Gjedrem / Baranski Selective Breeding in Aquaculture: an Introduction

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-2773-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 10, 221 Seiten

Reihe: Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries

The foundation of quantitative genetics theory was developed during the last century and facilitated many successful breeding programs for cultivated plants and t- restrial livestock. The results have been almost universally impressive, and today nearly all agricultural production utilises genetically improved seed and animals. The aquaculture industry can learn a great deal from these experiences, because the basic theory behind selective breeding is the same for all species. The ?rst published selection experiments in aquaculture started in 1920 s to improve disease resistance in ?sh, but it was not before the 1970 s that the ?rst family based breeding program was initiated for Atlantic salmon in Norway by AKVAFORSK. Unfortunately, the subsequent implementation of selective breeding on a wider scale in aquaculture has been slow, and despite the dramatic gains that have been demonstrated in a number of species, less than 10% of world aquaculture production is currently based on improved stocks. For the long-term sustainability of aquaculture production, there is an urgent need to develop and implement e- cient breeding programs for all species under commercial production. The ability for aquaculture to successfully meet the demands of an ever increasing human p- ulation, will rely on genetically improved stocks that utilise feed, water and land resources in an ef?cient way. Technological advances like genome sequences of aquaculture species, and advanced molecular methods means that there are new and exciting prospects for building on these well-established methods into the future.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gjedrem, Trygve

