Ford / Porter / Davis The Smallest Anthropoids

The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0293-1
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 508 Seiten

Reihe: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

Here is a comprehensive examination of the newly recognized callimico/marmoset clade, which includes the smallest anthropoid primates on earth. It features sections on phylogeny, taxonomy and functional anatomy, behavioral ecology, and reproductive physiology.

Susan M. Ford is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology, and past Director of the Center for Systematic Biology, Southern Illinois University.Leila M. Porter is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University. Lesa C. Davis is Associate Professor of the Department of Anthropology and Special Assistant to the President, Northeastern Illinois University, and Research Associate in the Field Museum of Natural History.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ford, Susan M.

Porter, Leila M.

Davis, Lesa C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;125266_Ford_FM.pdf;1
2;1.pdf;22
2.1;Anchor 1;23
2.2;Chapter 1;24
2.2.1;Molecular Phylogenetics of the Callitrichidae with an Emphasis on the Marmosets and;24
2.2.1.1;1.1 Introduction;25
2.2.1.2;1.2 The Molecular Data;27
2.2.1.2.1;1.2.1 Types of Data;27
2.2.1.2.2;1.2.2 Gene Trees Versus Species Trees;28
2.2.1.2.3;1.2.3 Loci Used for Neotropical Primate Phylogenies;29
2.2.1.3;1.3 Callitrichid Relationships;30
2.2.1.3.1;1.3.1 The Callitrichid Genera;30
2.2.1.3.2;1.3.2 The Position of Callimicos (The Goeldi’s Monkey),;38
2.2.1.3.3;1.3.3 Relations of Saguinus and Leontopithecus;39
2.2.1.4;1.4 Discussion and Final Remarks;40
2.2.2;References;42
3;2.pdf;46
3.1;Chapter 2;46
3.1.1;The Systematics and Distributions of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and Callimico (Calli;46
3.1.1.1;2.1 Introduction;47
3.1.1.2;2.2 Distributions and Some Notes on the Taxonomy of the Species;53
3.1.1.2.1;2.2.1 Genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777;53
3.1.1.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Marmoset;53
3.1.1.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Callithrix penicillata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Black-Tufted-Ear Marmoset;56
3.1.1.2.1.3;2.2.1.3 Callithrix kuhlii Coimbra-Filho, 1985 Wied’s Black-Tufted-Ear Marmoset;58
3.1.1.2.1.4;2.2.1.4 Callithrix geoffroyi (Humboldt, 1812) Geoffroy’s Marmoset;59
3.1.1.2.1.5;2.2.1.5 Callithrix aurita (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Buffy-Tufted-Ear Marmoset;60
3.1.1.2.1.6;2.2.1.6 Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas, 1903) Buffy-Headed Marmoset;61
3.1.1.2.2;2.2.2 Genus Callibella Van Roosmalen and Van Roosmalen, 2003;62
3.1.1.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 Callibella humilis (Van Roosmalen et al., 1998) Dwarf marmoset;62
3.1.1.2.3;2.2.3 Genus Cebuella Gray, 1866;62
3.1.1.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea (Spix, 1823) Western Pygmy Marmoset;62
3.1.1.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris Lönnberg, 1940 Eastern Pygmy Marmoset;63
