Filippone Flight Performance of Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-046103-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 594 Seiten

Calculation and optimisation of flight performance is required to design or select new aircraft, efficiently operate existing aircraft, and upgrade aircraft. It provides critical data for aircraft certification, accident investigation, fleet management, flight regulations and safety.
This book presents an unrivalled range of advanced flight performance models for both transport and military aircraft, including the unconventional ends of the envelopes.
Topics covered include the numerical solution of supersonic acceleration, transient roll, optimal climb of propeller aircraft, propeller performance, long-range flight with en-route stop, fuel planning, zero-gravity flight in the atmosphere, VSTOL operations, ski jump from aircraft carrier, optimal flight paths at subsonic and supersonic speed, range-payload analysis of fixed- and rotary wing aircraft, performance of tandem helicopters, lower-bound noise estimation, sonic boom, and more.
This book will be a valuable text for undergraduate and post-graduate level students of aerospace engineering. It will also be an essential reference and resource for practicing aircraft engineers, aircraft operations managers and organizations handling air traffic control, flight and flying regulations, standards, safety, environment, and the complex financial aspects of flying aircraft.
·Unique coverage of fixed and rotary wing aircraft in a unified manner, including optimisation, emissions control and regulation.
·Ideal for students, aeronautical engineering capstone projects, and for widespread professional reference in the aerospace industry.
·Comprehensive coverage of computer-based solution of aerospace engineering problems; the critical analysis of performance data; and case studies from real world engineering experience.
·Supported by end of chapter exercises, an extensive Instructor's Manual and downloadable flight performance modelling code.

Zielgruppe

Academic/professional/technical: Research and professional

Autoren/Hrsg.

Filippone, Antonio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Title page;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Table of contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Acknowledgments;16
7;List of Tables;18
8;Nomenclature: organizations;20
9;Nomenclature: acronyms;21
10;Nomenclature: main symbols;23
11;Nomenclature: Greek symbols;26
12;Nomenclature: subscripts/superscripts;27
13;Supplements to the text;28
14;Part I Fixed-Wing Aircraft Performance;30
14.1;1 Introduction;32
14.1.1;1.1 Physical units used;33
14.1.2;1.2 Performance parameters;34
14.1.3;1.3 Performance optimization;36
14.1.4;1.4 Certificate of Airworthiness;36
14.1.5;1.5 Upgrading of aircraft performance;37
14.1.6;1.6 Mission profiles;38
14.1.6.1;1.6.1 Fighter Aircraft Requirements;40
14.1.6.2;1.6.2 Supersonic Commercial Aircraft Requirements;42
