Finch The Biology of Human Longevity

Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-054594-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 640 Seiten

Written by Caleb Finch, one of the leading scientists of our time, The Biology of Human Longevity - Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans synthesizes several decades of top research on the topic of human aging and longevity particularly on the recent theories of inflammation and its effects on human health. The book expands a number of existing major theories, including the Barker theory of fetal origins of adult disease to consider the role of inflammation and Harmon's free radical theory of aging to include inflammatory damage. Future increases in lifespan are challenged by the obesity epidemic and spreading global infections which may reverse the gains made in lowering inflammatory exposure. This timely and topical book will be of interest to anyone studying aging from any scientific angle.
* Author Caleb Finch is a highly influential and respected scientist, ranked in the top half of the 1% most cited scientists
* Provides a novel synthesis of existing ideas about the biology of longevity and aging
* Incorporates important research findings from several disciplines, including Gerontology, Genomics, Neuroscience, Immunology, Nutrition

Autoren/Hrsg.

Finch, Caleb E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Biology of Human Longevity;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Acknowledgments;14
7;Chapter 1: Inflammation and Oxidation in Aging and Chronic Diseases;15
7.1;Part I;16
7.1.1;1.1. Overview;16
7.1.2;1.2. Experimental Models for Aging;24
7.1.2.1;1.2.1. Mortality Rate Accelerations;24
7.1.2.2;1.2.2. Mammals;26
7.1.2.3;1.2.3. Cultured Cell Models and Replicative Senescence;45
7.1.2.4;1.2.4. Invertebrate Models;46
7.1.2.5;1.2.5. Yeast;48
7.1.2.6;1.2.6. The Biochemistry of Aging;49
7.1.2.7;1.2.7. Biomarkers of Aging and Mortality Risk Markers;56
7.1.2.8;1.2.8. Evolutionary Theories of Aging;58
7.1.3;1.3. Outline of Inflammation;63
7.1.3.1;1.3.1. Innate Defense Mechanisms;64
7.1.3.2;1.3.2. Genetic Variations of Inflammatory Responses;68
7.1.3.3;1.3.3. Inflammation and Energy;70
7.1.3.4;1.3.4. Amyloids and Inflammation;73
7.1.4;1.4. Bystander Damage and Dependent Variables in Senescence;74
7.1.4.1;1.4.1. Free Radical Bystander Damage (Type 1);75
7.1.4.2;1.4.2. Glyco-oxidation (Type 2);77
7.1.4.3;1.4.3. Chronic Proliferation (Type 3);77
7.1.4.4;1.4.4. Mechanical Bystander Effects (Type 4);78
7.2;Part II;79
7.2.1;1.5. Arterial Aging and Atherosclerosis;79
7.2.1.1;1.5.1. Overview and Ontogeny;80
7.2.1.2;1.5.2. Hazards of Hypertension;88
7.2.1.3;1.5.3. Mechanisms;89
7.2.1.3.1;1.5.3.1. Inflammation;89
7.2.1.3.2;1.5.3.2. Hemodynamics;93
7.2.1.3.3;1.5.3.3. Aging;95
7.2.1.3.4;1.5.3.4. Endothelial Progenitor Cells;98
7.2.1.4;1.5.4. Blood Risk Factors for Vascular Disease and Overlap with Acute Phase Responses;98
7.2.2;1.6. Alzheimer Disease and Vascular-related Dementias;100
7.2.2.1;1.6.1. Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease;101
7.2.2.2;1.6.2. Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease;105
7.2.2.3;1.6.3. Prodromal Stages of Alzheimer Disease;108
7.2.2.4;1.6.4. Overlap of Alzheimer and Cerebrovascular Changes;109
7.2.2.5;1.6.5. Insulin and IGF-1 in Vascular Disease and Alzheimer Disease;113
7.2.2.6;1.6.6. Blood Inflammatory Proteins: Markers for Disease or Aging, or Both?;115