3.1.1.2.4;2.2.4 Genus Mico Lesson, 1840;64
3.1.1.2.4.1;2.2.4.1 Mico argentatus (Linnaeus, 1771) Silvery Marmoset;64
3.1.1.2.4.2;2.2.4.2 Mico leucippe (Thomas, 1922) Golden-White Bare-Ear Marmoset;65
3.1.1.2.4.3;2.2.4.3 Mico emiliae (Thomas, 1920) Snethlage’s Marmoset;65
3.1.1.2.4.4;2.2.4.4 Mico melanurus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Black-Tailed Marmoset;66
3.1.1.2.4.5;2.2.4.5 Mico marcai (Alperin, 1993) Marca’s Marmoset;67
3.1.1.2.4.6;2.2.4.6 Mico intermedius (Hershkovitz, 1977) Aripuanã Marmoset;68
3.1.1.2.4.7;2.2.4.7 Mico nigriceps (Ferrari and Lopes, 1992) Black-Headed Marmoset;68
3.1.1.2.4.8;2.2.4.8 Mico cf. emiliae (de Vivo, 1985) Rondônia Marmoset;69
3.1.1.2.4.9;2.2.4.9 Mico humeralifer (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Santarém Marmoset;70
3.1.1.2.4.10;2.2.4.10 Mico chrysoleucus (Wagner, 1842) Golden-White Tassel-Ear Marmoset;70
3.1.1.2.4.11;2.2.4.11 Mico mauesi (Mittermeier et al., 1992) Maués Marmoset;71
3.1.1.2.4.12;2.2.4.12 Mico saterei (Silva and Noronha, 1998) Sateré Marmoset;71
3.1.1.2.4.13;2.2.4.13 Mico manicorensis (Van Roosmalen et al., 2000) Manicoré Marmoset;72
3.1.1.2.4.14;2.2.4.14 Mico acariensis (Van Roosmalen et al., 2000) Rio Acarí Marmoset;72
3.1.1.2.5;2.2.5 Genus Callimico Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 Callimico or Goeldi’s monkey;72
3.1.1.2.5.1;2.2.5.1 Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904) Callimico or Goeldi’s Monkey;72
3.1.1.3;2.3 Some Reflections and a Summary;73
3.1.2;References;75
4;3.pdf;83
4.1;Chapter 3;83
4.1.1;The Vocal Identity of the Callithrix Species (Primates, Callitrichidae);83
4.1.1.1;3.1 Introduction;84
4.1.1.2;3.2 Methodology;86
4.1.1.2.1;3.2.1 The Study Area;86
4.1.1.2.2;3.2.2 Methods;88
4.1.1.3;3.3 Results;89
4.1.1.3.1;3.3.1 Long Call General Structure;89
4.1.1.3.2;3.3.2 Number of Notes per Long Call;89
4.1.1.3.3;3.3.3 Duration of Long Calls;92
4.1.1.3.4;3.3.4 Frequency Parameters of Long Calls;93
4.1.1.3.5;3.3.5 Comparison of the First Three Notes of the Long Call;93
4.1.1.3.6;3.3.6 Attributes of Note 1;96
4.1.1.3.6.1;3.3.6.1 Note 1 Duration;98
4.1.1.3.6.2;3.3.6.2 Interval Between Notes 1 and 2;98
4.1.1.3.6.3;3.3.6.3 Note 1 Initial Frequency;98
4.1.1.3.6.4;3.3.6.4 Note 1 Mean Frequency;98
4.1.1.3.6.5;3.3.6.5 Note 1 Frequency Modulation;99
4.1.1.3.7;3.3.7 Synthesis of the Differences Between Species;99
4.1.1.4;3.4 Discussion;99
4.1.2;References;102
5.1;Chapter 4;107
5.1.1;Social Behavior of Callimicos: Mating Strategies and Infant Care;107
5.1.1.1;4.1 Introduction;109
5.1.1.1.1;4.1.1 Cooperative Infant Care;110
5.1.1.2;4.2 Methods;112
5.1.1.3;4.3 Results;113
5.1.1.3.1;4.3.1 Adult Relations;113
5.1.1.3.2;4.3.2 Adult–Infant Relations;115
5.1.1.3.3;4.3.3 Female and Male Diets;116
5.1.1.4;4.4 Discussion;117
5.1.2;References;119
6;5.pdf;122
6.1;Chapter 5;122
6.1.1;Genetic Structure Within and Among Populations of the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus: Implications for Cooperative Br;122
6.1.1.1;5.1 Cooperative Breeding in the Callitrichidae;123
6.1.1.2;5.2 Genetic Studies of the Callitrichidae;125
6.1.1.2.1;5.2.1 Background and Difficulties;125