14.1.7;Problems;42
14.2;2 The aircraft and its environment;44
14.2.1;2.1 General aircraft model;44
14.2.2;2.2 Reference systems;46
14.2.2.1;2.2.1 Angular Relationships;48
14.2.3;2.3 Forces on the aircraft;49
14.2.4;2.4 Moments of inertia;50
14.2.5;2.5 Flight dynamics equations;51
14.2.6;2.6 The International Standard Atmosphere;52
14.2.7;2.7 Non-standard conditions;57
14.2.8;Problems;59
14.3;3 Weight performance;62
14.3.1;3.1 The aircraft's weight;62
14.3.1.1;3.1.1 Wing Loading;67
14.3.2;3.2 Definition of weights;69
14.3.3;3.3 Weight estimation;71
14.3.4;3.4 Weight management;71
14.3.5;3.5 Range/payload diagram;73
14.3.6;3.6 Direct Operating Costs;75
14.3.7;Problems;76
14.4;4 Aerodynamic performance;78
14.4.1;4.1 Aerodynamic forces;78
14.4.2;4.2 Lift equation;80
14.4.3;4.3 Vortex lift;81
14.4.4;4.4 High-lift systems;84
14.4.5;4.5 Drag equation;86
14.4.5.1;4.5.1 Zero-Lift Drag;88
14.4.6;4.6 Glide ratio;90
14.4.7;4.7 Glide ratio at transonic and supersonic speed;92
14.4.8;4.8 Practical estimation of the drag coefficient;94
14.4.9;4.9 Compressibility effects;95
14.4.10;4.10 Transonic drag rise;96
14.4.11;4.11 Lift and transonic buffet;97
14.4.12;4.12 Aero-thermodynamic heating;98
14.4.13;4.13 Aerodynamic penetration and radius;100
14.4.14;4.14 Aircraft vortex wakes;101
14.4.15;4.15 Aerodynamics and performance;103
14.4.16;Problems;104
14.5;5 Engine performance;106
14.5.1;5.1 Gas turbine engines;106
14.5.2;5.2 Internal combustion engines;110
14.5.3;5.3 Engine flight envelopes;112
14.5.4;5.4 Power and thrust definitions;113
14.5.5;5.5 Generalized engine performance;115
14.5.6;5.6 Fuel flow;117
14.5.6.1;5.6.1 Aspects of Fuel Consumption;121
14.5.7;5.7 Propulsive efficiency;122
14.5.8;5.8 Thrust characteristics;123
14.5.9;5.9 Propeller characteristics;124
14.5.9.1;5.9.1 The Axial Momentum Theory;130
14.5.9.2;5.9.2 The Blade Element Method;134
14.5.10;Problems;137
14.6;6 Flight envelopes;140
14.6.1;6.1 General definitions;140
14.6.2;6.2 Aircraft speed range;141
14.6.3;6.3 Definition of speeds;142
14.6.4;6.4 Steady state level flight;146
14.6.5;6.5 Speed in level flight;146
14.6.6;6.6 Absolute ceiling of jet aircraft;148
14.6.7;6.7 Absolute ceiling of propeller aircraft;148
14.6.8;6.8 Optimal speeds for level flight;150
14.6.9;6.9 General flight envelopes;153
14.6.10;6.10 Limiting factors on flight envelopes;155
14.6.11;6.11 Dash speed of supersonic aircraft;157
14.6.12;6.12 Absolute ceiling of supersonic aircraft;160
14.6.13;6.13 Supersonic acceleration;160
14.6.13.1;6.13.1 Acceleration at Constant Altitude;161
14.6.13.2;6.13.2 Other Acceleration Profiles;163
14.6.14;Problems;164
14.7;7 Take-off and landing;166
14.7.1;7.1 Definition of terminal phases;166
14.7.2;7.2 Conventional take-off;168
14.7.3;7.3 Ground run of jet aircraft;170
14.7.4;7.4 Solutions of the take-off equation;172
14.7.5;7.5 Rotation and initial climb;177
14.7.6;7.6 Take-off with one engine inoperative;179
14.7.7;7.7 Calculation of the balanced field length;180
14.7.8;7.8 Ground run of propeller aircraft;182
