Ukimura Contemporary Interventional Ultrasonography in Urology

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-84800-217-3
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 195 Seiten

Exciting new developments and applications of imaging techniques have emerged over the last few years, leading to many improvements in diagnosis and staging of urologic diseases. Refinements in the technology mean that imaging now is much more precise than even five years ago, and this has significantly enhanced its application within several key fields. As such, there are virtually no books currently available that cover the impact of these advances within urology leaving a major hole in the market. With its sound overview of the current state of affairs, and also its focus on highlighting future advances, this book would therefore find a significant audience within not only trainees, but also practicing clinicians too. Furthermore, the whole topic of ultrasonography is a relatively overlooked one, with very few modern books tackling any specific areas of the field. This book will be up-to-date and will pay attention to the unique applications of ultrasound within each discipline.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ukimura, Osamu

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;8
4;Historical Background;10
4.1;Prologue;10
4.2;The Period of the Central Canal Type Transducer;10
4.3;The Period of Real-Time Intervention;11
4.4;Intervention by Transrectal Ultrasound;13
4.5;References for Interventional Ultrasound;14
4.6;References;14
5;Laparoscopic Ultrasonography;16
5.1;Introduction;16
5.2;Laparoscopic Ultrasonography Technology;16
5.3;The Radiologist, the Urologist, and Laparoscopic Ultrasonography;17
5.4;Lus During Renal Procedures;18
5.4.1;Probe Ablation: Cryotherapy;18
5.4.2;Probe Ablation: Radiofrequency Ablation;19
5.4.3;Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy;19
5.4.4;Renal Cyst Decortication;20
5.4.5;Laparoscopic Renal-Stone Surgery;21
5.4.6;Lymphocele Marsupialization;21
5.5;Miscellaneous Applications;22
5.6;Future Directions;23
5.7;Overview;23
5.8;References;23
6;Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Cryosurgery: State of the Art;25
6.1;Introduction;25
6.2;Background;25
6.3;Patient Selection;26
6.3.1;Patients at High Risk for Local Recurrence;27
6.3.2;Patients with Organ-Confined, Low-Volume, Low Gleason Score Disease;28
6.3.2.1;Focal Cryosurgery;28
6.3.3;Patients with Local Recurrence After Radiation Therapy;30
6.4;Technical Considerations in Cryosurgery;30
6.4.1;Saline Injection into Denonvilliers’ Fascia;30
6.4.2;Temperature Monitoring in Critical Areas and Improved Cryosurgical Protocols;31
6.4.3;Role of US in Monitoring Prostate Cryosurgery;31
6.4.4;Argon-Based Cryosurgical Equipment;31
6.4.5;Future Technical Improvements;31
6.5;Conclusions;31
6.6;References;32
7;Recent Advance in TRUS-Guided Prostate Brachytherapy;33
7.1;Introduction;33
7.1.1;Prostate Brachytherapy;33
7.1.2;Limitation of Current Brachytherapy;34
7.1.3;Potential Solutions;35
7.2;System Description;35
7.2.1;Hardware Components;35
7.2.2;System Calibration;36
7.2.3;Software Tools;37
7.2.3.1;Prostate Segmentation;37
7.2.3.2;Needle Segmentation;37
7.2.3.3;Seed Segmentation;39
7.2.3.4;Dosimetry;40
7.3;System Evaluation;40
7.3.1;Evaluation of Calibration;41
7.3.1.1;Method;41
7.3.1.2;Results;41
7.3.2;Needle Positioning and Orientation Accuracy by Robot;43
7.3.2.1;Needle Placement Accuracy;43
7.3.2.2;Needle Angulation Accuracy;43
7.3.2.3;Needle-Targeting Accuracy;43
7.3.2.4;Method;43
7.3.2.5;Results;43
7.3.3;Evaluation of the Prostate Segmentation Algorithm;44
7.3.3.1;Method;44
7.3.3.2;Results;44
7.3.4;Evaluation of the Needle Segmentation Algorithm;44
7.3.4.1;Method;44
7.3.4.2;Results;44
7.3.5;Evaluation of the Seed Segmentation Algorithm;46
7.3.5.1;Method;46
7.3.5.2;Results;46
7.4;Discussion and Conclusions;46
7.5;References;47
8;IntraOperative Real-Time Transrectal Ultrasound Monitoring During Energy-Free Nerve-Sparing Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy;49
8.1;Introduction;49
8.2;Improvement of Oncological Outcomes by TRUS Navigation;49
8.3;Recovery of Erectile Function After TRUS-Guided Nerve-Sparing LRP;53