6.1.1.2.2;5.2.2 Genetic Structure Among Populations of Callithrix jacchus;126
6.1.1.2.3;5.2.3 Kin Structure Within Social Groups of Callithrix jacchus;127
6.1.1.2.4;5.2.4 Group Composition and Its Implication for Social Control of Reproduction in Common Marmosets;132
6.1.1.3;5.3 Conclusions and Future Work;132
6.1.2;References;133
7;6.pdf;137
7.1;Chapter 6;137
7.1.1;Mating Systems and Female–Female Competition in the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus;137
7.1.1.1;6.1 Introduction;139
7.1.1.2;6.2 Reproductive Skew Models of Control;139
7.1.1.3;6.3 Callitrichid Social Organization and Mating Systems;140
7.1.1.4;6.4 Female Competition in a Wild Callithrix jacchus Population;141
7.1.1.4.1;6.4.1 Mating Systems;141
7.1.1.4.2;6.4.2 Costs of Polygyny;142
7.1.1.5;6.5 Dominance and Control in Captive Common Marmoset Groups;144
7.1.1.6;6.6 Do Helpers Help?;147
7.1.1.7;6.7 Conclusions;148
7.1.2;References;149
8;7.pdf;152
8.1;Chapter 7;152
8.1.1;Balancing Cooperation and Competition in Callitrichid Primates: Examining the Relative Risk of Infanticide Across Species;152
8.1.1.1;7.1 Introduction;153
8.1.1.2;7.2 Conditions that may Give Rise to Infanticide in Callitrichids;157
8.1.1.2.1;7.2.1 Multiple Breeding Females;157
8.1.1.2.2;7.2.2 Infant Care Costs, Ecology, and the Propensity for Multiple Breeding Females;160
8.1.1.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Group Composition;160
8.1.1.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Travel Costs;161
8.1.1.2.2.3;7.2.2.3 Infant Care and Overlapping Dependency Periods;162
8.1.1.2.2.4;7.2.2.4 Population Density/Habitat Saturation;163
8.1.1.2.3;7.2.3 Dominance Relationships and the Propensity for Infanticide;163
8.1.1.2.4;7.2.4 Reproductive Physiology;164
8.1.1.2.4.1;7.2.4.1 Suppression of Reproduction;164
8.1.1.2.4.2;7.2.4.2 Proximate Mechanisms of Female Aggression Toward Infants;165
8.1.1.3;7.3 Discussion: Balancing Cooperation and Competition in Callitrichids;165
8.1.2;References;167
9;8.pdf;171
9.1;Chapter 8;171
9.1.1;Social Hierarchy and Dispersal in Free-Ranging Buffy-Headed Marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps);171
9.1.1.1;8.1 Introduction;172
9.1.1.2;8.2 Methods;173
9.1.1.2.1;8.2.1 Study Site and Animals;173
9.1.1.2.2;8.2.2 Behavioral Data;173
9.1.1.3;8.3 Results;175
9.1.1.4;8.4 Discussion;177
9.1.2;References;179
10;9.pdf;182
10.1;Chapter 9;182
10.1.1;Emigration as a Reproductive Strategy of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus);182
10.1.1.1;9.1 Demographic Data for Primate Populations;184
10.1.1.2;9.2 Hormonal Aspects of Male and Female Common Marmoset Dominance;185
10.1.1.3;9.3 Long-Term Data About Emigration in a Population of Common Marmosets;187
10.1.1.3.1;9.3.1 General Emigration Data;187
10.1.1.3.2;9.3.2 Hormonal Data of Emigrating Females;189
10.1.1.4;9.4 Captive Studies and the Response of Males and Females to Social and Environmental Changes;190
10.1.1.5;9.5 Why Do Adult Common Marmoset Females Disperse?;193
10.1.2;References;194
11;10.pdf;198
11.1;Chapter 10;198
11.1.1;Social and Physical Cognition in Marmosets and Tamarins;198
11.1.1.1;10.1 Introduction;199
11.1.1.2;10.2 Spatial Cognition;202
