Foelsche / Kirchengast / Steiner Atmosphere and Climate

Studies by Occultation Methods
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-34121-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 336 Seiten

Since the early use of the occultation measurement principle for sounding pla- tary atmospheres and ionospheres, its exploitation in atmospheric remote sensing has seen tremendous advances. In this book we focus on sensors on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, which exploit solar, lunar, stellar, GNSS (Global Navi- tion Satellite Systems), and LEO-crosslink signals for observing the Earth's - mosphere and climate. The methods all share the key properties of self-calibration, high accuracy and vertical resolution, global coverage, and (if using radio signals) all-weather ca- bility. The atmospheric parameters obtained extend from the fundamental va- ables temperature, density, pressure and water vapor via trace gases, aerosols and cloud liquid water to ionospheric electron density. Occultation data are therefore of high value in a wide range of fields including climate monitoring and research, atmospheric physics and chemistry, operational meteorology, and ionospheric physics. nd The 2 International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate – OPAC-2 – was held September 13–17, 2004, in Graz, Austria. OPAC-2 aimed at providing a casual forum and stimulating atmosphere fertilizing scientific discourse, co-operation initiatives, and mutual learning and support amongst members of all different occultation communities. The workshop was attended by 40 participants from 12 different countries who actively contributed to a scientific programme of high quality and to an excellent workshop atmosphere, which was judged by the participants to have fully met the aims expressed.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Foelsche, Ulrich