7.3;1.7. Inflammation in Obesity;117
7.4;1.8. Processes of Normal Aging in the Absence of Specific Diseases;120
7.4.1;1.8.1. Brain;121
7.4.2;1.8.2. Generalized Inflammatory Changes in Normal Tissue Aging;121
7.5;1.9. Summary;126
8;Chapter 2 :Infections, Inflammogens, and Drugs;127
8.1;2.1. Introduction;128
8.2;2.2. Vascular Disease;128
8.2.1;2.2.1. Historical Associations of Infections and Vascular Mortality;128
8.2.2;2.2.2. Modern Serologic Associations;129
8.3;2.3. Infections from the Central Tube: Metchnikoff Revisited;135
8.3.1;2.3.1. Humans: Leakage from Periodontal Disease and Possibly the Lower Intestine;135
8.3.2;2.3.2. Worms and Flies as Models for Human Intestinal Microbial Intrusion;139
8.4;2.4. Aerosols and Dietary Inflammogens;140
8.4.1;2.4.1. Aerosols;141
8.4.2;2.4.2. Food;143
8.5;2.5. Infections, Inflammation, and Life Span;145
8.5.1;2.5.1. Historical Human Populations;145
8.5.2;2.5.2. Longer Rodent Life Spans with Improved Husbandry;150
8.6;2.6. Are Infections a Cause of Obesity?;156
8.7;2.7. Inflammation, Dementia, and Cognitive Decline;157
8.7.1;2.7.1. Alzheimer Disease;157
8.7.2;2.7.2. HIV, Dementia, and Amyloid;159
8.7.3;2.7.3. Peripheral Amyloids;161
8.7.4;2.7.4. Inflammation and Cognitive Decline During ‘Usual’ Aging;161
8.8;2.8. Immunosenescence and Stem Cells;164
8.8.1;2.8.1. Immunosenescence and Cumulative Exposure;164
8.8.2;2.8.2. Immunosenescence and Telomere Loss;166
8.8.3;2.8.3. Inflammation and Stem Cells;167
8.9;2.9. Cancer, Infection, and Inflammation;168
8.9.1;2.9.1. Helicobacter Pylori and Hepatitis B Virus;168
8.9.2;2.9.2. Smoking and Lung Cancer;170
8.10;2.10. Pharmacopleiotropies in Vascular Disease, Dementia, and Cancer;172
8.10.1;2.10.1. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-coagulant Drugs;172
8.10.2;2.10.2. Aspirin and Other NSAIDs;175
8.10.3;2.10.3. Statins;176
8.10.3.1;2.10.3.1. Vascular Disease;176
8.10.3.2;2.10.3.2. Dementia;178
8.10.3.3;2.10.4. Sex Steroid Replacement (Hormone Therapy);179
8.10.3.4;2.10.5. Plant-derived Micronutrients and Neutriceuticals;183
8.11;2.11. Summary;186
9;Chapter 3: Energy Balance, Inflammation, and Aging;189
9.1;3.1. Introduction;190
9.2;3.2. Diet Restriction and Aging;191
9.2.1;3.2.1. Overview of Animal Models;191
9.2.2;3.2.2. Diet Restriction and Disease in Rodent Models;198
9.2.3;3.2.3. Diet Restriction, Starvation, Vascular Disease, and Longevity in Humans;200
9.2.4;3.2.4. Diet Restriction, Infections and Inflammation;206
9.2.5;3.2.5. Somatic Repair and Regeneration;213
9.3;3.3. Energy Sensing in Diet Restriction and Satiety;214
9.3.1;3.3.1. Physiology;215
9.3.2;3.3.2. Biochemistry;216
9.3.3;3.3.3. Relevance to Arterial Disease and Cancer;224
9.4;3.4. Exercise, Cardiovascular Health, and Longevity;225
9.4.1;3.4.1. Humans;226
9.4.2;3.4.2. Rodent Models;229
9.4.3;3.4.3. Mechanisms in Exercise and Longevity;230
9.5;3.5. Diet, Exercise, and Neurodegeneration;233
9.5.1;3.5.1. Alzheimer Disease;233
9.5.2;3.5.2. Synaptic Atrophy in the Absence of Neurodegeneration;235
9.6;3.6. Laboratory Rodents as Models for the ‘Couch Potato’;239
9.7;3.7. Energy Balance in the Life History;242
9.8;3.8. Summary;245
10;Chapter 4: Nutrition and Infection in the Developmental Influences on Aging;247
10.1;4.1. Introduction;248
10.2;4.2. Synopsis of the Fetal Origins Theory;250
10.3;4.3. The Barker Studies of Infections and Vascular Disease;255
10.4;4.4. Size, Health, and Longevity;259
10.4.1;4.4.1. Adult Height, Vascular Disease, and Longevity;260