Baranski, Matthew

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Contents;9
4;1 Introduction;15
4.1;1.1 Historic Development of Aquaculture;15
4.2;1.2 Definition of a Breeding Program;17
5;2 Domestication and the Application of Genetic Improvement in Aquaculture;18
5.1;2.1 Domestication of Animals;18
5.2;2.2 Selective Breeding;19
5.3;2.3 Quality Traits;19
5.4;2.4 Better Utilization of Resources;20
5.5;2.5 Genetic Improvement is Accumulative;20
5.6;2.6 Genetic Improvement Produces Permanent Gains;21
5.7;2.7 Initiating a Selective Breeding Program;21
5.8;2.8 Selective Breeding Programs in Aquaculture;22
5.9;2.9 Prerequisites for a Breeding Program;24
6;3 The Success of Selective Breeding in Aquaculture;25
6.1;3.1 Introduction;25
6.2;3.2 Atlantic Salmon;25
6.3;3.3 Rainbow Trout;27
6.4;3.4 Coho Salmon;28
6.5;3.5 Tilapia;29
6.6;3.6 Carp;30
6.7;3.7 Channel Catfish;31
6.8;3.8 Sea Bream;31
6.9;3.9 Shrimp;32
6.10;3.10 Oysters;33
6.11;3.11 Scallops;33
6.12;3.12 Genetic Improvement in Aquatic Species Compared to Terrestrial Livestock Species;33
6.13;3.13 Summary and Conclusion;34
7;4 The Theoretical Basis for Breeding and Selection;36
7.1;4.1 Introduction;36
7.2;4.2 The Cell;36
7.3;4.3 Basic Genetics;37
7.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction;37
7.3.2;4.3.2 Genes;37
7.3.3;4.3.3 Effect of Genes;40
7.4;4.4 Variation;40
7.4.1;4.4.1 Introduction;40
7.4.2;4.4.2 Single Gene Traits;41
7.4.3;4.4.3 Quantitative Traits;41
7.4.4;4.4.4 Variation in Quantitative Traits;42
7.4.5;4.4.5 Variation Between Species;43
7.4.6;4.4.6 Variation Within Species;44
7.5;4.5 Estimation of Variation and Covariation;44
7.5.1;4.5.1 Mean and Standard Deviation;44
7.5.2;4.5.2 Variance of a Sum;46
7.5.3;4.5.3 Genetic Variance;47
7.5.4;4.5.4 Heritability;47
7.5.5;4.5.5 Environmental Variance;49
7.5.6;4.5.6 Correlations Between Traits;51
7.5.7;4.5.7 Regression;53
7.6;4.6 Inbreeding and Relatedness;54
7.6.1;4.6.1 Genetic Relationship;54
7.6.2;4.6.2 Inbreeding;55
7.6.3;4.6.3 Effective Population Size;58
7.6.4;4.6.4 Effect of Inbreeding on Genetic Variance;59
7.6.5;4.6.5 Inbreeding Depression;59
7.7;4.7 Crossbreeding;60
7.7.1;4.7.1 Introduction;61
7.7.2;4.7.2 Heterosis;61
7.8;4.8 Purebreeding;62
7.9;4.9 Selection;63
7.9.1;4.9.1 Introduction;63
7.9.2;4.9.2 Natural Selection;64
7.9.3;4.9.3 Artificial Selection;64
7.9.4;4.9.4 Predicting Selection Change;65
7.9.5;4.9.5 Multiple Trait Selection;67
7.9.6;4.9.6 Correlated Response to Selection;68
7.9.7;4.9.7 Effect of Selection on Genetic Variance;69
7.9.8;4.9.8 Methods of Selection;69
7.9.9;4.9.9 Selection Limits;70
8;5 Initiating Breeding Programs;74
8.1;5.1 Introduction;74
8.2;5.2 The Fundamental Basis of a Breeding Program;75
8.3;5.3 Establishment of a Base Population;75
8.4;5.4 Breeding Goal;77
8.4.1;5.4.1 Introduction;78
8.4.2;5.4.2 Growth Rate;79
8.4.3;5.4.3 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Efficiency (FCE);80
8.4.4;5.4.4 Disease Resistance;81
8.4.5;5.4.5 Age at Sexual Maturation;85
8.4.6;5.4.6 Product Quality;86
8.4.7;5.4.7 Cold Tolerance;89
8.4.8;5.4.8 Fecundity;89
8.4.9;5.4.9 Behaviour;89
8.4.10;5.4.10 Recapture Frequency;90
8.4.11;5.4.11 Central Breeding Goals;90
8.5;5.5 Registration of Records;91
8.5.1;5.5.1 Introduction;91
8.5.2;5.5.2 Body Weight;92
8.5.3;5.5.3 Survival;92
8.5.4;5.5.4 Feed Conversion Efficiency;93
8.5.5;5.5.5 Product Quality;93
8.6;5.6 Adjustment of Data;94
9;6 Breeding Strategies;97
9.1;6.1 Introduction;97
9.2;6.2 Inbreeding;97
9.3;6.3 Crossbreeding;98
9.4;6.4 Purebreeding;100
10;7 Selection Methods;102
10.1;7.1 Introduction;102
10.2;7.2 Factors Affecting Allele Frequencies;102
10.2.1;7.2.1 Migration;102
10.2.2;7.2.2 Selection;102
10.2.3;7.2.3 Mutation;103
10.2.4;7.2.4 Genetic Drift;103
10.3;7.3 Choice of Selection Method;103
10.4;7.4 Pedigree Selection;104
10.5;7.5 Individual Selection;104
10.6;7.6 Family Selection;105
10.7;7.7 Within-Family Selection;107
10.8;7.8 Progeny Testing;107
10.9;7.9 Correlated Response and Indirect Selection;108
10.10;7.10 Combined Selection;109
10.11;7.11 Multiple Trait Selection and Index Selection;109