Kirchengast, Gottfried

Steiner, Andrea

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Table of Contents;7
3;Radio Occultation with CH11
3.1;GPS Radio Occultation with CHAMP and;12
3.2;GRACE: Recent Results;12
3.2.1;1 Introduction;12
3.2.2;2 Status of the CHAMP RO Experiment;13
3.2.3;3 Operational Data Analysis;14
3.2.4;4 Recent Validation Results for CH16
3.2.5;5 Monitoring of Tropopause Parameters;18
3.2.6;6 First Results from GRACE;19
3.2.7;7 Atmospheric Sounding with CHAMP and GRACE;21
3.2.8;8 Conclusions and Outlook;21
3.2.9;References;22
3.3;Sensitivity of Stratospheric Retrievals from;26
3.4;Radio Occultations on Upper Boundary;26
3.5;Conditions;26
3.5.1;1 Introduction;26
3.5.2;2 Data and Methodology;27
3.5.3;3 Simulation Results;30
3.5.4;4 Conclusion;33
3.5.5;References;34
3.6;Refractivity Biases in GNSS Occultation Data;46
3.6.1;1 Introduction;46
3.6.2;2 Data Analysis and Discussion;47
3.6.3;3 Conclusions;51
3.6.4;References;51
4;Stellar Occultation with GOMOS;53
4.1;GOMOS Ozone Pro.les at High Latitudes:;54
4.2;Comparison with Marambio and Sodankyl¨ a;54
4.3;Sonde Measurements;54
4.3.1;1 Introduction;54
4.3.2;2 Co-Locating Measurements;55
4.3.3;3 Comparing GOMOS with Ozone Soundings;55
4.3.4;4 Summary;59
4.3.5;References;60
4.4;Ozone and Temperature Retrieval Results;62
4.5;from GOMOS Validated with CHAMP and;62
4.6;ECMWF;62
4.6.1;1 Introduction;62
4.6.2;2 GOMOS Retrieval Schemes;63
4.6.3;3 Retrieval Results;66
4.6.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;71
4.6.5;References;71
4.7;Modeling Errors of GOMOS Measurements: A;74
4.8;Sensitivity Study;74
4.8.1;1 Introduction;74
4.8.2;2 GOMOS Inversion;75
4.8.3;3 Error Estimates of GOMOS Products;77
4.8.4;4 Identi.cation of Problems in Modeling Error;77
4.8.5;Characterization;77
4.8.6;5 Modeling Errors of GOMOS Measurements;78
4.8.7;6 Discussion and Summary;82
4.8.8;References;84
5;Wave Optics Algorithms for the Processing of Radio Occultation Data;86
5.1;Asymptotic Wave Optics Methods in Inversion;87
5.2;and Direct Modeling of Radio Occultations:;87
5.3;Recent Achievements;87
5.3.1;1 Introduction;87
5.3.2;2 Basic Principles of Fourier Integral Operators;88
5.3.3;3 Processing Radio Occultations;92
5.3.4;4 Forward Modeling;94
5.3.5;5 Conclusions;98
5.3.6;References;99
5.4;Radio Holographic Filtering of;132
5.5;Noisy Radio Occultations;132
5.5.1;1 Introduction;132
5.5.2;2 Inversion of Data Without Noise;133
5.5.3;3 Phase Models;134
5.5.4;4 Radio Holographic Noise Filtering;135
5.5.5;5 Inversion of Noisy Data;136
5.5.6;6 Conclusions;137
5.5.7;References;138
6;Future GNSS Occultation Missions and the LEO- LEO Occultation Concept;140
6.1;Preparing for COSMIC: Inversion and Analysis;141
6.2;of Ionospheric Data Products;141
6.2.1;1 Introduction;141
6.2.2;2 Ionospheric Data Products;142
6.2.3;3 Ionospheric Pro.les from Occultations;143
6.2.4;4 Combining TIP and Occultation Data;144
6.2.5;5 Ionospheric Scintillations;146
6.2.6;6 Ionospheric Tomography and Assimilation;147
6.2.7;7 Summary;148
6.2.8;References;149
6.3;The Operational EPS GRAS Measurement;151
6.4;System;151
6.4.1;1 GRAS Product Requirements;151
6.4.2;3 GRAS Level 1 Data Processing;155
6.4.3;4 GRAS Level 1 Product Validation;159
6.4.4;5 Summary;159
6.4.5;References;160
6.5;Processing X/K Band Radio Occultation Data;186
6.6;in Presence of Turbulence: An Overview;186
6.6.1;1 Introduction;186
6.6.2;2 Description of Method;188
6.6.3;3 Numerical Simulations;189
6.6.4;4 Conclusions and Outlook;191
6.6.5;References;194
7;Use of GNSS Occultation Data in Numerical Weather Prediction and in Atmospheric Studies;196
7.1;Assimilation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data;197
7.2;into Numerical Weather Prediction;197
7.2.1;1 Introduction;197
7.2.2;2 Modeling the Weather;198
7.2.3;3 Assimilation of GNSS RO Data for NWP;200
7.2.4;4 Review of GNSS RO Impact Studies on NWP;202
7.2.5;5 Prospects for Impact;203
7.2.6;6 Conclusion;205
7.2.7;References;205
7.3;Observation Operators for the Assimilation of;207
7.4;Occultation Data Into Atmospheric Models: A;207
7.5;Review;207
7.5.1;1 Introduction;207
7.5.2;2 Assimilating Which Data Product?;208
7.5.3;3 Simple Observation Operators;210
7.5.4;4 Two-Dimensional Ray Tracing Operators;213
7.5.5;5 Advanced Alternatives to Ray Tracing;215
7.5.6;6 Summary and Prospects;221
7.5.7;References;222
7.6;Are we Observing Mountain Waves Above the;244
7.7;Andes Range from GPS Occultation Pro.les?;244
7.7.1;1 Introduction;244
7.7.2;2 GPS RO Data and Analysis;245
7.7.3;References;253
7.8;Analysis of Seasonal and Daily Mid-Latitude;254
7.9;Tropopause Pressure Using GPS Radio;254
7.10;Occultation Data and NCEP-NCAR;254
7.11;Reanalyses;254
7.11.1;1 Introduction;255
7.11.2;2 Data and Method;256
7.11.3;3 Results;258
7.11.4;4 Conclusions and Comments;261
7.11.5;References;263
7.12;CHAMP Radio Occultation Detection of the;265
7.13;Planetary Boundary Layer Top;265
7.13.1;1 Introduction;265
7.13.2;2 Data Processing;266
7.13.3;3 Results;268
7.13.4;4 Conclusion;270
7.13.5;References;271
8;Use of GNSS Occultation Data for Climate Monitoring and Climate Change Studies;273
8.1;Climate Benchmarking Using GNSS;285
8.2;Occultation;285
8.2.1;1 Introduction;285
8.2.2;2 An Overview of Climate Monitoring;286
8.2.3;3 Bayesian Inference and Climate Signal Detection;288
8.2.4;4 Climate Model Uncertainties and How They are;290
8.2.5;Realized in Microwave Refractivity;290
8.2.6;5 Benchmarking GNSS Occultation;296
8.2.7;References;298
8.3;Global Climatologies Based on Radio Occultation Data: The CHAMPCLIM Project;300
8.3.1;1 Introduction;300
8.3.2;2 Properties of Radio Occultation Data;301
8.3.3;3 Atmospheric Parameters for Climate Monitoring;303
8.3.4;4 The CHAMPCLIM Project;304
8.3.5;5 Seasonal CHAMP Dry Temperature Climatologies;305
8.3.6;6 Concluding Remarks;308
8.3.7;References;309
8.4;Pre-Operational Retrieval of Radio Occultation Based Climatologies;312
8.4.1;1 Introduction;312
8.4.2;2 Pre-Operational Retrieval Status;313
8.4.3;3 Setup of Climatologies;315
8.4.4;4 Conclusions and Outlook;318
8.4.5;References;319
8.5;Assimilation of GNSS Radio Occultation Profiles into GCM Fields for Global Climate Analysis;321
8.5.1;1 Introduction;321
8.5.2;2 3D-Var System Implementation;322
8.5.3;3 Error Formulation;326
8.5.4;4 First Results;327
8.5.5;5 Conclusion;328
8.5.6;References;330
9;Author Index;331