Garikipati IUTAM Symposium on Cellular, Molecular and Tissue Mechanics

Proceedings of the IUTAM symposium held at Woods Hole, Mass., USA, June 18-21, 2008
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3348-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 285 Seiten

The invited papers in this book reflect the current understanding of the role mechanics play in the biological system at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Topics range from tissue engineering and mechanics to mechanics of cells and biomolecules.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Garikipati, Krishna

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;IUTAM Symposium on C ellular, Molecular
and Tissue Mechanics
;1
1.1;Preface
;5
1.2;Part I Tissue Mechanics;10
1.2.1;Experimental and Computational Investigation of Viscoelasticity of Native and Engineered Ligament and Tendon;11
1.2.1.1;1 Introduction;11
1.2.1.2;2 Experimental Methods;13
1.2.1.2.1;2.1 Native Tissue Isolation;13
1.2.1.2.2;2.2 Mechanical Evaluation of Native Ligament and Tendon;14
1.2.1.3;3 Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical Response;15
1.2.1.3.1;3.1 Micromechanical Modeling of Non-linear Viscoelasticity;15
1.2.1.3.2;3.2 Governing Equations of the Computational Model ;17
1.2.1.4;4 Results;19
1.2.1.4.1;4.1 Engineered Ligament In Vitro, In Vivo and Young Animal MCL;19
1.2.1.4.2;4.2 Native Ligament and TA Tendon Mechanics;20
1.2.1.4.3;4.3 Computational Results;23
1.2.1.5;5 Conclusion;24
1.2.1.6;References;24
1.2.2;A Comparison of a Nonlinear and Quasilinear Viscoelastic Anisotropic Model for Fibrous Tissues;26
1.2.2.1;1 Introduction;26
1.2.2.2;2 Model Development;27
1.2.2.2.1;2.1 Anisotropic Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model;27
1.2.2.2.1.1;2.1.1 General Remarks;30
1.2.2.2.2;2.2 Anisotropic Quasilinear Viscoelastic Model;31
1.2.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 General Remarks;32
1.2.2.3;3 Numerical Examples;33
1.2.2.4;4 Conclusion;35
1.2.2.5;References;36
1.2.3;Hysteretic Behavior of Ligaments and Tendons: Microstructural Analysis of Damage, Softeningand Non-Recoverable Strain;37
1.2.3.1;1 Introduction;37
1.2.3.2;2 Viscoelastic Theory of Temporary Interfibrillar Bridges in the ECM Network;39
1.2.3.2.1;2.1 Definition of the Viscoelastic Strain Energy Function;39
1.2.3.2.2;2.2 Energy-Driven Evolution Equations for Structural Damage;40
1.2.3.2.3;2.3 Transition State Theory of the Softening Effect in the ECM;42
1.2.3.3;3 Numerical Results for Cyclic Uniaxial Traction;42
1.2.3.4;4 Discussion and Conclusion;46
1.2.3.5;References;48
1.2.4;On Measuring Stress Distributions in Epithelia;50
1.2.4.1;1 Introduction;50
1.2.4.2;2 Methods;51
1.2.4.2.1;2.1 Theoretical Framework;51
1.2.4.2.1.1;2.1.1 Equibiaxially Stretched Membrane with two Circular Holes;52
1.2.4.2.1.2;2.1.2 Circular Perforation of a Biaxially Pre-stretched Membrane;53
1.2.4.2.2;2.2 Embryo Preparation and Perforation Experiments;53
1.2.4.3;3 Results and Discussion;54
1.2.4.3.1;3.1 Effects of Hole Spacing;54
1.2.4.3.2;3.2 Effects of Anisotropic Stretch;55
1.2.4.3.3;3.3 Illustrative Example;58
1.2.4.4;4 Conclusions;58
1.2.4.5;References;59
1.2.5;A Viscoelastic Anisotropic Model for Soft Collageneous Tissues Based on Distributed Fiber–Matrix Units;60
1.2.5.1;1 Introduction;60
1.2.5.2;2 Constitutive Model;61
1.2.5.2.1;2.1 Nonlinear Fiber–Matrix Interaction Model;61
1.2.5.2.2;2.2 Small Strain Case;63
1.2.5.2.3;2.3 Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Generalization;64