14.7.9;7.9 WAT charts;183
14.7.10;7.10 Missed take-off;184
14.7.11;7.11 Final approach and landing;185
14.7.12;7.12 Landing run;186
14.7.13;7.13 Effects of the wind;190
14.7.14;7.14 Ground maneuvering;190
14.7.15;Problems;190
14.8;8 Climb and gliding;194
14.8.1;8.1 Governing equations;194
14.8.2;8.2 Rate of climb;195
14.8.3;8.3 Steady climb of propeller airplane;196
14.8.3.1;8.3.1 Fastest Climb of Propeller Airplane;197
14.8.3.2;8.3.2 Optimal Climb with Engine and Propeller Data;198
14.8.3.3;8.3.3 Climb at Maximum Angle of Climb;202
14.8.3.4;8.3.4 Climb Fuel of Propeller Airplane;203
14.8.4;8.4 Climb of jet airplane;204
14.8.4.1;8.4.1 CL for Optimal Steady Rate of Climb;205
14.8.4.2;8.4.2 Practical Calculation of Climb Fuel;207
14.8.5;8.5 Polar diagram for rate of climb;208
14.8.6;8.6 Energy methods;210
14.8.7;8.7 Specific excess power diagrams;212
14.8.8;8.8 Differential excess power plots;213
14.8.9;8.9 Minimum problems with energy method;215
14.8.9.1;8.9.1 Minimum Time to Climb and Steepest Climb;215
14.8.9.2;8.9.2 Minimum Fuel to Climb;216
14.8.9.3;8.9.3 Other Climb Profiles;217
14.8.10;8.10 Steady state gliding;219
14.8.10.1;8.10.1 Minimum Sinking Speed at Subsonic Speed;219
14.8.10.2;8.10.2 Minimum Glide Angle Versus Minimum Sinking Speed;220
14.8.11;8.11 General gliding flight;223
14.8.12;8.12 Maximum glide range with energy method;225
14.8.13;8.13 Minimum flight paths;227
14.8.13.1;8.13.1 Minimum Time to Climb;228
14.8.13.2;8.13.2 Solution of the Problem;229
14.8.14;8.14 Additional research on aircraft climb;230
14.8.15;Problems;231
14.9;9 Cruise performance;234
14.9.1;9.1 Importance of the cruise flight;234
14.9.2;9.2 General definitions;235
14.9.3;9.3 Point performance;235
14.9.3.1;9.3.1 Specific Range at Subsonic Speed;236
14.9.3.2;9.3.2 Specific Range at Supersonic Speed;239
14.9.3.3;9.3.3 Specific Endurance, Es;240
14.9.3.4;9.3.4 Figure of Merit, M (L/D);242
14.9.4;9.4 The Breguet range equation;245
14.9.5;9.5 Subsonic cruise of jet aircraft;247
14.9.5.1;9.5.1 Cruise at Constant Altitude and Constant Mach Number;247
14.9.5.2;9.5.2 Cruise at Constant Altitude and Lift Coefficient;248
14.9.5.3;9.5.3 Cruise at Constant Mach Number and Constant CL;249
14.9.5.4;9.5.4 Comparison Between Cruise Programs;251
14.9.5.5;9.5.5 Fuel Burn for Given Range;251
14.9.6;9.6 Mission fuel;253
14.9.6.1;9.6.1 Fuel for Taxi and Take-off;253
14.9.6.2;9.6.2 Fuel to Climb;254
14.9.6.3;9.6.3 Additional Fuel;254
14.9.6.4;9.6.4 Reserve Fuel;255
14.9.6.5;9.6.5 Mission Fuel of Subsonic Jet Transport;256
14.9.7;9.7 Cruise with intermediate stop;259
14.9.8;9.8 Aircraft selection;261
14.9.9;9.9 Supersonic cruise;262
14.9.9.1;9.9.1 Cruise at Constant Altitude and Mach Number;262
14.9.9.2;9.9.2 Cruise at Constant Mach Number and CL;264
14.9.10;9.10 Cruise range of propeller aircraft;266
14.9.10.1;9.10.1 Cruise at Constant Altitude and Speed;266
14.9.11;9.11 Endurance;267
14.9.12;9.12 Effect of weight on cruise range;268
14.9.13;9.13 Effect of the wind on cruise range;268
