 1950, 1951 (see also Butcher, 1930; Hogg, 1937) |
II PROTOZOA
Recently Cleveland and his associates (Cleveland, 1959; Cleveland and Burke, 1960; Cleveland 1960) have shown that ecdysone, the molting hormone of insects, triggers gametogenesis in certain symbiotic flagellates that inhabit the gut of the woodroach, Normally gametogenesis occurs in these protozoa when the host roach molts. Any procedure that interferes with molting in the roach interferes with gametogenesis in the protozoa. Since the adult insect never molts, the protozoa in adult roaches never undergo gametogenesis. However, injection of ecdysone into the adult roach causes the onset of sex in these flagellates even at concentrations too low to cause molting in the roach. One may ask whether ecdysone acts directly on the protozoa or indirectly through metabolic changes in the host prior to the molt. No experiments have tested the effect of crystalline ecdysone on these protozoa in culture, but Cleveland (1960) state that “the fact that some genera of the flagellates react in a remarkably short time and undergo gametogenesis within three hours may best be explained by a direct action of the hormone on the protozoa. The fact that ecdysone induces gametogenesis in the flagellates of an adult host which, so far as one can see, makes no attempt whatever at molting also suggests the possibility of direct action.” From an evolutionary viewpoint, these protozoa appear to have utilized a particular chemical agent in their environment to trigger sexual changes just as many higher animals have utilized physical agents in their environment (e.g., day length). Whether ecdysone actually participates in the same biochemical processes in insects and protozoa is unknown.
III CEPHALOPODA
In the study of behavior and learning in cephalopods (Boycott and Young, 1955; Young, 1958; Wells and Wells, 1956, 1957, 1958) the effect of brain lesions on tactile responses was carefully noted. Boycott and Young (1956) observed that after optic tract section, many animals developed enlarged gonads. Wells and Wells (1959) in an elegant set of experiments showed that sexual maturation in was under hormonal control (see also Wells, 1960).
Lesions in a particular part of the brain mass caused a hundredfold increase in the size of the ovary and a 50% increase in the size of the testes. These lesions were always correlated with hypertrophy of the optic glands, two small bodies lying on the optic stalks. This work indicates that gonad maturation in is controlled by a hormone(s) released from the optic glands which in turn are regulated by inhibitory nerves. Cutting these inhibitory nerves always results in hypertrophy of the optic glands followed by gonad enlargement. Blinding of optic lobe...
