Foelsche / Kirchengast / Steiner Atmosphere and Climate

Studies by Occultation Methods
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-34121-5
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 336 Seiten

This book presents carefully edited and peer-reviewed papers from the 2nd International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate (OPAC-2), held in Graz, Austria. It starts with a general introductory paper and proceeds to address the full range from methodology in general via specific occultation methods (GNSS-LEO, LEO-LEO, stellar and solar) to the use of occultation data, with focus on atmospheric physics, meteorology and climate.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Foelsche, Ulrich

Kirchengast, Gottfried

Steiner, Andrea

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Table of Contents;7
3;Radio Occultation with CH11
3.1;GPS Radio Occultation with CHAMP and;12
3.2;GRACE: Recent Results;12
3.2.1;1 Introduction;12
3.2.2;2 Status of the CHAMP RO Experiment;13
3.2.3;3 Operational Data Analysis;14
3.2.4;4 Recent Validation Results for CH16
3.2.5;5 Monitoring of Tropopause Parameters;18
3.2.6;6 First Results from GRACE;19
3.2.7;7 Atmospheric Sounding with CHAMP and GRACE;21
3.2.8;8 Conclusions and Outlook;21
3.2.9;References;22
3.3;Sensitivity of Stratospheric Retrievals from;26
3.4;Radio Occultations on Upper Boundary;26
3.5;Conditions;26
3.5.1;1 Introduction;26
3.5.2;2 Data and Methodology;27
3.5.3;3 Simulation Results;30
3.5.4;4 Conclusion;33
3.5.5;References;34
3.6;Refractivity Biases in GNSS Occultation Data;46
3.6.1;1 Introduction;46
3.6.2;2 Data Analysis and Discussion;47
3.6.3;3 Conclusions;51
3.6.4;References;51
4;Stellar Occultation with GOMOS;53
4.1;GOMOS Ozone Pro.les at High Latitudes:;54
4.2;Comparison with Marambio and Sodankyl¨ a;54
4.3;Sonde Measurements;54
4.3.1;1 Introduction;54
4.3.2;2 Co-Locating Measurements;55
4.3.3;3 Comparing GOMOS with Ozone Soundings;55
4.3.4;4 Summary;59
4.3.5;References;60
4.4;Ozone and Temperature Retrieval Results;62
4.5;from GOMOS Validated with CHAMP and;62
4.6;ECMWF;62
4.6.1;1 Introduction;62
4.6.2;2 GOMOS Retrieval Schemes;63
4.6.3;3 Retrieval Results;66
4.6.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;71
4.6.5;References;71
4.7;Modeling Errors of GOMOS Measurements: A;74
4.8;Sensitivity Study;74
4.8.1;1 Introduction;74
4.8.2;2 GOMOS Inversion;75
4.8.3;3 Error Estimates of GOMOS Products;77
4.8.4;4 Identi.cation of Problems in Modeling Error;77
4.8.5;Characterization;77
4.8.6;5 Modeling Errors of GOMOS Measurements;78
4.8.7;6 Discussion and Summary;82
4.8.8;References;84
5;Wave Optics Algorithms for the Processing of Radio Occultation Data;86
5.1;Asymptotic Wave Optics Methods in Inversion;87
5.2;and Direct Modeling of Radio Occultations:;87
5.3;Recent Achievements;87
5.3.1;1 Introduction;87
5.3.2;2 Basic Principles of Fourier Integral Operators;88
5.3.3;3 Processing Radio Occultations;92
5.3.4;4 Forward Modeling;94
5.3.5;5 Conclusions;98
5.3.6;References;99
5.4;Radio Holographic Filtering of;132
5.5;Noisy Radio Occultations;132
5.5.1;1 Introduction;132
5.5.2;2 Inversion of Data Without Noise;133
5.5.3;3 Phase Models;134
5.5.4;4 Radio Holographic Noise Filtering;135
5.5.5;5 Inversion of Noisy Data;136
5.5.6;6 Conclusions;137
5.5.7;References;138
6;Future GNSS Occultation Missions and the LEO- LEO Occultation Concept;140
6.1;Preparing for COSMIC: Inversion and Analysis;141
6.2;of Ionospheric Data Products;141
6.2.1;1 Introduction;141
6.2.2;2 Ionospheric Data Products;142