14.9.14;9.14 Additional research on aircraft cruise;270
14.9.15;9.15 Formation flight;270
14.9.15.1;9.15.1 Range and Endurance in Formation Flight;275
14.9.16;Problems;277
14.10;10 Maneuver performance;280
14.10.1;10.1 Banked level turns;280
14.10.2;10.2 Banked turn at constant thrust;282
14.10.3;10.3 Power requirements;284
14.10.4;10.4 Effect of weight on turn radius;285
14.10.5;10.5 Maneuver envelope: n–V diagram;286
14.10.6;10.6 Turn rates;288
14.10.6.1;10.6.1 Corner Velocity;290
14.10.7;10.7 Sustainable g-loads;291
14.10.8;10.8 Unpowered turn;293
14.10.9;10.9 Soaring flight;294
14.10.10;10.10 Roll performance;300
14.10.10.1;10.10.1 Effects of Mach number;307
14.10.10.2;10.10.2 Dihedral Effect;310
14.10.11;10.11 Aircraft control under thrust asymmetry;312
14.10.12;10.12 Pull-up maneuver and the loop;316
14.10.13;10.13 Zero-gravity atmospheric flight;318
14.10.14;10.14 Flight path to a moving target;324
14.10.15;Problems;326
15;Part II Rotary-Wing Aircraft Performance;328
15.1;11 Rotorcraft performance;330
15.1.1;11.1 Fundamentals;330
15.1.2;11.2 Helicopter configurations;331
15.1.3;11.3 Mission profiles;334
15.1.4;11.4 Flight envelopes;335
15.1.5;11.5 Definitions and reference systems;336
15.1.5.1;11.5.1 Rotor Parameters;338
15.1.6;11.6 Non-dimensional parameters;340
15.1.7;11.7 Methods for performance calculations;341
15.1.8;Problems;342
15.2;12 Rotorcraft in vertical flight;344
15.2.1;12.1 Hover performance;344
15.2.1.1;12.1.1 Profile Power;347
15.2.1.2;12.1.2 Blade Element Analysis in Hover;349
15.2.1.3;12.1.3 Power Loading;351
15.2.2;12.2 Effect of blade twist;352
15.2.3;12.3 Non-dimensional hover performance;353
15.2.4;12.4 Vertical climb;355
15.2.5;12.5 Ceiling performance;357
15.2.6;12.6 Ground effect;360
15.2.7;12.7 Vertical descent;361
15.2.8;12.8 Hover endurance;363
15.2.9;Problems;364
15.3;13 Rotorcraft in forward flight;366
15.3.1;13.1 Asymmetry of rotor loads;366
15.3.2;13.2 Power requirements;367
15.3.2.1;13.2.1 Induced Power;368
15.3.2.2;13.2.2 Blade Profile Power;372
15.3.2.3;13.2.3 Compressibility Effects;373
15.3.2.4;13.2.4 Vehicle Drag;375
15.3.2.5;13.2.5 Interference Effect of the Airframe;379
15.3.2.6;13.2.6 Tail Rotor Power;380
15.3.3;13.3 Rotor disk angle;386
15.3.4;13.4 Calculation of forward flight power;388
15.3.5;13.5 L/D of the helicopter;390
15.3.6;13.6 Forward flight analysis;391
15.3.6.1;13.6.1 Effect of Gross Weight;392
15.3.6.2;13.6.2 Effect of Flight Altitude;394
15.3.6.3;13.6.3 Effect of Atmospheric Conditions;394
15.3.7;13.7 Propulsive efficiency;395
15.3.8;13.8 Climb performance;396
15.3.9;13.9 Performance of tandem helicopters;399
15.3.9.1;13.9.1 Assembling the Power Requirements;401
15.3.9.2;13.9.2 Tandem Helicopter: Example of Calculation;404
15.3.10;13.10 Single or tandem helicopter?;406
15.3.11;Problems;409
15.4;14 Rotorcraft maneuver;412
15.4.1;14.1 Limits on flight envelopes;412
15.4.2;14.2 Kinetic energy of the rotor;414
15.4.3;14.3 Autorotative index;416
15.4.4;14.4 Autorotative performance;418
15.4.4.1;14.4.1 Steady Autorotative Performance;418