8.4;Conclusion;54
8.5;References;54
9;Contemporary TRUS-Guided Prostate Biopsy for Screening and Staging;56
9.1;Introduction;56
9.2;Indications and Contraindications;56
9.3;Patient Preparation;57
9.3.1;Antibiotics;57
9.3.2;Enemas;57
9.3.3;Anesthesia;58
9.4;Basic Technique for TRUS-Guided Biopsy;58
9.4.1;Anatomy;58
9.4.2;Probes;58
9.4.3;Imaging of the Prostate;58
9.4.4;Basic Biopsy Technique;62
9.4.5;Cancer Imaging;62
9.5;Evolution of Biopsy Technique;62
9.5.1;Initial Biopsy: Development of the Various Protocols;62
9.5.2;Repeat Biopsies;64
9.5.3;Saturation Biopsy Protocol;65
9.6;TRUS-Directed Biopsies;65
9.7;Complications;65
9.8;Prostate Cancer Staging;65
9.9;Conclusions;66
9.10;References;66
10;The Use of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Prostate Cancer;70
10.1;Introduction;70
10.1.1;Mechanism of Action;70
10.2;Pros and Cons of Different Commercial Systems;70
10.3;Patient Selection: Indications and Contraindications;72
10.3.1;Indications;72
10.3.2;Contraindications;73
10.4;Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Plus HIFU;73
10.5;The HIFU Procedure: Ablatherm ®;73
10.5.1;The Key Steps in the Ablatherm ®;73
10.5.1.1;Preoperative Preparation;73
10.5.1.2;Positioning the Patient and External Warming;74
10.5.1.3;Device Preparation;74
10.5.1.4;Introducing the Probe;74
10.5.1.5;Transrectal Ultrasound Simulation;74
10.5.1.6;Treatment Planning;75
10.5.1.7;Active Treatment;75
10.5.1.8;The Perioperative Phase;76
10.5.1.9;Follow up;77
10.6;Specific Measures to Avoid and Manage Complications;78
10.6.1;Incontinence;78
10.7;ED;78
10.8;Outcome: Munich Database;78
10.9;Future Directions;79
10.9.1;New Treatment Strategies;79
10.9.2;Improvements in the Visualization and Assessment of HIFU Lesions;79
10.10;Conclusions;79
10.11;Overview;80
10.12;References;80
11;Harmonic Scalpel;82
11.1;Hemostatic Principles in Relation to Active Surgical Temperatures;82
11.2;The Harmonic Scalpel;82
11.3;Hemostatic Mechanism of the Harmonic Scalpel;82
11.4;Cutting Mechanism of the Harmonic Scalpel;83
11.5;Use of the Harmonic Scalpel;83
11.6;Safety;83
11.7;Clinical Applications of the Harmonic Scalpel;85
11.7.1;Renal Surgery;85
11.7.2;Adrenal Surgery;86
11.7.3;Pediatric Urologic Surgery;86
11.7.4;Prostate and Bladder Surgery;86
11.8;References;87
12;Intravascular Ultrasound;89
12.1;Introduction;89
12.2;Role of Angiography in the Evaluation of Atherosclerosis;89
12.3;Intravascular Ultrasound;89
12.4;Evaluation of Atherosclerosis by Intravascular Ultrasound;90
12.5;Utility of Intravascular Ultrasound in Interventional Cardiology;91
12.6;Evaluating the Impact of Medical Therapies on Plaque Progression;93
12.6.1;Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol;94
12.6.2;Promoting the Biological Activity of HDL;96
12.6.3;Inhibition of Cholesterol Esterification;96
12.6.4;Blood Pressure-Lowering Therapies;97
12.6.5;Monitoring the Impact of Therapies on Transplant Vasculopathy;97
12.7;Limitations of Intravascular Ultrasound;97
12.8;Overview;97
12.9;References;98
13;Ultrasound Application for Penile Disorders: Color Doppler Ultrasound Hemodynamic Evaluation for Erectile Dysfunction and Priapism;100
13.1;Color Doppler Ultrasound Hemodynamic Study for Erectile Dysfunction;100
13.2;Indications;100
13.3;Procedure;100
13.4;Phases of Erection and Hemodynamic Events;101
13.5;Hemodynamic Patterns;102
13.6;Interpretation of Color Doppler Ultrasound Hemodynamic Studies;102
13.7;Pitfalls of Hemodynamic Studies;102
13.8;Color Doppler Ultrasound Evaluation for Priapism;103
13.9;Procedure;103
13.10;Color Doppler Ultrasound Findings and Interpretation for Priapism;104
13.11;References;105
14;The Physics of Ultrasound and Some Recent Techniques Used;107
14.1;The Piezoelectric Effect;107
14.2;Characteristics of Ultrasound;107
14.3;The Principle of Ultrasound Scanning;107
14.4;The Propagation of Sound in Tissue;108
14.4.1;Speed of Sound;108
14.4.2;Attenuation;108
14.4.3;Focusing the ultrasonic beam;108
14.5;Limitations of Ultrasound;109
14.5.1;Resolution;109
14.5.2;Axial Resolution;109
14.5.3;Lateral Resolution;109
14.5.4;Contrast Resolution;109
14.5.5;Artifacts in Ultrasound;110
14.5.6;Enhancement;110
14.5.7;Shadowing;110
14.5.8;Reverberations;110
14.5.9;Mirror Artifacts;111