1.2.5.3;3 Numerical Examples;65
1.2.5.3.1;3.1 Equilibrium Solution;66
1.2.5.3.2;3.2 Rate Dependent Behavior;67
1.2.5.3.3;3.3 Comparison to Experimental Data;67
1.2.5.4;4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks;68
1.2.5.5;References;69
1.3;Part II Cell-substrate Interactions;71
1.3.1;Chemical and Mechanical Micro-Diversity of the Extracellular Matrix;72
1.3.1.1;1 The Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interface and Environmental Signaling;73
1.3.1.2;2 The Varying Responses of Cells Adhering to Different Extracellular Matrices;73
1.3.1.3;3 Molecular Diversity of the Fibronectin ECM;76
1.3.1.4;4 Mechanical Forces Affect the Organization and Adhesive Properties of Fibronectin Fibrils;76
1.3.1.5;5 Involvement of Lamellar Retraction in Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis by Means of Cultured Fibroblasts;80
1.3.1.6;6 Conclusions;81
1.3.1.7;References;81
1.3.2;Tissue-to-Cellular Deformation Couplingin Cell-Microintegrated Elastomeric Scaffolds;83
1.3.2.1;1 Introduction;84
1.3.2.2;2 Methods;84
1.3.2.2.1;2.1 Specimen Fabrication;84
1.3.2.2.2;2.2 Image Acquisition and Construct Characterization;85
1.3.2.3;3 Results;85
1.3.2.3.1;3.1 Scaffold Micromechanics;85
1.3.2.3.2;3.2 Coupled Cell-Scaffold Deformation;87
1.3.2.4;4 Discussion;88
1.3.2.5;References;90
1.3.3;Orientational Polarizability and Stress Response of Biological Cells;92
1.3.3.1;1 Introduction;92
1.3.3.2;2 Theoretical Model;94
1.3.3.3;3 Orientational Polarizability;97
1.3.3.4;4 Discussion;100
1.3.3.5;References;101
1.3.4;Universal Temporal Response of Fibroblasts Adhering on Cyclically Stretched Substrates;103
1.3.4.1;1 Introduction;103
1.3.4.2;2 Materials and Methods;104
1.3.4.3;3 Results and Discussion;106
1.3.4.4;References;109
1.4;Part III Mechanics of DNA;110
1.4.1;Elastic and Electrostatic Model for DNA in Rotation–ExtensionExperiments;111
1.4.1.1;1 Introduction;111
1.4.1.2;2 Model;113
1.4.1.2.1;2.1 Geometry;113
1.4.1.2.2;2.2 Energy Formulation;114
1.4.1.2.3;2.3 Ubbink and Odijk Model of DNA–DNA Interactions;115
1.4.1.2.4;2.4 Equilibrium Equations;116
1.4.1.2.5;2.5 Vertical Extension of the Filament;117
1.4.1.3;3 Results;117
1.4.1.3.1;3.1 A Numerical Example;117
1.4.1.3.2;3.2 Extension–Rotation Curve;118
1.4.1.4;4 Discussion;119
1.4.1.5;References;120
1.4.2;Shape and Energetics of DNA Plectonemes;121
1.4.2.1;1 Introduction;121
1.4.2.2;2 Review of Kirchhoff's Theory of Rods;122
1.4.2.3;3 Localizing Solutions;123
1.4.2.4;4 Constructing the Plectonemic Solution;124
1.4.2.5;5 Variational Method;127
1.4.2.6;6 Configurational Entropy and Electrostatics in the Plectoneme;130
1.4.2.7;7 Conclusions;135
1.4.2.8;References;135
1.5;Part IV Mechanics of Biopolymer Networks;137
1.5.1;Constitutive Models for the Force-Extension Behavior of Biological Filaments;138
1.5.1.1;1 Introduction;139
1.5.1.2;2 Flexible and Semiflexible Filaments and Molecules;140
1.5.1.2.1;2.1 Freely Jointed Chain Model with Unfolding;140
1.5.1.2.2;2.2 Worm-Like Chain Models;143
1.5.1.3;3 Elastica Approximate Model;147
1.5.1.4;4 Discussion;153
1.5.1.5;References;154
1.5.2;Small Strain Topological Effects of Biopolymer Networks with Rigid Cross-Links;157
1.5.2.1;1 Introduction;157
1.5.2.2;2 Scaling Relations;158
1.5.2.3;3 Topology of Cytoskeletal Networks;159
1.5.2.4;4 Numerical Network Model;160
1.5.2.5;5 Results;160
1.5.2.5.1;5.1 Dependence on Concentration;162
1.5.2.5.2;5.2 Relation Between Connectivity and Filament Length;162
1.5.2.6;6 Conclusion;163
1.5.2.7;References;164
1.6;Part V Cell adhesion;166