11.1.1.3;10.3 Object Permanence;203
11.1.1.4;10.4 Socially Influenced Foraging;206
11.1.1.5;10.5 Stimulus Enhancement;208
11.1.1.6;10.6 Imitation;210
11.1.1.7;10.7 Conclusion;213
11.1.2;References;214
12;11.pdf;217
12.1;Chapter 11;219
12.1.1;Limited Dispersal and Genetic Structure of Silvery Marmosets (Mico argentatus) in the Fragmented Landscape of Central Amazoni;219
12.1.1.1;11.1 Introduction;220
12.1.1.2;11.2 Methods;222
12.1.1.2.1;11.2.1 Study Area and Samples;222
12.1.1.2.2;11.2.2 Extraction of DNA and Microsatellite Analysis;223
12.1.1.2.3;11.2.3 Data Analysis;223
12.1.1.3;11.3 Results;224
12.1.1.4;11.4 Discussion;229
12.1.1.4.1;11.4.1 Genetic Diversity;229
12.1.1.4.2;11.4.2 Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium;231
12.1.1.4.3;11.4.3 Implications for Conservation;232
12.1.2;References;233
13;12.pdf;235
13.1;Chapter 12;235
13.1.1;Habitat Use and Ranging Behavior of the Silvery Marmoset (Mico argentatus) at Caxiuanã National Forest (Eastern Brazilian A;235
13.1.1.1;12.1 Introduction;236
13.1.1.2;12.2 Materials and Methods;238
13.1.1.2.1;12.2.1 Study Area;238
13.1.1.2.2;12.2.2 The Study Group;240
13.1.1.2.3;12.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis;240
13.1.1.3;12.3 Results;241
13.1.1.3.1;12.3.1 Habitat Use;241
13.1.1.3.2;12.3.2 Ranging Behavior;242
13.1.1.3.2.1;12.3.2.1 Ranging Behavior – General;242
13.1.1.3.2.2;12.3.2.2 Ranging Behavior by Seasons;244
13.1.1.3.3;12.3.3 Sleeping Sites;247
13.1.1.4;12.4 Discussion;248
13.1.1.4.1;12.4.1 Habitat Use;248
13.1.1.4.2;12.4.2 Ranging Behavior;249
13.1.1.4.3;12.4.3 Sleeping Sites;250
13.1.1.5;12.5 Conclusion;250
13.1.2;References;251
14;13.pdf;255
14.1;Chapter 13;255
14.1.1;Ranging Patterns of Callimico goeldii (callimico) in a Mixed Species Group;255
14.1.1.1;13.1 Introduction;257
14.1.1.2;13.2 Methods;259
14.1.1.2.1;13.2.1 Study Site and Study Group;259
14.1.1.2.2;13.2.2 Data Collection;260
14.1.1.2.3;13.2.3 Map Construction;260
14.1.1.2.4;13.2.4 Data Analyses;261
14.1.1.3;13.3 Results;263
14.1.1.3.1;13.3.1 Home Range Size and Overlap;263
14.1.1.3.2;13.3.2 Ranging and Resources;264
14.1.1.3.3;13.3.3 Ranging and Monitoring Boundaries;265
14.1.1.3.4;13.3.4 Intergroup Encounters;265
14.1.1.4;13.4 Discussion;266
14.1.1.4.1;13.4.1 Home Range Size and Overlap;266
14.1.1.4.2;13.4.2 Spatiotemporal Variation in Ranging;267
14.1.2;References;269
15;14.pdf;273
15.1;Chapter 14;273
15.1.1;A Comparative Study of the Kinematics of Trunk-to-Trunk Leaping in Callimico goeldii, Callithrix jacchus, and Cebu;273
15.1.1.1;14.1 Introduction;275
15.1.1.2;14.2 Methods;277
15.1.1.2.1;14.2.1 Animals, Research Facility and Research Design;277
15.1.1.2.2;14.2.2 Kinematic Analysis;278
15.1.1.3;14.3 Results;280
15.1.1.3.1;14.3.1 Quantitative Analysis of Trunk-to-Trunk Leaping;281
15.1.1.4;14.4 Discussion;286
15.1.2;References;289
16;15.pdf;292
16.1;Chapter 15;292
16.1.1;Locomotion, Postures, and Habitat Use by Pygmy Marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea);292
16.1.1.1;15.1 Introduction;294
16.1.1.2;15.2 Study Site, Subjects, and Methods;296
16.1.1.3;15.3 Results;298
16.1.1.3.1;15.3.1 Habitat Utilization;298
16.1.1.3.2;15.3.2 Feeding and Foraging;300
