Friedrich / Reis Tropospheric Ozone Abatement

Developing Efficient Strategies for the Reduction of Ozone Precursor Emissions in Europe
Erscheinungsjahr 2012
ISBN: 978-3-642-59698-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 237 Seiten, eBook

The occurrence of high concentrations of ozone during summer episodes in the troposphere over Europe is a problem still unsolved. Although a number· of measures have been implemented that will achieve a further reduction of precursor emissions in the next years, this will not be sufficient to reduce the ozone concentration to levels below thresholds set up to protect human health and plants. Thus, further reductions of emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides are necessary. However, with regard to the increasing costs associated with increasing emission reduction, it is essential to implement abatement strategies, that are effective, i.e. achieving the environmental aim set up, and efficient, i. e. doing this with the least costs possible. In this book, the authors describe the features and the application of a methodology and a model system to identify effective and efficient strategies to reduce ambient concentrations of tropospheric ozone to comply with thresholds set up to protect human health, agricultural crops and ecosystems. Furthermore, macroeconomic impacts of such strategies are addressed and, as burden and benefits of these strategies are not equally distributed between countries, different burden sharing schemes are discussed. The content of this book is based on results of a comprehensive research project, the project INFOS (assessment of policy instruments for efficient ozone abatement strategies in Europe), funded by the European Commission (Directorate General XII) under the Fourth Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration activities.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Friedrich, Rainer

Reis, Stefan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction.- 2 Tropospheric Ozone.- 2.1 Tropospheric Chemistry and Ozone Precursor Substances.- 2.2 Impacts on Health and Vegetation.- 2.3 Air Quality Legislation, Thresholds and Standards.- 2.4 Tropospheric Ozone — a Local or Regional Problem?.- 2.5 References.- 3 Emissions of Ozone Precursors.- 3.1 Source Sector Analysis.- 3.2 Country analysis.- 3.3 References.- 4 Emission Abatement Measures.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Road Transport Sector.- 4.3 Energy Sector.- 4.4 Solvent Use Sector.- 4.5 Conclusions.- 4.6 References.- Acknowledgement.- 5 Scenarios of Future Development.- 5.1 Methodology for Emission Projection.- 5.2 Driving Forces of Emission Development.- 5.3 Political and Legislative Framework.- 5.4 Detailed Sectoral Projection.- 5.5 Trend Scenario Emissions.- 5.6 References.- 6 Regional Modeling of Tropospheric Ozone.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Models.- 6.3 Emission Input to Models.- 6.4 Statistics Used.- 6.5 Model Calculations: 1990 Base and 2010 Trend Case.- 6.6 Model Calculations: Sector-by-Sector Emission Scenarios.- 6.7 Country-to-Country Calculations.- 6.8 Summary and Conclusions.- 6.9 References.- 7 Optimising Regional Ozone Reduction Strategies.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 The OMEGA Model.- 7.3 OMEGA Model Results.- 7.4 Evaluation of Optimisation Results.- 7.5 Modelled Exceedance Statistics of Ozone Thresholds.- 7.6 Summary and Conclusions.- 7.7 References.- Acknowledgements.- 8 Tropospheric Ozone and Urban Air Quality.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Ambient Ozone Concentrations in Selected Mesoscale Areas.- 8.3 Conclusions.- 8.4 References.- 9 Efficiency, Equity and Burden-Sharing.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Efficiency.- 9.3 Equity and Burden-Sharing.- 9.4 Discussion.- 9.5 References.- 9.6 Appendix.- 10 Macroeconomic Impacts of Abatement Strategies.- 10.1Objective.- 10.2 Model Description.- 10.3 Model Calculations.- 10.4 Effects on Import and Export.- 10.5 Summary and Outlook.- 10.6 References.- 11 Summary and Conclusions.