1.6.1;An Observation on Bell's Model for Molecular Bond Separation Under Force;167
1.6.1.1;1 Introduction;167
1.6.1.2;2 Description of a Confining Potential;168
1.6.1.3;3 The Off-Rate;171
1.6.1.4;4 Comparison of Off-Rate Estimates;172
1.6.1.5;References;174
1.6.2;A Theoretical Study of the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Focal Adhesion Dynamics;175
1.6.2.1;1 Introduction;175
1.6.2.2;2 Focal Adhesion Disassembly Is a Fracture Problem;177
1.6.2.3;3 Focal Adhesion Dynamics as a Chemo-Mechanically Controlled Rate Process;178
1.6.2.3.1;3.1 Thermodynamic Driving Forces;180
1.6.2.3.1.1;3.1.1 Mechanical Work as a Thermodynamic Driving Force;180
1.6.2.3.1.2;3.1.2 Chemical Driving Forces;181
1.6.2.3.1.3;3.1.3 Driving Force due to Elasticity;181
1.6.2.3.1.4;3.1.4 Work Done by Force Via Conformational Changes;182
1.6.2.3.2;3.2 Thermodynamically Driven Focal Adhesion Dynamics;182
1.6.2.3.3;3.3 State Diagram of Focal Adhesions;183
1.6.2.4;4 Discussion;184
1.6.2.5;References;185
1.6.3;Tension-Induced Growth of Focal Adhesions at Cell–SubstrateInterface;187
1.6.3.1;1 Introduction;187
1.6.3.2;2 Model;188
1.6.3.3;3 Monte Carlo Simulation;191
1.6.3.4;4 Results and Discussions;192
1.6.3.5;5 Conclusions;194
1.6.3.6;References;194
1.6.4;Pattern Formation and Force Generation by Cell Ensemblesin a Filamentous Matrix;196
1.6.4.1;1 Introduction;196
1.6.4.2;2 Model;198
1.6.4.3;3 Results;200
1.6.4.4;4 Discussion;203
1.6.4.5;References;204
1.6.5;Mechano-Chemical Coupling in Shell Adhesion;207
1.6.5.1;1 Introduction;207
1.6.5.2;2 Mechano-Chemical Model;208
1.6.5.2.1;2.1 Surface Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium;208
1.6.5.2.2;2.2 Mechanical Equilibrium;210
1.6.5.2.3;2.3 Adhesion Parameters and Measures of Deformation;211
1.6.5.3;3 Solutions;212
1.6.5.4;4 Coupling Between Deformation and Chemical Activation;214
1.6.5.5;5 Conclusions;215
1.6.5.6;References;216
1.6.6;Catch-to-Slip Bond Transition in Biological Bonds by Entropic and Energetic Elasticity;218
1.6.6.1;1 Introduction;218
1.6.6.2;2 Theory;219
1.6.6.2.1;2.1 Off-Rates by Entropy Controlled Dissociation;220
1.6.6.2.2;2.2 Off-Rates by Energy Controlled Dissociation;221
1.6.6.2.3;2.3 Overall Bond Lifetime;221
1.6.6.3;3 Slip-to-Catch Bond Transition;221
1.6.6.4;4 Stiffness Dependence of Catch Bonds;222
1.6.6.5;5 Conclusion;223
1.6.6.6;References;224
1.7;Part VI Growth;225
1.7.1;Dilation and Hypertrophy: A Cell-Based Continuum Mechanics Approach Towards Ventricular Growthand Remodeling;226
1.7.1.1;1 Motivation;226
1.7.1.2;2 Governing Equations;228
1.7.1.3;3 Growth Laws;229
1.7.1.4;4 Example;230
1.7.1.5;5 Discussion;232
1.7.1.6;References;232
1.7.2;A Morpho-Elastic Model of Hyphal Tip Growthin Filamentous Organisms;234
1.7.2.1;1 Introduction;234
1.7.2.2;2 Nonlinear Elastic Models of Hyphal Growth;235
1.7.2.2.1;2.1 Hyphal Geometry;235
1.7.2.3;3 Modeling Cell Wall Properties and Growth;239
1.7.2.4;4 Results;241
1.7.2.5;5 Conclusion;242
1.7.2.6;References;243
1.7.3;Extracellular Control of Limb Regeneration;245
1.7.3.1;1 Introduction;245
1.7.3.2;2 Results and Discussion;248
1.7.3.2.1;2.1 Creation of Biologically Compatible Silicone Substrates;250
1.7.3.3;3 Conclusions;252
1.7.3.4;References;253
1.8;Part VII Poroelasticity of Bone;255
1.8.1;Bone Composite Mechanics Relatedto Collagen Hydration State;256
1.8.1.1;1 Introduction;256
1.8.1.2;2 Bone as a Composite;257
1.8.1.3;3 Poroelastic Indentation Theory;259
1.8.1.4;4 Identification of the Permeability;260
1.8.1.5;5 Discussion;261
1.8.1.6;References;262
1.9;Author Index;264