10.12;7.12 Comparing Different Selection Methods;111
11;8 Mating Design;113
11.1;8.1 Introduction;113
11.2;8.2 Mass Spawning;113
11.3;8.3 Single Pair Mating;114
11.4;8.4 Nested Mating Design;116
11.5;8.5 Factorial Mating;117
11.6;8.6 Connectedness;118
11.7;8.7 Conclusion;118
12;9 Estimation of Breeding Values;120
12.1;9.1 Introduction;120
12.2;9.2 Breeding Value of Individual Animals;121
12.3;9.3 Breeding Value of Full-Sib Families;121
12.4;9.4 Breeding Value of Half-Sib Families;122
12.5;9.5 Breeding Values for Multiple Traits Using a Selection Index;122
12.6;9.6 Scaling of Selection Indexes;123
12.7;9.7 Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP);123
13;10 GenotypeEnvironment Interaction;125
13.1;10.1 Introduction;125
13.2;10.2 Estimates of GenotypeEnvironment Interactions;125
13.3;10.3 Conclusion;130
14;11 Measuring Response to Selection;131
14.1;11.1 Introduction;131
14.2;11.2 Control Population;132
14.3;11.3 Average Breeders;132
14.4;11.4 Repeated Matings;134
14.5;11.5 Genetic Trend Analysis;134
14.6;11.6 Conclusion;135
15;12 Structure of Breeding Programs;136
15.1;12.1 Introduction;136
15.2;12.2 Breeding Programs Applying Individual Selection;136
15.3;12.3 Advanced Breeding Programs;137
15.3.1;12.3.1 Mating and Hatching;141
15.3.2;12.3.2 Tagging;141
15.3.3;12.3.3 Recording During Grow-Out;142
15.3.4;12.3.4 Harvest and Pre-selection of Broodstock at Breeding Stations;142
15.3.5;12.3.5 Final Selection of Broodstock;143
15.3.6;12.3.6 Genetic Markers for Parentage Assignment;143
15.4;12.4 Test Stations;143
15.5;12.5 Production of Special Lines;144
15.6;12.6 Dissemination of Genetic Gains;145
15.6.1;12.6.1 Direct Dissemination from Nucleus;145
15.6.2;12.6.2 Dissemination from Multipliers;147
15.7;12.7 Breeding Programs for New Species;148
16;13 Undesirable Side Effects in Breeding Programs;150
16.1;13.1 Introduction;150
16.2;13.2 Correlated Effects;150
16.3;13.3 Breeding Goal May Change;151
16.4;13.4 Disease Prevention;152
16.5;13.5 GenotypeEnvironment Interaction;152
16.6;13.6 Increase of Inbreeding;153
16.7;13.7 Conclusion;153
17;14 Biotechnology in Breeding Programs;155
17.1;14.1 Introduction;155
17.1.1;14.1.1 DNA Markers;155
17.1.2;14.1.2 Microsatellites;156
17.1.3;14.1.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs);156
17.2;14.2 Linkage Maps;157
17.3;14.3 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL);158
17.3.1;14.3.1 Candidate Gene Approach;160
17.3.2;14.3.2 QTL Mapping Approach;160
17.3.3;14.3.3 Linkage Analysis;161
17.3.4;14.3.4 Fine Mapping of QTL;161
17.3.5;14.3.5 LDLA Mapping;162
17.3.6;14.3.6 An Example of QTL Mapping to Gene Discovery;162
17.3.7;14.3.7 Strategies to Reduce Genotyping Requirements;163
17.4;14.4 Marker Assisted Selection;163
17.4.1;14.4.1 Types of Marker Assisted Selection;164
17.4.2;14.4.2 Gene Assisted Selection (GAS);165
17.4.3;14.4.3 Linkage Disequilibrium MAS (LD-MAS);166
17.4.4;14.4.4 Linkage Equilibrium MAS (LE-MAS);166
17.4.5;14.4.5 Genomic Selection;166
17.5;14.5 Other Applications of Genetic Markers;167
17.5.1;14.5.1 Parentage Assignment and Traceability;167
17.5.2;14.5.2 Genetic Interactions;168
17.5.3;14.5.3 Genetic Variation;168
17.6;14.6 Gene Expression Data;168
17.7;14.7 Transgenics;169
17.8;14.8 Genome Sequencing and Future Technologies;171
18;15 Reproduction Techniques;172
18.1;15.1 Introduction;172
18.2;15.2 Gynogenesis;172
18.3;15.3 Androgenesis;174
18.4;15.4 Triploidy;174
18.5;15.5 Tetraploidy;175
18.6;15.6 Production of Single Sex, YY and XX Stocks;176
19;16 Economic Benefits of Breeding Programs;178
19.1;16.1 Introduction;178
19.2;16.2 Cost of Broodstock Production;178
19.3;16.3 Cost of Running a Breeding Program;179
19.4;16.4 Economic Benefit of Breeding Programs;180
19.5;16.5 Relative Contribution of Selection and Feed Regimes to Performance;181
19.6;16.6 Who Benefits from Genetic Improvements?;182
19.6.1;16.6.1 The Animal;182
19.6.2;16.6.2 The Farmer;184
19.7;16.7 Ownership of Genetically Improved Material;186
20;Appendix;187
21;Glossary;188
22;References;199
23;Index;217