15.4.4.2;14.4.2 Transient Autorotative Performance;424
15.4.4.3;14.4.3 Flare and Touchdown;427
15.4.5;14.5 Height/velocity diagram;427
15.4.6;14.6 The vortex ring state;429
15.4.7;14.7 Take-off and landing;433
15.4.8;14.8 Turn performance;433
15.4.9;14.9 Power required for turning;435
15.4.9.1;14.9.1 Unrestricted Turn;438
15.4.10;14.10 More on tail rotor performance;439
15.4.11;Problems;441
15.5;15 Rotorcraft mission analysis;442
15.5.1;15.1 Specific air range;442
15.5.2;15.2 Non-dimensional analysis of the SAR;444
15.5.3;15.3 Endurance and specific endurance;445
15.5.4;15.4 Speed for minimum power;446
15.5.5;15.5 Speed for maximum range;448
15.5.6;15.6 Fuel to climb;449
15.5.7;15.7 Payload/range diagram;451
15.5.8;15.8 Comparative payload fraction;457
15.5.9;15.9 Mission analysis;458
15.5.10;Problems;459
16;Part III V/STOL and Noise Performance;462
16.1;16 V/STOL performance;464
16.1.1;16.1 Hover characteristics;464
16.1.2;16.2 Jet-induced lift;466
16.1.2.1;16.2.1 Estimation of Jet-induced Fountain Lift and Suck-down;468
16.1.3;16.3 Lift augmentation;469
16.1.4;16.4 Calculation of short take-off;470
16.1.5;16.5 Ski jump;474
16.1.6;16.6 Convertiplanes or tilt rotors;477
16.1.7;16.7 V/STOL flight envelopes;478
16.1.8;Problems;478
16.2;17 Noise performance;480
16.2.1;17.1 Definitions of sound and noise;481
16.2.1.1;17.1.1 Doppler Effect;482
16.2.1.2;17.1.2 Sources of Noise;483
16.2.2;17.2 Trends in noise reduction;483
16.2.3;17.3 Airframe noise of fixed-wing aircraft;485
16.2.3.1;17.3.1 Airframe Noise at High Lift;487
16.2.3.2;17.3.2 Noise from Control Surfaces and Landing Gear;487
16.2.3.3;17.3.3 Airframe Noise Reduction;488
16.2.4;17.4 Engine noise;489
16.2.5;17.5 Noise certification procedure;490
16.2.6;17.6 Noise reduction from operations;493
16.2.7;17.7 Minimum noise to climb;496
16.2.8;17.8 Helicopter noise;498
16.2.8.1;17.8.1 Rotational Noise;500
16.2.8.2;17.8.2 Impulsive Noise;500
16.2.9;17.9 Helicopter noise reduction;501
16.2.10;17.10 Noise certification of civil helicopters;501
16.2.11;17.11 Sonic boom;502
16.2.12;Problems;507
17;Appendix A. Aircraft models;508
17.1;A.1 Aircraft A: subsonic commercial jet;508
17.2;A.2 Aircraft B: turboprop transport aircraft;513
17.3;A.3 Aircraft C: supersonic jet fighter;516
17.4;A.4 Aircraft D: General utility helicopter;523
17.4.1;A.4.1 Main Rotor;524
17.4.2;A.4.2 Engines;525
17.4.3;A.4.3 Discussion of Data;526
17.5;A.5 Aircraft E: tandem helicopter;531
17.5.1;A.5.1 Rotor System;531
17.5.2;A.5.2 Aircraft Versions;531
18;Appendix B. Noise data;536
19;Appendix C. Selected simulation programs;538
19.1;C.1 Assembling aircraft forces;538
19.2;C.2 Calculation of numerical derivatives;539
19.3;C.3 Optimal climb of fighter jet aircraft;539
19.4;C.4 Optimal climb rate of turboprop;542
19.5;C.5 Calculation of mission fuel;544
19.6;C.6 Supersonic acceleration;547
19.7;C.7 Asymmetric thrust control;550
19.8;C.8 Hover power with blade element theory;553
19.9;C.9 Forward flight power of helicopter;555
20;Bibliography;560
21;Index;582