10.4.2;4.4.2. Size at Birth and Adult Height ;263
10.4.3;4.4.3. Criteria for Growth Retardation;266
10.4.4;4.4.4. Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Growth;268
10.4.5;4.4.5. Birth Size and Adult Vascular and Metabolic Disease;272
10.4.6;4.4.6. Twins: Small Size at Birth and Catch-up Growth, but Normal Longevity;276
10.5;4.5. Infection and Undernutrition on Birth Weight and Later Disease;276
10.5.1;4.5.1. The Tangle;277
10.5.2;4.5.2. Maternal Infections and Nutrition;277
10.5.3;4.5.3. Smoking and Aerosols;281
10.6;4.6. Infection and Nutrition in Postnatal Development and Later Disease;281
10.6.1;4.6.1. Diarrheas in Growth Retardation;281
10.6.2;4.6.2. Seasonal Effects;282
10.6.3;4.6.3. Serum Immune Response Markers of Chronic Infection in Health-Poor Children;284
10.6.4;4.6.4. Infections During Development;286
10.6.5;4.6.5. The Cost of Infections to Postnatal Growth: Evidence from Migration and Antibiotics;287
10.6.6;4.6.6. Unknowns;289
10.7;4.7. Famine;290
10.7.1;4.7.1. World War II (WWII);290
10.7.2;4.7.2. 19th Century Famines;300
10.8;4.8. Maternal Physiology, Fetal Growth, and Later Chronic Disease;303
10.9;4.9. Growth in Adaptive Responses to the Environment;309
10.10;4.10. Genomics of Fetal Growth Regulation;312
10.10.1;4.10.1. Inherited Genetic Variations;313
10.10.2;4.10.2. Gene Imprinting: Inherited but Epigenetic Influences on Development;313
10.11;4.11. Summary;316
11;Chapter 5: Genetics;319
11.1;5.1. Introduction;320
11.2;5.2. Sources of Individual Variations in Aging and Life Span;320
11.3;5.3. Sex Differences in Longevity;324
11.4;5.4. Metabolism and Host-Defense in Worm and Fly;329
11.4.1;5.4.1. Metabolic Gene Signaling;329
11.4.2;5.4.2. Immunity and Metabolism;332
11.5;5.5. The Worm;337
11.5.1;5.5.1. Overview;337
11.5.2;5.5.2. Slower Eating Increases Life Span;339
11.5.3;5.5.3. Metabolism and Host Defense;339
11.6;5.6. Fly;343
11.6.1;5.6.1. Overview;343
11.6.2;5.6.2. Metabolism and Diet Restriction;344
11.6.3;5.6.3. Heart;347
11.6.4;5.6.4. Infections, Host Defense, and Stress Resistance;349
11.6.5;5.6.5. Natural Variations in Longevity Pathways;351
11.7;5.7. Mammals;352
11.7.1;5.7.1. Growth and Metabolism;352
11.7.1.1;5.7.1.1. Rodent Mutants with Altered Insulin Signaling and Fat Metabolism;357
11.7.1.2;5.7.1.2. Human Hereditary Variations in Metabolic Genes;365
11.7.1.3;5.7.1.3. Size and Longevity;368
11.7.1.4;5.7.1.4. The Insulin-Sensitivity Paradox;369
11.7.2;5.7.2. Inflammation;369
11.7.3;5.7.3. Lipoproteins and Cholesterol Metabolism;371
11.7.4;5.7.4. ApoE4 Interactions with Diet, Cognition, and Vascular Aging;377
11.7.5;5.7.5. ApoE Alleles, Infection, and Reproduction;382
11.8;5.8. Summary;384
12;Chapter 6: The Human Life Span: Present, Past, and Future;387
12.1;6.1. Introduction;387
12.2;6.2. From Great Ape to Human;390
12.2.1;6.2.1. Human Life History Evolution;390
12.2.2;6.2.2. Chimpanzee Aging;397
12.2.3;6.2.3. The Evolution of Meat-Eating;399
12.2.4;6.2.4. Meat Adaptive Genes;405
12.2.5;6.2.5. The Increase in Life Expectancy;416
12.3;6.3. Four Major Shifts in Human Life History from Genetic and Cultural Evolution;418
12.4;6.4. The Instability of Life Spans;420
12.4.1;6.4.1. Infections;420
12.4.2;6.4.2. Air Quality;423
12.4.3;6.4.3. Obesity and Diabetes;424
12.4.4;6.4.4. Prospects;426
12.5;6.5. Summary of Chapters 1–6: Mechanisms in Aging and Life History Evolution;427
13;References;431
14;Name Index;615
15;Subject Index;628