Givón / Whitaker On Understanding Grammar

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5993-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 396 Seiten, Web PDF

On Understanding Grammar covers the interdependencies among the various aspects of linguistics and the human language. This eight-chapter text considers some pertinent topics in linguistics, such as discourse-pragmatics, diachronic syntax, topology, creology, method, and ontology. Chapter 1 describes the notions of fact, theory, and explanation, particularly about how these notions manifest themselves in actual practice. Chapter 2 redefines syntax in terms of communicative function and discourse-pragmatics, and about the relation between the function of grammatical devices and their formal properties. Chapter 3 deals with discourse-pragmatics and how it transcends the narrow bounds of deductive logic, as well as the function and ontology of negation in language, and how those relate to the fundamental information-theoretic principle of figure versus ground. Chapter 4 explores the two major aspects of case systems, namely, the semantic role and pragmatic function, and how the two interact in determining the typological characteristics of grammars. Chapter 5 examines the relation between discourse and syntax based on diachronic, ontogenetic, phylogenetic viewpoints. Chapter 6 tackles the relation between synchronic grammar and diachronic change, while Chapter 7 describes the relationship between human language and its phylogenetic evolution. Chapter 8 is about language and ontology, as well as the relation between cognition and the universe. This book will prove useful to linguistics and language researchers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Givón, Talmy