16.1.1.3.3;15.3.3 Travel Locomotion;302
16.1.1.4;15.4 Discussion;304
16.1.2;References;308
17;16.pdf;311
17.1;Chapter 16;313
17.1.1;Mother’s Little Helper? The Placenta and Its Role in Intrauterine Maternal Investment in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacc;313
17.1.1.1;16.1 Introduction;315
17.1.1.2;16.2 The Marmoset Placenta;316
17.1.1.2.1;16.2.1 The Marmoset Placenta in Comparative Context;316
17.1.1.2.2;16.2.2 Implantation and Early Placental Growth and Development;318
17.1.1.3;16.3 Litter Size Variation in Marmosets and Its Relation to Maternal Investment;320
17.1.1.4;16.4 The Model: Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Elevated Conflict Over Resource Allocation;322
17.1.1.4.1;16.4.1 Maternal Effects on Fetal, Postnatal, and Placental Growth;322
17.1.1.4.2;16.4.2 The Fetal/Placental Weight Ratio and Intrauterine Conflict;323
17.1.1.5;16.5 The Study: Assessing the Effects of Litter Size and Maternal Condition on Fetal and Placental Relations in the Marmose;324
17.1.1.5.1;16.5.1 Methods;324
17.1.1.5.2;16.5.2 Results;325
17.1.1.5.2.1;16.5.2.1 Litter Size and the Fetal/Placental Weight Ratio;325
17.1.1.5.2.2;16.5.2.2 Relations between Maternal Condition and Litter and Fetal Characteristics;327
17.1.1.5.2.3;16.5.2.3 Maternal Birth Weight;331
17.1.1.5.2.4;16.5.2.4 Maternal Age;331
17.1.1.5.2.5;16.5.2.5 Maternal Variables and the Fetal/Placental Weight Ratio;332
17.1.1.6;16.6 Discussion;333
17.1.1.7;16.7 Conflicting Demands, Competing Strategies;337
17.1.1.8;Reference;312
17.1.2;References;338
18;17.pdf;342
18.1;Chapter 17;342
18.1.1;Size and Shape in Callimico and Marmoset Skulls: Allometry and Heterochrony in the Morphological Evolution of Small Anthropoids;342
18.1.1.1;17.1 Introduction;343
18.1.1.2;17.2 Materials and Methods;344
18.1.1.2.1;17.2.1 Data and Measurements;344
18.1.1.2.2;17.2.2 Size, Scaling and Allometry;345
18.1.1.2.3;17.2.3 Differentiation Analyses and Sexual Dimorphism;348
18.1.1.2.4;17.2.4 Life History;348
18.1.1.3;17.3 Results;349
18.1.1.3.1;17.3.1 Sexual Dimorphism;349
18.1.1.3.2;17.3.2 Differentiation Analyses;350
18.1.1.3.3;17.3.3 Allometry;354
18.1.1.3.4;17.3.4 Life History;354
18.1.1.4;17.4 Discussion;354
18.1.2;References;363
19;18.pdf;365
19.1;Chapter 18;365
19.1.1;Cranial Morphology of the Dwarf Marmoset Callibella in the Context of Callitrichid Variability;365
19.1.1.1;18.1 Introduction;366
19.1.1.2;18.2 Methods;372
19.1.1.3;18.3 Results;374
19.1.1.4;18.4 Discussion;380
20;19.pdf;391
20.1;Chapter 19;391
20.1.1;The Functional Significance of Jaw-Muscle Fiber Architecture in Tree-Gouging Marmosets;391
20.1.1.1;19.1 Introduction;393
20.1.1.2;19.2 Forces and Movements During Tree Gouging;394
20.1.1.3;19.3 Implications of Fiber Architecture for Muscle Function;395
20.1.1.4;19.4 Fiber Architecture and Jaw Function in a Specialized Feeding Behavior;396
20.1.1.5;19.5 Functional and Adaptive Implications of Fiber Architecture for Tree Gouging;401
20.1.2;References;402
21;20.pdf;405
21.1;Chapter 20;405
21.1.1;The Evolutionary Morphology of Tree Gouging in Marmosets;405
21.1.1.1;20.1 Introduction;407
