Geng An Introductory Study on China's Cultural Transformation in Recent Times

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-3-662-44590-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 447 Seiten

Reihe: Social Sciences (R0)

This book examines in detail the basic trajectory of the cultural transformation and brings to light the extrinsic conditions and intrinsic mechanisms involved. It focuses on the period from after the Opium Wars to the New Culture Movement, as the New Culture Movement can be considered a pivotal phase in the cultural transformation of modern-day China. The New Culture Movement was a revolutionary eruption triggered by the accumulation of all the new qualitative cultural factors since the Opium Wars. Superficially, the movement's goal seemed to be to overthrow the traditional culture. But in essence its true objective was to conduct an overall 'screening' of that culture. The book elaborates a broad variety of points in this context, including: the ideological and cultural evolution following the Opium Wars; the pressing challenges faced by 'Zhong Ti'; the initial shaping of social, public and cultural spaces and major trends in ideological and cultural transformation at the end of the Qing Dynasty; the political disarray and conflicts between the new and old ideology in the first years of the Republic; the rise of the New Culture Movement; and the role of conservatism in the transition to a modern culture.

Geng Yunzhi, born 1938 in Haicheng, Liaoning Province. Graduated from the Department of Philosophy of Liaoning University in 1964. Currently a member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, researcher at the Institute of Modern History and doctoral student supervisor, concurrently director of the Society of Chinese Modern Culture and the Hu Shih Research Association as well as president of the China Modern Thought Research Center. In the past forty or so years, Geng Yuzhi has consistently researched China's modern political history, ideological history and cultural history and written some twenty books, among which are primarily History of the Republic of China, vol. 1 (co-authored), Hu Shih: Research Drafts, A Chronicle of Hu Shih, Rediscovering Hu Shih, Liang Qichao (co-authored), Western Democracy in Modern China, Collected Writings of Geng Yunzhi, Polygonum Grass Collection and Hu Shih's Posthumous Writings and Confidential Letters. He has also published more than two hundred theses and articles. The Laboratory of the History of Modern Thought he personally set up is among the first key subjects at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Geng, Yunzhi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Contents;8
3;Chapter 1: Introduction;12
3.1;1.1 The Purport and Conception of the Studies in This Book;12
3.2;1.2 Mutations and Shifts Within the Traditional Culture at the Juncture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties;16
3.3;1.3 Evolutions in Qing Dynasty Ideology, Academics, and Culture Prior to the Opium Wars;26
3.4;References;39
4;Chapter 2: Evolution in Ideology and Culture After the Opium Wars and Up To the Westernization Movement;40
4.1;2.1 The Strange ``Barbarians´´;41
4.2;2.2 Learning the Best of Foreign Skills;44
4.3;2.3 The Culture of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom;55
4.4;2.4 The Initial Foundations of Modern Culture;59
4.5;2.5 The Conceptual Framework of ``Zhong Ti Xi Yong´´;73
4.6;References;88
5;Chapter 3: The Leading Roles of Reform and Revolution in the Sociocultural Trends of the Final Years of the Qing Dynasty;90
5.1;3.1 The Acute Challenges Faced by ``Zhong Ti´´;91
5.2;3.2 Politics Guide Cultural Trends;104
5.2.1;3.2.1 Translation and Writing of Books;105
5.2.2;3.2.2 Newspapers;107
5.2.3;3.2.3 Education;108
5.2.4;3.2.4 Industry and Commerce Serving the Country and the Movement to Recover Economic Rights;114
5.2.5;3.2.5 The Politicization of Literature as Represented by Novels;121
5.3;References;127
6;Chapter 4: Initial Shaping of Social Public Cultural Spaces at the End of the Qing Dynasty;128
6.1;4.1 Development of Modern Education Between 1898 and 1911;129
6.1.1;4.1.1 Before and After 1898;129
6.1.2;4.1.2 Advances in New Education from 1902 to 1905 Prior to the Abolishing of the Imperial Examinations System;130
6.2;4.2 Development of Modern Social Groups During the 1898-1911 Period;136
6.3;4.3 The Establishment of a Modern Media System and Other Matters;143
6.3.1;4.3.1 The Development of Modern Newspapers and a Modern Publishing Industry and Their Role in Society;143
6.3.2;4.3.2 The Establishment of Other Social Public Culture Facilities;148
6.4;References;149
7;Chapter 5: Major Trends in Ideological and Cultural Transformation Toward the End of the Qing Dynasty;151
7.1;5.1 Major Transformations in Thinking and Concepts;151