6.2.3;3 Ionospheric Pro.les from Occultations;143
6.2.4;4 Combining TIP and Occultation Data;144
6.2.5;5 Ionospheric Scintillations;146
6.2.6;6 Ionospheric Tomography and Assimilation;147
6.2.7;7 Summary;148
6.2.8;References;149
6.3;The Operational EPS GRAS Measurement;151
6.4;System;151
6.4.1;1 GRAS Product Requirements;151
6.4.2;3 GRAS Level 1 Data Processing;155
6.4.3;4 GRAS Level 1 Product Validation;159
6.4.4;5 Summary;159
6.4.5;References;160
6.5;Processing X/K Band Radio Occultation Data;186
6.6;in Presence of Turbulence: An Overview;186
6.6.1;1 Introduction;186
6.6.2;2 Description of Method;188
6.6.3;3 Numerical Simulations;189
6.6.4;4 Conclusions and Outlook;191
6.6.5;References;194
7;Use of GNSS Occultation Data in Numerical Weather Prediction and in Atmospheric Studies;196
7.1;Assimilation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data;197
7.2;into Numerical Weather Prediction;197
7.2.1;1 Introduction;197
7.2.2;2 Modeling the Weather;198
7.2.3;3 Assimilation of GNSS RO Data for NWP;200
7.2.4;4 Review of GNSS RO Impact Studies on NWP;202
7.2.5;5 Prospects for Impact;203
7.2.6;6 Conclusion;205
7.2.7;References;205
7.3;Observation Operators for the Assimilation of;207
7.4;Occultation Data Into Atmospheric Models: A;207
7.5;Review;207
7.5.1;1 Introduction;207
7.5.2;2 Assimilating Which Data Product?;208
7.5.3;3 Simple Observation Operators;210
7.5.4;4 Two-Dimensional Ray Tracing Operators;213
7.5.5;5 Advanced Alternatives to Ray Tracing;215
7.5.6;6 Summary and Prospects;221
7.5.7;References;222
7.6;Are we Observing Mountain Waves Above the;244
7.7;Andes Range from GPS Occultation Pro.les?;244
7.7.1;1 Introduction;244
7.7.2;2 GPS RO Data and Analysis;245
7.7.3;References;253
7.8;Analysis of Seasonal and Daily Mid-Latitude;254
7.9;Tropopause Pressure Using GPS Radio;254
7.10;Occultation Data and NCEP-NCAR;254
7.11;Reanalyses;254
7.11.1;1 Introduction;255
7.11.2;2 Data and Method;256
7.11.3;3 Results;258
7.11.4;4 Conclusions and Comments;261
7.11.5;References;263
7.12;CHAMP Radio Occultation Detection of the;265
7.13;Planetary Boundary Layer Top;265
7.13.1;1 Introduction;265
7.13.2;2 Data Processing;266
7.13.3;3 Results;268
7.13.4;4 Conclusion;270
7.13.5;References;271
8;Use of GNSS Occultation Data for Climate Monitoring and Climate Change Studies;273
8.1;Climate Benchmarking Using GNSS;285
8.2;Occultation;285
8.2.1;1 Introduction;285
8.2.2;2 An Overview of Climate Monitoring;286
8.2.3;3 Bayesian Inference and Climate Signal Detection;288
8.2.4;4 Climate Model Uncertainties and How They are;290
8.2.5;Realized in Microwave Refractivity;290
8.2.6;5 Benchmarking GNSS Occultation;296
8.2.7;References;298
8.3;Global Climatologies Based on Radio Occultation Data: The CHAMPCLIM Project;300
8.3.1;1 Introduction;300
8.3.2;2 Properties of Radio Occultation Data;301
8.3.3;3 Atmospheric Parameters for Climate Monitoring;303
8.3.4;4 The CHAMPCLIM Project;304
8.3.5;5 Seasonal CHAMP Dry Temperature Climatologies;305
8.3.6;6 Concluding Remarks;308
8.3.7;References;309
8.4;Pre-Operational Retrieval of Radio Occultation Based Climatologies;312
8.4.1;1 Introduction;312
8.4.2;2 Pre-Operational Retrieval Status;313
8.4.3;3 Setup of Climatologies;315
8.4.4;4 Conclusions and Outlook;318
8.4.5;References;319
8.5;Assimilation of GNSS Radio Occultation Profiles into GCM Fields for Global Climate Analysis;321
8.5.1;1 Introduction;321
8.5.2;2 3D-Var System Implementation;322
8.5.3;3 Error Formulation;326
8.5.4;4 First Results;327
8.5.5;5 Conclusion;328
8.5.6;References;330
9;Author Index;331