Whitaker, Harry A

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Speech Motor Control;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;14
5;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;6
6;PREFACE;10
7;SECTION I: INTRODUCTION;16
7.1;OPENING REMARKS;18
7.2;CHAPTER 1. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE OF SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL;20
7.2.1;ABSTRACT;20
7.2.2;INTRODUCTION;20
7.2.3;THE CLASSICAL BUT PARADOXICAL VIEW OF SPEECH;21
7.2.4;THE TASK OF THE SPEECH MOTOR SYSTEM: SOME IMPLICIT DETERMINANTS;27
7.2.5;PLASTICITY OF SPEECH GESTURES;29
7.2.6;TOWARDS THE RESOLUTION OF THE PARADOX;31
7.2.7;FINAL CONCLUSION;33
7.2.8;REFERENCES;34
8;SECTION II: CENTRAL PROCESSES;36
8.1;CHAPTER 2. ANALOGIES BETWEEN CENTRAL MOTOR PROGRAMS FOR SPEECH AND FOR LIMB MOVEMENTS;38
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;38
8.1.2;THE CENTRAL MOTOR PROGRAM;38
8.1.3;OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS;40
8.1.4;GOAL-ORIENTATION AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT;43
8.1.5;REGULATION OF CEREBRAL MOTOR CORTEX OUTPUT BY AFFERENT INPUT;45
8.1.6;INTERACTION OF TRANSCORTICAL AND SEGMENTAL REFLEXES;51
8.1.7;THE PROBLEM OF ASSIGNING FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE TO REFLEXES;53
8.1.8;CONTROL OF MOTOR CORTEX BY CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA;54
8.1.9;CONCLUDING REMARKS;58
8.1.10;REFERENCES;58
8.2;CHAPTER 3. SPEECH PRODUCTION MECHANISMS IN APHASIA;62
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;62
8.2.2;TWO CLAIMS ABOUT NORMAL SPEECH PRODUCTION;63
8.2.3;IMPLICATIONS OF THESE CLAIMS;64
8.2.4;TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH PRODUCTION IN APHASIA;65
8.2.5;CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONSONANT PREFERENCES IN INFANTS, LANGUAGES, AND APHASIC ERRORS;66
8.2.6;MOTOR ERRORS AND PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION STUDIES;69
8.2.7;ANALYSIS OF MOTOR DIFFICULTY EFFECTS IN APHASIC SPEECH;70
8.2.8;VOICING ERRORS;71
8.2.9;MANNER OF ARTICULATION;76
8.2.10;PLACE OF ARTICULATION;76
8.2.11;DISCUSSION;77
8.2.12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;78
8.2.13;REFERENCES;78
8.3;CHAPTER 4. FUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX RELATED TO SPEECH;80
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;80
8.3.2;CONCLUDING REMARKS;83
8.3.3;REFERENCES;84
8.4;CHAPTER 5. COMMENT ON THE PARTIAL ROLES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES FOR SPEECH;86
8.4.1;REFERENCES;90
9;SECTION III: RESPIRATION AND PHONATION;94
9.1;CHAPTER 6. SPEECH BREATHING KINEMATICS AND MECHANISM INFERENCES THEREFROM;96
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;96
9.1.2;THE KINEMATIC METHOD;96
9.1.3;NORMAL SPEECH BREATHING KINEMATICS;101
9.1.4;DISORDERED SPEECH BREATHING KINEMATICS;104
9.1.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION;112
9.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;113
9.1.7;REFERENCES;114
9.2;CHAPTER 7. SOME ASPECTS OF SPEECH BREATHING PHYSIOLOGY;116
9.2.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;122
9.2.2;REFERENCES;122
9.3;CHAPTER 8. ASPECTS OF VOICE PRODUCTION AND MOTOR CONTROL;126
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;126
9.3.2;FREQUENCY CONTROL;127
9.3.3;ADDUCTORY-ABDUCTORY CONTROL;132
9.3.4;SUMMARY;133
9.3.5;REFERENCES;133
9.4;CHAPTER 9. VOCAL FOLD KINESIOLOGY;134
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;134
9.4.2;MATERIAL;134
9.4.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;137
9.4.4;REFERENCES;138
9.5;CHAPTER 10. SOME FUNCTIONAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL;140
9.5.1;SOME DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNGEAL MUSCLES;140
9.5.2;SOME FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE LARYNGEAL MUSCLES;142
9.5.3;SOME HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LARYNGEAL MUSCLES;145
9.5.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;147
9.5.5;REFERENCES;147
10;SECTION IV: ARTICULATION;150
10.1;CHAPTER 11. ORAL MECHANORECEPTORS;152
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;152
10.1.2;MECHANORECEPTORS OF THE GLABROUS AND OF THE HAIRY SKIN;153
10.1.3;MECHANORECEPTORS OF THE ORAL REGION;155
10.1.4;GENERAL CONCLUSION;159
10.1.5;REFERENCES;160
10.2;CHAPTER 12. THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE TONGUE;164
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;164
10.2.2;MORPHOLOGY;165
10.2.3;HISTOCHEMISTRY;168
10.2.4;CONTRACTION TIMES;173
10.2.5;TRIGEMINAL REFLEX CONTROL: PALATAL AFFERENTS;176
10.2.6;REFERENCES;179
10.3;CHAPTER 13. CONSIDERATION OF BULBAR AND SUPRABULBAR AFFERENT INFLUENCES UPON SPEECH MOTOR COORDINATION AND PROGRAMMING;182
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;182
10.3.2;BRAIN STEM AFFERENT PATHWAY CONTRIBUTIONS TO SPEECH CONTROL;184
10.3.3;SUPRABULBAR AFFERENT CONTROL MECHANISMS;190
10.3.4;SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS;198
10.3.5;REFERENCES;201
10.4;CHAPTER 14. ARTICULATORY TARGETS AND SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL: A STUDY OF VOWEL PRODUCTION;210
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;210
10.4.2;BACKGROUND;211
10.4.3;AN EXAMINATION OF ARTICULATORY TARGETS FOR THE VOWELS /i/ AND /a/;213
10.4.4;DISCUSSION;222
10.4.5;CONCLUSION;226
10.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;226
10.4.7;REFERENCES;226
10.5;CHAPTER 15. SPATIO-TEMPORAL GOALS: MATURATIONAL AND CROSS-LINGUISTIC VARIABLES;228
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;228
10.5.2;PRODUCTION GOALS IN LABIAL PROTRUSION FOR ROUNDED VOWELS;229
10.5.3;COMPENSATORY VOWEL ARTICULATION;234
10.5.4;REFERENCES;238
10.6;CHAPTER 16. POSSIBLE ANALOGIES IN THE CONTROL OF INNATE MOTOR ACTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF SOUND IN SPEECH;240
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;240
10.6.2;I. INFORMATION UTILIZED IN THE GENERATION OF MOVEMENT;241
10.6.3;II. CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATION;246
10.6.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;251
10.6.5;REFERENCES;251
10.7;CHAPTER 17. ANALOGIES AND COMMON FEATURES IN THE SPEECH AND MASTICATORY CONTROL SYSTEMS;254
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;254
10.7.2;CUTANEOUS AND ORAL MECHANORECEPTORS;255
10.7.3;CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS;255
10.7.4;INTRAORAL RECEPTORS;257
10.7.5;MUCOSAL AND CUTANEOUS ACTIVITY DURING SPEECH;257
10.7.6;TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT AFFERENTS;259
10.7.7;MUSCLE SPINDLE AFFERENTS;259
10.7.8;JAW REFLEXES AND LOAD COMPENSATION;260
10.7.9;INTERACTIONS OF THE MYOTATIC, PERIORAL AND JAW OPENING REFLEXES WITH MOTOR PROGRAMS;262
10.7.10;REFERENCES;266
11;SECTION V: PATHOLOGY;270
11.1;CHAPTER 18. SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL AND SELECTED NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS;272
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;272
11.1.2;SPEECH AS A MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM;272
11.1.3;SELECTED DISORDERS OF SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL;276
11.1.4;POSTSCRIPT;283
11.1.5;REFERENCES;283
11.2;CHAPTER 19. PHONATION TYPES IN DYSARTHRIA;288
11.2.1;REFERENCES;289
11.3;CHAPTER 20. SOME COMMENTS ON THE MOTOR CONTROL OF SPEECH;290
11.3.1;REFERENCES;292
12;SECTION VI: CONCLUDING REMARKS;294
12.1;CHAPTER 21. SOME REMARKS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY;296
12.2;CHAPTER 22. SOME REMARKS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF SPEECH RESEARCH;300
12.2.1;References;304
13;SUBJECT INDEX;306