7.1.1;5.1.1 From the ``De-Reverencing of the Sons of Heaven´´ to the Negation of Monarchical Power;151
7.1.2;5.1.2 The Shaking of the Exalted Position of Confucius and Confucianism;158
7.2;5.2 The Trend Toward a Populist Culture;168
7.3;5.3 Changing Customs and Habits in a Modern Secular Culture;176
7.4;5.4 Initial Emergence of Globalization and Individuality;188
7.5;References;197
8;Chapter 6: Political Disarray and Conflicts Between New and Old Ideology in the First Years of the Republic;199
8.1;6.1 Political Disarray in the Early Years of the Nationalist Republic;200
8.1.1;6.1.1 The Stand-off Between North and South;200
8.1.2;6.1.2 Repeated Internal Upheavals and External Coercion;202
8.1.3;6.1.3 The ``Second Revolution´´;204
8.1.4;6.1.4 A Parliament in Name Only;206
8.1.5;6.1.5 The Restoration Farce;207
8.2;6.2 The Conflict Between Old and New Ideology;210
8.2.1;6.2.1 The Controversy Over the Republican and Imperial Systems;212
8.2.2;6.2.2 The Debate Over a Confucian Religion;218
8.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 On the Question of Establishing a National Religion and Adopting Confucianism as the National Religion;221
8.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 On the Question of Whether the Confucian Teachings Constituted a Religion;226
8.2.3;6.2.3 The Controversy About New and Old Morals;231
8.3;Reference;235
9;Chapter 7: Rise of the New Culture Movement;236
9.1;7.1 The Reflections of Forward-Looking Persons;237
9.2;7.2 Rise of the New Culture Movement;243
9.3;7.3 Sharp Conflicts Between the New and Old Cultures;254
9.4;7.4 The Social Foundations of the New Culture Movement;269
9.5;References;274
10;Chapter 8: The Social Foundations of the New Culture Movement;275
10.1;8.1 The Immense Impetus Given by the May Fourth Movement to the New Culture Movement;275
10.2;8.2 The Concrete Results of the New Culture Movement;280
10.2.1;8.2.1 Concrete Results of the Literary Revolution;280
10.2.2;8.2.2 Initial Successes of the Educational Reform and Increasing Maturity of the New Education;285
10.2.3;8.2.3 The Awakening of a Generation of Young People and Their ``Integration into Society´´;291
10.3;8.3 The Main Concepts of the New Culture;300
10.3.1;8.3.1 Populism;300
10.3.2;8.3.2 Individuality;304
10.3.3;8.3.3 The Scientific Spirit;309
10.3.4;8.3.4 The Open Culture Concept;314
10.3.5;8.3.5 The Program and Objectives of the New Culture Movement;320
10.4;References;322
11;Chapter 9: From Cultural Movement to Political Movement;323
11.1;9.1 The Debate over Problems and Isms;324
11.1.1;9.1.1 What Were the Problems Raised by Hu Shih?;325
11.1.2;9.1.2 How the Problems Raised by Lan Gongwu and Li Dazhao Differed;327
11.1.3;9.1.3 How Hu Shih Responded to Lan Gongwu and Li Dazhao;328
11.1.4;9.1.4 The Essence and Significance of the Debate;330
11.2;9.2 The Divisions Among Colleagues at New Youth;334
11.3;9.3 The Birth of the Communist Party of China;340
11.3.1;9.3.1 The Widespread Dissemination of Marxism;341
11.3.2;9.3.2 The Founding of the Communist Party of China;344
11.4;9.4 The Restructuring of the Kuomintang;346
11.4.1;9.4.1 Sun Yat-sen´s Restructuring of the Kuomintang: Ideological Preparation;347
11.4.2;9.4.2 Impetus Given by Soviet Russia, the Comintern, and Chinese Communists;349
11.4.3;9.4.3 The Restructuring;352
11.5;9.5 All-Round Upsurge in the Intellectuals´ Concern for Politics;355
11.5.1;9.5.1 Interprovincial Autonomy;355
11.5.2;9.5.2 The ``Good Governance´´ Proposal;356
11.6;References;359
12;Chapter 10: Evolutions in the Role of Conservatism in the Transition to a Modern Culture;360
12.1;10.1 Conservatism During the Westernization Movement;361
12.2;10.2 Conservatism in the Period Between 1989 and 1911;368
12.2.1;10.2.1 Conservatism During the 1989 Reform Movement;368
12.2.2;10.2.2 The ``Preservation of National Essence´´ Doctrine During the High Tide of the Anti-Manchu Revolution;375
12.3;10.3 The Critical Review School During the New Culture Movement;382
12.4;References;395
13;Chapter 11: Political Change and Cultural Transition;396
13.1;11.1 The Definitions of Politics and Culture;396
13.2;11.2 Political Awakening Fuels the Trend Toward Cultural Renovation;398
13.2.1;11.2.1 The Political Awakening of the Chinese in Modern Times;399
13.2.2;11.2.2 Cultural Awakening of the Chinese in Modern Times;404
13.3;11.3 Major Impacts of Cultural Awakening on Politics;412
13.4;References;418
14;Closing Remarks;419
14.1;The Perplexities of the Cultural Transformation in Modern Times;420
14.2;The Constraints of Social Conditions;426
14.3;Origins and Trends of China´s New Culture;431
14.4;References;437
15;Postscript;438
16;Chinese Bibliography;440
16.1;Collections of Documentary Materials;440
16.2;Collected Writings;441
16.3;Diaries, Chronicles and Memoirs;444
16.4;Studies;444
16.5;Collections of Theses and Dissertations;447