21.1.1.2;20.2 The Prevalence and Importance of Tree Gouging in Marmoset Behavioral Ecology;408
21.1.1.3;20.3 Determining Masticatory Apparatus Function During Gouging;409
21.1.1.4;20.4 Evaluating the Relative Nature of Gouging Performance;411
21.1.1.5;20.5 Linking Laboratory Data to Natural Environments: Giving the Laboratory a Biological Role;414
21.1.1.6;20.6 Morphology of the Marmoset Masticatory Apparatus and Tree Gouging;416
21.1.1.7;20.7 Evolution of the Marmoset Masticatory Apparatus for Tree Gouging;416
21.1.2;References;417
22;21.pdf;420
22.1;Chapter 21;420
22.1.1;Marmoset Postcrania and the Skeleton of the Dwarf Marmoset, Callibella humilis;420
22.1.1.1;21.1 Introduction;422
22.1.1.2;21.2 Materials and Methods;425
22.1.1.3;21.3 Results;430
22.1.1.3.1;21.3.1 Multivariate Analyses;430
22.1.1.3.2;21.3.2 Univariate Analyses;432
22.1.1.3.2.1;21.3.2.1 Marmoset Traits;432
22.1.1.3.2.2;21.3.2.2 Callithrix Traits;434
22.1.1.3.2.3;21.3.2.3 Mico and Cebuella Shared Traits;434
22.1.1.3.2.4;21.3.2.4 Mico Traits;436
22.1.1.3.2.5;21.3.2.5 Cebuella Traits;437
22.1.1.3.2.6;21.3.2.6 Callibella Traits;439
22.1.1.3.2.7;21.3.2.7 Callithrix and Other Marmoset Traits;440
22.1.1.4;21.4 Discussion;440
22.1.1.5;21.5 Summary and Conclusions;444
22.1.1.6;21.6 Appendix 1: Measurement Definitions and Abbreviations;444
22.1.1.6.1;21.6.1 Scapula;444
22.1.1.6.2;21.6.2 Humerus;445
22.1.1.6.3;21.6.3 Radius;446
22.1.1.6.4;21.6.4 Ulna;447
22.1.1.6.5;21.6.5 Carpus;448
22.1.1.6.6;21.6.7 Femur;448
22.1.1.6.7;21.6.8 Patella;449
22.1.1.6.8;21.6.10 Fibula;450
22.1.1.6.9;21.6.11 Astragalus;451
22.1.1.6.10;21.6.12 Calcaneus;452
22.1.1.6.11;21.6.13 Distal Tarsus;452
22.1.1.7;21.7 Appendix 2: Specimens Examined;453
22.1.2;References;453
23;22.pdf;458
23.1;Chapter 22;459
23.1.1;Conservation Status of Pygmy Marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) in Ecuador;459
23.1.1.1;22.1 Introduction;460
23.1.1.2;22.2 Methods;461
23.1.1.2.1;22.2.1 Study Areas;461
23.1.1.2.2;22.2.2 Observations of Groups;464
23.1.1.2.3;22.2.3 Population Censuses;464
23.1.1.3;22.3 Results and Discussion;465
23.1.1.3.1;22.3.1 Group Size and Composition;465
23.1.1.3.2;22.3.2 Home Range and Habitat Use;466
23.1.1.3.3;22.3.3 Population Densities;467
23.1.1.3.4;22.3.4 Habitat Destruction;468
23.1.1.3.5;22.3.5 Human Impact on Pygmy Marmosets: The Case of the San Pablo Population;468
23.1.1.4;22.4 Re-Evaluation of the Conservation Status of Pygmy Marmosets in Ecuador;469
23.1.1.5;22.5 Some Concluding Remarks;470
23.1.2;References;471
24;23.pdf;473
24.1;Chapter 23;473
24.1.1;Conservation of the Marmosets and Callimicos;473
24.1.1.1;23.1 Diversity and Conservation;474
24.1.1.2;23.2 Current Trends;477
24.1.1.3;23.3 Perspectives for the Future;480
24.1.2;References;483
25;125266_Ford_Taxonomic Index.pdf;486
26;125266_Ford_Subject Index.pdf;489
27.1;Chapter 4;1
27.1.1;Social Behavior of Callimicos: Mating Strategies and Infant Care;1
27.1.1.1;4.1 Introduction;1
27.1.1.1.1;4.1.1 Cooperative Infant Care;1
27.1.1.2;4.2 Methods;1
27.1.1.3;4.3 Results;1
27.1.1.3.1;4.3.1 Adult Relations;1
27.1.1.3.2;4.3.2 Adult–Infant Relations;1
27.1.1.3.3;4.3.3 Female and Male Diets;1
27.1.1.4;4.4 Discussion;1
27.1.2;References;1