14.5.10;Propagation Speed Error;111
14.6;Newer Techniques and Methods in Urologic Ultrasound;111
14.6.1;Prostate Harmonic Imaging;111
14.6.2;Grating Lobes;111
14.6.3;3D Ultrasound;112
14.7;The Specific Benefits of 3D Ultrasonography of the Prostate;113
14.7.1;Examples of 3D Ultrasonography of the Prostate;113
14.8;Recent Developments in Transducer-Design for TRUS;114
15;Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Prostate;117
15.1;Introduction;117
15.2;Prostate Cancer Imaging;117
15.2.1;Ultrasonography;117
15.2.2;Color and Power Doppler Ultrasonography;118
15.2.3;Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography;118
15.2.4;Elastography;118
15.3;Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography;119
15.3.1;Contrast Agents;119
15.3.2;Safety;119
15.3.3;Technique;120
15.3.4;Applications;120
15.4;Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Prostate;120
15.4.1;Detection of Prostate Cancer;120
15.4.2;Support of Prostate Cancer Treatment;121
15.4.3;Follow up of Prostate Cancer Treatment;122
15.5;Future Development;122
15.6;Conclusion;124
15.7;References;124
16;Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Kidneys;126
16.1;Introduction;126
16.2;Ultrasound Contrast;126
16.3;Diagnosis;127
16.3.1;Renal Artery Stenosis;127
16.3.2;Renal Perfusion Defects;127
16.3.3;Renal Trauma;127
16.3.4;Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction;127
16.3.5;Cystic Renal Masses;128
16.3.6;Solid Renal Masses;128
16.3.6.1;Detection;128
16.3.6.2;Differentiation and Characterization;129
16.3.7;Reflux;129
16.4;Follow up;129
16.4.1;Transplant Kidneys;129
16.4.2;Ablation Techniques;129
16.5;Future;130
16.5.1;Treatment Monitoring;130
16.5.2;Targeted Imaging;130
16.5.3;Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery;131
16.6;Conclusion;131
16.7;References;131
17;The Integration of Computed Topography Imaging in Ultrasound Diagnosis: Real-Time Virtual Sonography;133
17.1;Introduction;133
17.2;Background;133
17.3;Configuration of the Entire System and Operation of Each Part;134
17.4;Obtaining CT Volume Data;134
17.5;Obtaining Information on the Position of the Probe;134
17.6;Registration of Coordinate Systems;135
17.7;Clinical Images;136
17.8;Conclusion;137
17.9;References;137
18;Elastography;138
18.1;Introduction;138
18.2;Sonoelastography;138
18.3;Elastography;138
18.3.1;Method;138
18.3.2;Practice;139
18.3.3;Studies;140
18.4;Future Directions;140
18.5;Overview;142
18.6;References;142
19;Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization;143
19.1;Introduction;143
19.1.1;Clinical Background;143
19.1.2;Former Work;144
19.2;Methods;145
19.2.1;Parameter Extraction;148
19.2.1.1;Information Model;148
19.2.1.2;Spectrum Parameters;149
19.2.1.3;System Identification Parameters: AR Model;150
19.2.1.4;Generalized Spectrum Parameters;150
19.2.1.5;First-Order Texture Parameters;151
19.2.1.6;Backscatter Distribution Parameters;151
19.2.1.6.1;Rayleigh Distribution;153
19.2.1.6.2;Rice Distribution;153
19.2.1.6.3;K Distribution;153
19.2.1.6.4;Generalized K Distribution;153
19.2.1.6.5;Nakagami Distribution;153
19.2.1.6.6;Generalized Nakagami Distribution;154
19.2.1.7;Second-Order Texture Parameters;154
19.2.1.8;Morphological Parameters;155
19.2.1.9;Clinical Features;156
19.2.1.10;Discussion of Parameter Groups;156
19.2.2;Classification;157
19.2.2.1;Fuzzy Inference Systems;158
19.2.2.2;Crossvalidation;161
19.2.2.3;Selection of Parameters;162
19.2.2.4;Postprocessing;163
19.2.2.5;Evaluation Stage;164
19.2.3;Visualization;164
19.3;Results;165
19.3.1;Results of Tissue Characterization;166
19.3.2;Case A;168
19.3.3;Case B;169
19.3.4;Discussion;170
19.3.4.1;Focus on Brachytherapy;171
19.4;Conclusion;171
19.5;References;172
20;Augmented Reality for Computer-Assisted Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Urology;178
20.1;Background;178
20.2;Technical Aspects of Augmented Reality;178
20.3;Initial Clinical Use of Augmented Reality in Urology: Cleveland Clinic Experience;179
20.4;Conclusions;183
20.5;References;183
21;Robotic Percutaneous Interventions;184
21.1;Introduction;184
21.2;Robotic Percutaneous Access of the Kidney;184
21.3;Robotic Percutaneous Access to the Prostate;187
21.4;Conclusion;188
21.5;References;188
22;Index;190